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Neurologically based language disorder caused by various pathologies, with various classifications. Results in a loss or impairment of language (expressive or receptive)

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Aphasia

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Stroke caused by a blocked or interrupted blood supply to the brain. Caused by thrombus or embolism

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Ischemic

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Stroke caused by bleeding in the brain due to ruptured blood vessels. Ruptures my be intra- or extracerebral

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Hemorrhagic

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A collection of blood material that blocks the flow of blood.

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Thrombus

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Traveling mass of arterial debris or a clump of tissue from a tumor that gets lodged in a smaller artery

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Embolus

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List the nonfluent asphasias

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1. Brocas 2. Transcortical motor (TMA) 3. Mixed Transcortical (MTA) 4. Global

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List fluent aphasia types

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1. Wernickes 2. Transcortical sensory (TSA) 3. Conduction 4. Anomic

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Nonfluent aphasia caused by damage in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere of the brain. Characterized by: nonfluent, effortful, slow, halting speech.

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Broca's Aphasia

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List 5 characteristics of Broca's Aphasia

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1. Limited word output, short phrases/sentences 2. Telegraphic, monotone speech 3. Impaired naming 4. Poor oral reading and writing 5. difficulty understanding syntactic structures.

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Nonfluent aphasia caused by lesions in the anterior superior frontal lobe, supplied by the anterior cerebral artery and the anterior branch of the middle cerebral artery. Exhibit ridgidity of upper exptremities, low movement.

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Transcortical Motor Aphasia (TMA)

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List 5 characteristics of TMA

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1. Echolalia/perseverations 2. absent/reduced spontaneous speech 3. intact repetition skill 4. Awareness of grammaticality with simple synatactic structures 5. generally good comprehension of simple conversation

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Rare variety of nonfluent aphasia caused by lesions in the watershead area of the brain. Bilateral upper motor neuron paralysis, weakness of all limbs, visual field defects

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Mixed Transcortical Aphasia (MTA)

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List 5 characteristics of MTA

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1. Automatic, unintentional, and involuntary nature of communication. 2. severe echolalia 3. Severely impaired fluency, comprehension 4. unimpaired automatic speech 5. Severely impaired reading and writing

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Most severe form of nonfluent aphasia caused by lesions affecting all language areas and widespread destruction of the fronto-temporoparietal regions. Right-sided paresis/paralysis, sensory loss, and neglect of the left side of the body.

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Global Aphasia

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List 5 characteristics of Global Aphasia

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1. Profoundly impaired language skills 2. expressions limited to a few words or utterances 3. impaired naming 4. profoundly limited auditory comphrehension 5. perseveration

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Common fluent aphasia caused by lesions in the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere. Sound confused, less frustrated with failed attempts, generally free from obvious neurological symptoms or paralysis.

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Wernicke's

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List 5 characteristics of Wernicke's Aphasia

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1. incessant, effortlessly produced, flowing speech with normal fluency and phrase length. 2. Intact grammatical structures and prosody 3. Severe word-finding errors 4. circumlocution and empty speech 5. Impaired comprehension and turn-taking

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Fluent aphasia casued by lesions in the temporopraietal region of brain. Neglect of one side of the body.

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Transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA)

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List 5 characteristics of TSA.

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1. Difficulty pointing, obeying commands or simple y/n 2. normal automatic speech 3. echolalia of grammatically incorrect forms 4. generally better oral reading skills 5. repetition is intact

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Rare fluent aphasia caused by lesions in region between Broca's and Wernicke's area (supramarginal gyrus and arcuate fasciculus).

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Conduction Aphasia

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List 5 characteristics of conduction aphasia

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1. Variable speech fluency 2. near-normal auditory comprehension 3. better at pointing to a named stimulus than at confrontation naming 4. buccofacial apraxia 5. disproportionate impairment in repetition

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Controversial fluent aphasia may be considered a syndrome where most language functions except for naming are unimpaired.

