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Lateralization

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process in which the two hemispheres of the brain begin to operate slightly differently during early childhood

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gross motor skills

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Skills based upon large muscle group movements and most easily observed during whole body movements such as hopping, skipping and running

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fine motor skills

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Skills based on small muscle movements particularly in the hands as well as eye-hand coordination. Ex-scribbling, drawing cutting with scissors etc.

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transductive reasoning

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way of thinking about two or more experiences without using abstract logic. Ex. 5yr. Sam immediately SMELLS chicken when he enters his grandmothers home. He comments that she must be having a party and asks who is coming over for dinner . The grandmother replies that no one is coming over and that a party is not planned. Sams recall that last time his grandmother cooked chicken was for a party.

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prosocial

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Behaving in a social or emphatic manner

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instrumental agression

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Aggression that occurs while fighting over toys and space etc.

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pshysical agression

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Aggression against another person using physical force

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hostile agression

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Aggression that is an attack meant to hurt another individual

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relational agression

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Aggression that involves behaviors that damage relationship without physical force, such as threatening to leave a relationship unless a friend complies with demands, or using social exclusion or silent treatment to get one's way.

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self theory

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An organized understand of the self in relation to other; begins to develop in early childhood

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self-esteem

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The way one evaluates the self in relation to others

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symbolic play

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Fantasy play, begins around the age of 2

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socio-dramatic play

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Fantasy play in a group, with the group coordinating fantasies; important type of play in early childhood

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discipline

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Action taken by a child's caretaker to help the child be correct behavioral problems

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authoritarian parenting

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Parenting style, identified by Baumrind, that involves unresponsive, inflexible, harsh and controlling interactions with the child. These parent favor punishment and negative reinforcement (low warmth, high control, low autonomy granting)

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authoritative parenting

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A parenting style, identified by Baumrind, that involves responsive and supportive interactions with the child while also setting firm limits. Thought to be the most effective parenting style. Th parent considers the child's point of view but remain control.(high warmth, high control, high autonomy granting)

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permissive parenting

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A parenting style, identified by Baumrind, that involves no limit setting on the part of the parent. Accepts children's behavior without attempting to modify it. (high warmth, low control, high autonomy granting)

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disengaged parenting

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Aloof, withdrawn, and unresponsive parenting

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child maltreatment

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Physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and neglect of children, most often by adult caregivers. Definition vary by culture and professional discipline but typically entail harm, or threatened harm, to the child

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ego-centrism

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According to Piaget, in early childhood, children perceive reality only from their own experience and believe themselves to be at the center of existence. (1)Ex- When a child grabs something out of another child's hand, thinking that he deserve it not thinking in the other child's feelings. (2) Ex-A 3yr.old girl who stands between her sister and the television to watch a program believes that her sister can see the TV. because she can.

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Empathy

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Ability to understand another person's emotional condition, and view

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perspective taking

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Ability to see a situation from another person's point of view

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pre-conventional level

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First level of moral reasoning in Lawrence Kohlberg's stage theory of moral reasoning; morality based on what gets rewarded or punished or what benefits either the child or someone the child cares about.

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Recognition that people retain their sexes for a lifetime?

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Gender stability

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For early school age children, moral development involves a process of learning the family's moral code and hen using it to guide behavior. This is called...

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Internalization

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All of the following are theoretical perspective on moral development discussed in this chapter expect

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a. social learning theory b. psychoanalytic theory c. cognitive developmental theory d. choice theory ****

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A framework for understanding how children's language skills are shaped by culture

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Developmental niche

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The ability to judge right from wrong and to act in accord with those judgement is best described by which of the following?

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Moral development

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The evaluation of self is referred to as which of the following?

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Self-esteem

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Which of the following refers to psychosocial crisis of early school age?

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Initiative vs. guilt

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Which is the sub-stage of Piaget's pre-operational stage?

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Intuitive substage

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Children become either right-brained or left-brained at this stage.

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false

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Physical growth speeds up at this stage of development (early childhood)

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false: from ages 3-6, physical development growth slows significantly

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Some child development scholars refer to the period between 3-6 as the

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preschool age

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Others refer to the period between 3-6 as

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early school age

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Piaget sub-stage 1: Preconceptual stage (ages 2-3)

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During this stage the child develops a symbolic representation. The child has the ability to view an image and the significantly later, recall and imitate the image. (1)Ex- 3 yr old Ella, watches "Dora the Explorer" cartoon on TV, fills her backpack with a pretend map and other items she might need. (2)Ex- Zachery who watches "Bob the builder" pretends to play with trucks and tractors and whenever Zachary encounters a problem he says " Bob the Builder, can we fix it, yes we can!!"

