Chapter 15 & 16 Italian Renaissance and Reformation in Europe – Flashcards
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Urban Oriented Society
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Prosperous states, Large Urban centers
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Interest in ancient culture
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Old Greek and Roman Records were coming back to Italy, Scholars began to study these sources
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Emphasis on the Individual
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Individuals are important
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Emergence of States in Italy
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Thriving trade network, No Centralized Monarchical State
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Major States in Italy
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Milan, Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples
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Milan
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Crossroads of Trade, Beginning in 1447 and ruled by Sforza family
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Venice
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Major port city, Merchant/Aristocrats ran government, Trade goods between Asia and Western Europe
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Florence
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Ruled by Medici family, gained power in 1434
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Rome
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Capital of Papal States, ruled by the Pope, controlled by the church
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Naples
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Only part of Italy to be ruled by a Hereditary Monarchy
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Medici
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Wealth and Personal Influence to dominate Florence Ran government behind the scenes, While they were in power, Florence was the cultural center of Italy
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Sforzas
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Bought Mercenaries, Create Central Government and a very efficient tax system, Generated loads of revenue, Capable for providing for the less fortunate
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Mercenaries
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paid soldiers
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Europe
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France and Spain were powerful nations with a controlled monarchy and very greedy
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Fighting in Italy
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France takes Naples in 1494, Rome turns around and asks Spain for help, Spain agrees but then Spain turns on Rome, Fighting continues to 1559
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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Wrote the Prince in 1513, Renaissance is influenced by the importance of the individual
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Social Classes
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Nobility/Leaders of Clergy, Burghers, Urban workers/Rural Peasants
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Burghers
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Middle Class
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Trade increase
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Middle class increase
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Humanism
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the study of the humanities
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Classical study
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Greece and Rome
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Francesco Petrarch
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Humanist during 1300's, Helped start humanist movement, Most known for utilizing Latin manuscripts
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Humanists used the works of two Roman writers as models ......
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Cicero for prose and Virgil for poetry
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Francesco Petrarch-most known for utilizing Latin manuscripts:
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Widespread use of Latin, Encouraged in writings of scholars, lawyers, theologians, and other intellects, Influential Romans
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Vernacular
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the language of everyday speech in a particular region
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Use of Vernacular
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Led to writings of prose, writings of poetry which would become entertainment instead of scholarly research
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Renaissance Education secular focus
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Human beings are better than religion
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Purpose of education
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Wanted well rounded citizens, Physical Education and Leadership skills
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______ were allowed to attend schools or universities.
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few girls
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Italian Renaissance Art focus
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Wanted to imitate nature, 3D art on flat surface, Human Body accuracy, Perspective, Introduce ideas of shadows to introduce light and dark
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Perspective
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technique used for 3D effects in 2D surfaces
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Masaccio
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Fresco, Holy Trinity, Wanted to depict accurate human anatomy
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Fresco
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painting on wet plaster
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Sculpture
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Realistic portrayal, Greek and Roman Sculptures
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Architecture
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Roman columns/arches
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High Renaissance
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Final stage of Italian Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Artist, Scientist, Inventor, Visionary, Dissected human bodies to understand them
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Northern Artistic Renaissance smaller scale
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Not enough wall space, Altar panels, Book illustrations
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Northern Artistic Renaissance Influences
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Flemish school of Oil Painting, Landscapes and middle class life, Italian influence
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Flemish school of Oil Painting
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Focused more on fine detail as opposed to perspective
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Italian Influence
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Albrecht Durer and perspective
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Humanism Leads to Religious Reformation
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Italian Renaissance humanism flowed to Northern Europe and led to the emergence of Christian humanism. The focus on classical learning and emphasis on the individual continued. The Christian humanist Desiderius Erasmus, a Catholic priest, was openly critical of the excesses and clerical abuses of the Catholic Church. Erasmus and other Christian humanists sought to reform the Catholic Church and ultimately paved the way for Protestant Reformation.
