BIO 1802 – Chapter 32 Sandbox – Flashcards
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Chimpanzees and hominids share ___________.
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a common ancestor
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You are a paleoanthropologist studying early hominid evolution. Which of the following continents would be best for you do conduct your research?
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Africa
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The genus Australopithicus evolved into the genus ______.
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Homo
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You are a paleoanthropologist. You uncover the skull of a hominid estimated to be 3.3 million years old. Which of the following would be best for you to initially compare it to?
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Australopithicus afarensis
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Early hominids used _______.
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tools
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Bats serve as a reservoir for ________, but do not themselves get the disease.
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Ebola
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You study echolocation in animals. What type of bats would be best for your research?
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Only microbats.
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As metabolism _______, free radicals also _________.
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increases ... increase
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It is currently hypothesized that bats do not get cancer for which of the following reasons?
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Bat DNA has the ability to repair itself after malignant mutations.
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What effect does white-nose syndrome have on bats?
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It increases the amount of energy they burn.
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True or false? Both echinoderms and vertebrates have cerebrum.
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False
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There is some evidence that pharyngeal gill slits occur in certain species of echinoderms that appear early in the fossil record. If confirmed, what do these data suggest?
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Pharyngeal gill slits were present in the earliest echinoderms and lost later.
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The phylum Chordata is made up of three major lineages: vertebrates, urochordates, and _____.
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cephalochordates
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Which species have been found in other parts of the world as well?
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H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. floresiensis
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Mammals and birds are both endothermic. Which statement is true?
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Endothermy arose independently in these two lineages.
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What trait(s) define(s) the vertebrates?
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vertebrae and a cranium
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Gene expression patterns can be used to test hypotheses based on morphology. For example, the regulatory gene Bapx1 is expressed in the hinge of the developing lower jaw in fishes and reptiles. Where would you predict Bapx1 expression to occur in mammals?
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in the developing ear bones
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How is the opossum related to you?
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An opossum is a marsupial, but I am a placental mammal.
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Write a hypothesis to explain the origin of mammalian ear bones.
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the bones evolved from the jaw bones of an early amniote
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Evolution often results in the co-option of a preexisting structure for a new use. Cite three examples from this chapter to support this statement.
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arms were co-opted for use as wings lungs were co-opted for use as swim bladders gill arches were co-opted for use as a jaw
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Evolution can also result in the loss of a trait. Cite three examples from this chapter.
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limbs were lost in caecilians and snakes vertebrae were lost in hagfishes tails were lost in adult frogs
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Which of the following appears to be most likely true for primates?
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The more time spent in REM sleep, the less total time spent sleeping.
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You discover a new primate species, among the smallest in the world. Which of the following is most likely true?
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This species spends a lot of time sleeping.
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Your aunt is a primatologist studying chimpanzees in the wild. Which of the following is she most likely to observe?
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The chimpanzees will spend less percentage of time in REM sleep than humans.
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Which of the following seems most likely to have driven primates away from sleeping on branches?
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size
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You are in charge of the primate habitat at the National Zoo in Washington, DC. Which of the following is least likely to need nightly nesting materials?
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mouse lemurs
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There are four recognized phyla of deuterostomes: Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Xenoturbellida, and _____.
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Chordata
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Your aunt specializes in mustelids. Which of the following would she avoid studying?
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shrews
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As metabolic rate _______, an animal must consume _______ food.
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increases ... more
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You are a wildlife enthusiast and would like to observe a fisher in its natural habitat. Where are you most likely to have success?
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deep northeastern forest
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Which of the following is most consistent among mustelids?
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body plan
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You discover a new species of mustelid. Which of the following will be true of this animal?
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It is a carnivore.
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You are a veterinarian testing for contagious equine metritis. Which of the following do you sample?
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Blood from female horses.
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Who is in charge of making sure contagious equine metritis does not enter the United States?
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United States Department of Agriculture
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If a mare is infected with contagious equine metritis, which of the following will be impacted?
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her fertility
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If trends continue, which of the following will happen in the United States?
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Occasional outbreaks of contagious equine metritis affecting a small number of horses.
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Which of the following would be required to have their horse tested for contagious equine metritis?
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Anyone importing a horse from Germany.
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As a group, invertebrates are _____.
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paraphyletic
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Which phylum is exclusively marine and is named for having many spines and spikes?
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Echinoderms
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Where would you place the extinct Cambrian vertebrate, Haikouichthys, to on the tree?
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Within the Vertebrata but not within the Gnathostomata.
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An example of a vertebrate is a(n) _____.
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lamprey
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Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false?
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All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies.
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Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification?
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Exoskeleton
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True or false? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions.
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False
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Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages?
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Their body plan
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Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?
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The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water.
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Which characteristics define a chordate?
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The presence of four specific morphological traits
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Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange?
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Pharyngeal gill slit
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What is a transitional fossil?
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Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.
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Which of the following is a tetrapod?
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a reptile a mammal an amphibian a bird
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Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?