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Piaget sub-stage 2: Intuitive stage (ages 4-7)

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During this stage the child uses language to represent objects. During this stage children are able to classify objects and their classifications are based only one attribute at a time. Ex-A child may organized a various stuffed animals by either size or by color.

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Children have a vocabulary of about (end of toddlerhood)

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1,000 words and increases about seven or eight words per day

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4 year old are usually speaking in sentences

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8 to 10 words

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B.F. Skinner argued that

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children learn language by imitating what they hear in their environment such as parents responds in a manner of (smiling, laughing, clapping etc.)

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There are 3 component of moral development during early childhood

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KNOWLEDGE: of moral code of the community and how to use that knowledge to make moral judgement EMOTIONS: that produce both the capacity to care about other and the capacity to feel guilt and remorse ACTIONS: to inhibit negative impulses as well as to behave in pro-social, or helpful and emphatic manner

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There are 3 approaches to moral development

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Psychoanalytical, Social Learning and Cognitive development

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Psychoanalytical approach

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Sigmund Freud explains that there are three distinct structures of the personality id, ego and superego

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Social Learning approach

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Moral behavior is shaped by the environmental reinforcements and punishments. Albert Bandura found that children are likely to engage in behaviors for which they see a model rewarded and to avoid behaviors that they see punished.

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Cognitive development approach

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Piaget's theory basis the stage model of moral reasoning. Children's moral judgement change as their cognitive development allows them to examine the logical and abstract aspects of moral dilema

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Two aspects to the super ego

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the conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience which is basic of moral code and ego ideal, which is a set of ideals expected in a moral person

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Super-ego

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is formed between the ages of 4-7

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Mirror neuron

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Special type of brain cell that is key to the development of empathy. Mirror cell allows us to sense the move another person is about to make and the emotions he or she is experiencing

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Social intelligence

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refers to the ability to attuned to another person

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Kolberg's Stages of moral development Level I. preconventional

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Stage 1: moral reasoning based on whether behavior is rewarded or punished Stage 2: moral reasoning based on what will benefit the self or loved others

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Kolberg's Stages of moral development Level II. Conventional

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Stage 3: Moral reasoning based on the approval of significant others Stage 4: Moral reasoning based on upholding societal standards

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Kolberg's Stages of moral development Level III. Post-conventional

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Stage 5: Moral reasoning based on social contracts and cooperation Stage 6: Moral reasoning based on universal ethical principles

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On aspect of moral reasoning is

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distribute justice belief about what constitutes a fair distribution of goods and resources in a society

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Erickson Theory of Psychocosial development during ages 3-6

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initiate vs. guilt; young children must develop a growing capacity to plan an initiate actions or they may feel guilt about their taking initiative.

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Making correct us of the gender label

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By age 2, children can usually accurately identify others as either male or female based on appearance

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Understanding gender as stable

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Later children understand that gender is stable, that boy grow up to be men and girls to be women

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Understanding gender constancy

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Young children with their imaginative thinking, continue to think that girls can turn into boys and boys into girls by changing appearances. Ex- a 3yr old is given a picture of a firl he is able to identify the person as the girl. But the same girl is shown in another picture dressed as a boy the 3yr. old will label the girl as a boy. It is not until the child is 4 to 7 years old that he/he can understand gender constancy.

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Understanding the genital basis of gender

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Gender constancy has been found to be associated with a understand of the relationship between gender and genitals

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3 yrs. old play

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With more role play such as props for imaginative play such as dress-up clothes, doctor kits and make-up

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4 yrs. old play

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With vehicles such as tricycles wagons, play materials the develop fine motor skills such as for sewing, stringing beads, coloring, painting and drawing, books that involves adventure

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5 yrs. old play

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Play materials to develop precision in fine motor skill, such as coloring books, paints and brushes, crayons , marker pens, glue scissors stencils, and play-doh; play materials that develop cognitive skills, such as workbenches table games and boards games.

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Divorce is

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1. Stressful for children, 2. Leads to higher levels of adjustment and mental health problems for children 3. Most children are resilient and adjust well children, 4. Children report considerable pain, unhappy memories and contributed distress about their parents's divorce 5. Post divorce family interaction has a great influence on children's adjustment after divorce

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In some neighborhoods, acts of violence are so common that the communities are labeled

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"war zones"

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Children who grow up in violent environment are reported to demonstrate

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low-self esteem, deficient social skills, and difficulty coping with and managing conflict

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