AP Psychology Chapter 11 – Flashcards
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intelligence
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mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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factor analysis
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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.
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general intelligence
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a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
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savant syndrome
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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
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emotional intelligence
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the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
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creativity
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the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
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intelligence test
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a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
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mental age
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a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.
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Stanford-Binet
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the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.
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intelligence quotient
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defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
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aptitude test
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a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.
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achievement test
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a test designed to assess what a person has learned.
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
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the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
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standardization
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defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group.
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normal curve
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the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
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reliability
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the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.
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validity
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the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also content validity and predictive validity.)
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content validity
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the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks).
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criterion
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the behavior (such as future college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity.
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predictive validity
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the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)
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mental retardation
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a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.
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Down syndrome
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a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup.
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stereotype threat
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a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