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Corruption in the Catholic Church
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Advance Careers and gain wealth, Involvement in political matters, Started wars to protect or strengthen Papal state, Failure to meet the spiritual needs of the people
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Failure to meet spiritual needs of the people
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Popes were more interested in wealth, Priests were unwilling or unable to obtain to spiritual needs
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Salvation definition
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being saved (ready for Heaven)
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Salvation
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Veneration of relics, Indulgence
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Indulgence definition
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forgiveness of sins
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Indulgence
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Earned for veneration, Sold by the Church
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Martin Luther
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Good work=righteousness (not salvation), Faith in God alone grants you salvation
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On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-five Theses
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Criticized selling indulgences
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Moving toward the break with the Church
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Challenged the sacraments, Challenged the celibacy of priests, Martin Luther is excommunicated in 1521
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Council of Worms-Charles V
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Wanted to give Martin Luther a fair hearing, Issued the Edict of Worms, Martin Luther is considered an Outlaw
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Charles V
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Wanted to bring Germany in line, Ongoing wars with France and Ottoman Empire, Agrees to the Peace of Augsburg (1555)
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Ongoing wars with France and Ottoman Empire
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Gave German rulers time to prepare
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Agrees to the Peace of Augsburg (1555)
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Ended Religious Warfare in Germany, Formally recognized division, Choice between Catholic and Lutheran, Political ruler chooses, Same legal rights
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Ulrich Zwingli
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Priest in Zurich, Persuaded the Zurich city council to introduce religious reforms, service=reading, prayer, and sermons, Wanted an alliance with Martin Luther, Killed in war between Protestant and Catholic Swiss
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John Calvin
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Grew up in France, Fled France to Switzerland, Published the Institutes of the Christian Religion, Predestination, Justification, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism
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Predestination
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idea that there's a set number of people that will be saved and 200,000 set number of damned
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Justification
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worthy of salvation
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King Henry VIII
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Married to Katherine of Aragon for 34 years, Divorced wife so he could marry someone else, Pope Leo X disagrees and he splits away from the Catholic Church, Act of Supremacy creates Anglican Church, Closes monasteries in England, Sells land to the peasants and the lords, Dies at age 55 and his son becomes king
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Edward VI
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King at 9, Parliament ruled for him, England=More Protestant, Devises for the Succession to prevent Catholicism
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Bloody Mary
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Mary I, Attempted to restore Roman Catholicism, Burned over 300 Protestants
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Anabaptists
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Beliefs, Church and State are to be Separate
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Anabaptists Beliefs
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Modeled after early Christians, All are equal, No Baptism until you reached adulthood
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Anabaptists Persecution
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Catholics and Protestants persecuted them, Munster Germany had leaders tortured
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Reformation and Society
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Distribution of Bibles increased, Family is the Center of Life, Anti-semitism
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Family is the Center of life
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Clergy could marry, Women were no equal to men
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Women were not equal to men
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women obey the husband and have babies
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Anti-semitism
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Jews refused to convert to the new religion, Martin Luther destroyed synagogues
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Ignatius Loyola
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Founded Society of Jesus, Vowed obedience to the Pope, Used Education, Missionary work to show that we are of the land
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Reform Commission
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Pope Paul III, Review Church Corruption
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Council of Trent
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18 year period of discussions, created doctrine reaffirmed traditional teachings, unified under Pope
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How did the lack of a single strong ruler benefit Italy during the Renaissance? How might Italy have evolved differently if it had been ruled by one powerful monarch?
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The lack of a single strong ruler made it possible for a number of city-states in northern and central Italy to remain independent. There wouldn't be the separate independent states but one large landmass ruled by a monarch, the opposite.
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What were fresco artists able to convey that medieval painters could not? How does their accomplishment embody characteristics of humanism?
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3D art illusion on a flat surface, and the more accurate image of humans shading to make 3D art.
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How did Early Renaissance artists learn to create more realistic are than their predecessors?
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They used shading to create 3D images on flat surfaces.
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How did humanism contradict medieval attitudes toward Christianity?
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It combined classical learning and individualism while christianity was seen as a way of achieving by faith alone.
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What role did the Bible play in Protestant faiths? In the Roman Catholic faith?
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Luther argued that the bible was the central means to discern gods word. For roman catholic faith, ti was a scared tradition and a sacred script made up of scared deposit of the word of god.
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What were Protestants protesting against?
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They were protesting the God given authority of the Church. They wanted salvation in the church because of their indulgences.
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What happened at the Council of Trent?
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Created doctrine reaffirmed traditional teachings
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Christian humanists believed what?
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reading fundamental works of christianity
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Ulrich Zwingli saw an alliance with German performers but they could not agree on what?
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Which Christian rights to use
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Why were Anabaptists viewed as.....
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they believed in separate church from state
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In The Prince, Machiavelli says....
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ends justify the means
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What was Martin Luther's main belief?
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Faith in God alone grants you salvation. Not good deeds will save you.
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Lutherans and Calvins didn't agree on....
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predestination
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Martin Luther wrote the 65 theses....
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as a result of indulgences in the Catholic Church
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What did King Henry VIII do?
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dissolved Catholic monasteries