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Anomic Aphasia

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Aphasia typically produced by cortical damage caused by lesions in the basal ganglia or thalamus.

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Subcortical Aphasia

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The loss of previously acquired reading skills due to recent brain damage.

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Alexia

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The loss or impairment of normally acquired writing skills due to lesions in the foot of the second frontal gyrus of the brain.

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Agraphica

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The impaired understanding of the meaning of certain stimuli even though there is no peripheral sensory impairment. May be auditory, visual, tactile, or audio-visual.

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Agnosia

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The neurogenic speech disorder caused by damage to speech-motor programming areas. Marked by oral groping and impaired articulatory accuracy, speech rate, and self-monitoring.

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Apraxia of Speech

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Group of neurologically based motor speech disorders due to PNS or CNS pathology.

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Dysarthria

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Name the dysarthrias

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1. Flaccid 2. Spastic 3. Hypokinetic 4. Hyperkinetic 5. Mixed 6. Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron

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Type of dysarthria marked by damage to the cerebellar system. Characterized by articulatory and prosodic problems.

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Ataxic Dysarthria

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List 5 characteristics of Ataxic Dysarthria And common neuropathologies

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1. instability of head/trunk with tremors 2. over/undershooting of targets; uncoordinated 3. imprecise production of conconsoants, irregular breakdowns, and vowel distortions 4. excessive and even stress; prolonged phonemes, slow speech rate. 5. "drunken speech" Cerebellar lesions, degenerative ataxia, CVA, TBI

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Type of dysarthria which results from damage to the motor units of cranial or spinal nerves that supply speech muscles (LMN).

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Flaccid Dysarthria

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Common etiologies of Flaccid Dysarthira and which CN are most effected?

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- Myasthenia Gravis, brainstem strokes, demyelinating diseases, trauma - CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X, CN XII

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List 5 characteristics of Flaccid Dysarthria

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1. muscle weakness, hypotonia, atrophy 2. Fasciculations and Fibrillations 3. breathy voice, short phrases 4. imprecise consonants, nasal emissions, hypernasality 5. monopitch and monoloudness

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Type of dysarthria which results from damage to the basal ganglia and is associated with involuntary movements and variable muscle tone.

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Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

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Common etiologies of Hyperkinetic Dysarthria List 5 characteristics.

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- Degenerative (Huntington's), Infection, Metabolic 1. movement disorders (myoclonus, chorea, spasms) 2. Dystonia 3. voice tremor, strained harsh voice, voice stoppage 4. slow rate, excess loudness variations 5. inconsistent and imprecise articulatory productions

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Type of dysarthria resulting from damage to basal ganglia and is associated with degenertative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's

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Hypokinetic Dysarthria

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List 5 characteristics of Hypokinetic Dysarthria

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1. mask-like face 2. decreased swallowing 3. monopitch/monoloudness 4. readuced stress 5. micrographic wrting, walking disorders (slow, shuffling steps)

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Type of dysarthria resulting from bilateral damage to the UMNs.

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Spastic Dysarthria

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List 5 characteristics of Spastic Dysarthria

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1. bilateral facial weakness 2. reduced range and slwoness 3. hyperactive gag reflex; hyperadduciton of vocal folds 4. excess and equal stress, 5. breathy, harsh, strained-strangled voice

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Type of dysarthria resulting from a combination of two or more pure dysarthrias. List common types

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Mixed Dysarthria. - flaccid-spastic ; ataxic-spastic (MS)

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Type of dysarthria resulting from damage to the upper motor neurons that supply cranial and spinal nerves involved in speech production in one hemisphere.

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Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria (UUMN)

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List 5 characteristics of UUMN

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1. Unilateral facial, tongue, or palatal weakness 2. imprecise production of consonants 3. harsh voice, reduced loudness, and strained harsheness 4. slow rate 5. comorbid aphasia, apraxia or right hemisphere syndrome

SLP Praxis Ch. 8 Neuro Based Disorders (Aphasia, Apraxia, Dysarthria) – Flashcards

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