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Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos. DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives. Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates. The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago.
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Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth?
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To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose. To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock. Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation.
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Why did Shubin and Daeschler search in the Canadian arctic for fossil evidence of the transition from fish to tetrapods?
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They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.
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What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?
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Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp.
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Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics?
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interlocking ribs flat head with eyes on top a neck
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How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur?
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The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms.
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The 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx fossil has birdlike features such as feathered wings, but it also has characteristics that we associate with living reptiles. Which of the following are considered reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx?
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claws on the ends of each digit in the "hands" teeth in the jaws long, bony tail
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Which discovery ultimately overturned the prevailing perception that all dinosaurs were large, slow, and lumbering?
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the small theropod dinosaur Deinonychus, which had a large sickle-shaped claw on each of its hind limbs
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Which of the following shared characteristics of living birds and theropod dinosaurs provided support to the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs?
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birds and many theropods have a wishbone (or furcula) birds and many theropods have feathers birds and theropods have hollow bones that are strong, but light birds and theropods have S-shaped necks
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How did Dr. Jack Horner's discovery of dinosaur nesting grounds support the hypothesis that birds evolved from a group of dinosaurs?
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it provided evidence that dinosaurs raised and cared for their young in colonies like many birds
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A key characteristic of modern birds is flight powered by feathered wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence support the hypothesis that the first feathers served a purpose other than flight?
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some feathered theropods were not capable of flight
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Which of the following statements about bird evolution are accurate based on the evidence presented?
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Feathers may have originally evolved for insulation. Feathers may have originally evolved for interspecies communication and display.
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Why was the discovery of organisms, such as Archaeopteryx, that have a mix of traits usually associated with two different groups considered validation of Darwin's theory of evolution?
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the discovery provided evidence that species descend with modification from other species
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The leading hypothesis for the origin of the jaw proposes that ______.
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it resulted from mutations in the developmental regulatory genes that determine the morphology of the gill arches
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In which vertebrates did feathers first evolve?
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non-avian dinosaurs
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Which vertebrates lay amniotic eggs?
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reptiles and some mammals
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To be ectothermic means that ______.
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body heat comes from an external source
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A placenta and viviparity are most likely adaptations for increasing ______.
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parental care and offspring survival
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How do the skulls of adult chimpanzees and humans differ?
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Adult chimpanzees have heavier brow ridges.
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The differences between chimpanzee and human observed is attributable to differences in _____.
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allometric growth
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What accounts for human infants having large heads on small bodies?
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allometric growth
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Variations in allometric growth patterns demonstrate how _____.
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relatively small genetic changes can have a major impact on phenotype
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Which of these is a difference between the skull of an adult chimpanzee and the skull of an adult human?
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All of these are differences between adult chimpanzee and adult human skulls.
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Which of these primate groups is most closely related to humans?
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apes
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_____ are the oldest known primate group.
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Prosimians
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The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the _____.
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hominids
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Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length?
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monkeys
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Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart?
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New World monkeys
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Except for modern ethnic groups in ______, the majority of humans appear to have traces of Neanderthal DNA in their genome.
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Africa
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Research confirms that Neanderthal DNA makes up about ____ of the modern human genome.
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4%
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DNA was isolated from Neanderthal ____ and sequenced so that it could be compared to modern human DNA.
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bone fragments
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Mating is believed to have taken place between modern humans and Neanderthals in ____ about 70,000 years ago.
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the Middle East
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The Neanderthal DNA discovered in Homo sapiens is best explained by ____.
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gene flow
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Which character would allow you to identify something as an echinoderm and not a chordate?
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Radial symmetry
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What structure in a placental developing organism is greatly reduced (but not absent) as compared to an amniotic egg?
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Yolk sac
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Which group is most closely related to amphibians?
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Mammalia and Aves
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What was the adaptive significance of jaws?
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They allowed the fish to be herbivores or predators
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What was the adaptive significance of the amniote egg?
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It allows reproduction on land.
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The lemurs of Madagascar are _____.
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prosimians
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What is the leading hypothesis on why humans evolved such large brains?
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They evolved because of spoken language and tool use.
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What is the purpose of the one-snip test in a phylogenetic tree?
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to identify monophyletic groups
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Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives?
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large brain size extensive tool use bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs)
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Louis and Mary Leakey found two different fossil hominid skulls at Olduvai. Which of the following statements about the skulls is true?
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The second skull represented a species more closely related to modern humans than the first skull's species.
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Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chimps and modern humans lived around 7 million years ago?
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Analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago.
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Which of the following anatomical features of the 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid?
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a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side
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How do scientists know that the hominid called "Ardi" is about 4.4 million years old?
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by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above and below the layer containing Ardi
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What did scientists learn from other fossils found in the same sediment layer as Ardi?
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Ardi lived in a woodland habitat
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Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding human evolution?
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The fossil record contains creatures with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes. In the latest phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture. The first humans evolved in Africa.
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How many species of Hominin coexisted 100,000 years ago?
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Three
