question

The epithelial membrane would be found in the

answer

GI Tract

question

According to Healthy People 2010, the social environment includes:

answer

Housing, transportation, urban development, Work-related stress, injury, and violence.

question

Most cancer deaths are attributable to

answer

Diet

question

The field of environment health encompasses the effects of the environment on all but:

answer

The geologic environment.

question

According to the US EPA the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States is the result of exposure to

answer

Radon

question

This cleaning mechanism, derived from the ancient greek word meaning "big eater", is one of the primary mechanisms for protecting our lungs from foreign particle.s

answer

Macrophage

question

Respirable particulates are those in the size range

answer

1 - 10 um.

question

The largest membrane separating our internal from our external environment is our

answer

Lungs.

question

The prolific environmental author Kenneth Boulding defined "pollution" as a ________ out of place".

answer

Resource.

question

Environmental pollution is believed to account for what percentage of cancer deaths in a given year?

answer

2%.

question

The concept of a sustainable environment is based on the premise that

answer

(All of the above) Renewable resources should only be used at a rate that ensures their continued existence. Nonrenewable resources should be used sparingly and recycled wherever possible. Natural systems should not be polluted to the point where they are n longer able to cope with the resulting damage.

question

The alveoli membrane would be found in the

answer

Lungs.

question

Which of the following is a form of anthropogenic pollution?

answer

Heat being emitted from a building.

question

The model for improving the state of human health and the environment which calls for preventing the development of disease is referred to as the

answer

Public health intervention model.

question

Our skin protects us from external water soluble substances by a waxy coating produced by

answer

Sebaceous glands.

question

In a case-control study, cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not.

answer

True.

question

A relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no association between exposure and outcome.

answer

False.

question

An ecologic study is one that examines a group as the unit of analysis. (True) Cross-sectional studies may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies.

answer

True.

question

The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that:

answer

(All of the above) Accurate Assessment of exposure is difficult. Environmentally associated diseases often have a low incidence and prevalence. Long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes. The effects of exposures are often non-specific.

question

Hill's criteria of causality include

answer

Strength, consistency, temporality, biological gradient.

question

Cohort study is to risk ratio as:

answer

Case-control study is to odds ratio.

question

Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies?

answer

(All of the above) Subjects are classified according to their exposures. They are a type of longitudinal design. They may be either prospective or retrospective. The measure of association is called relative risk.

question

Which of the following statements is untrue about case-control studies?

answer

They are a type of longitudinal design.

question

Which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing?

answer

Cohort Studies.

question

Examples of purely observational epidemiological studies do not usually include:

answer

Experimental studies.

question

The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by:

answer

The incidence rate for that disease during the past year.

question

Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of the environmental factors in causing diseases:

answer

Hippocrates.

question

Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiological approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)?

answer

Study of cancer occurrence in populations.

question

Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations:

answer

Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer.

question

John Snow, in Snow on Cholera:

answer

Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments.

question

Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle?

answer

All of the above are true. Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent. Disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment.

question

The Texas Sharpshooter Effect illustrates:

answer

One cause of spurious or chance clustering.

question

The contributions of epidemiology to enviornmental health include:

answer

All of the above. Methodology for study designs. Concern with populations. Use of observational date. Methodology for study designs. Descriptive and analytical studies.

question

Used in cohort studies, the relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between a possible risk factor and a disease.

answer

True

question

What does the abbreviation EPA represent?

answer

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

question

What does the abbreviation LLRW represent?

answer

Low-Level Radioactive Waste.

question

Industrial exposure to toxic agents most frequently to toxic agents most frequently is the result of ____ and ____ exposure.

answer

Inhalation, dermal.

question

Tetralogy is the study of:

answer

Defects induced in pregnancy during development between conception and birth.

question

What does the abbreviation AEA represent?

answer

Atomic Energy Act.

question

In recent years some scientists have postulated that certain people have "multiple chemical sensitivity," which can lead to a type of "______".

answer

Chemical AIDS.

question

What does the abbreviation NEPA represent?

answer

National Environmental Policy Act.

question

Poison antidotes work on the principle of:

answer

Antagonism.

question

Excretion from the body primarily occurs via:

answer

Urine.

question

The principal means of excretion of chemicals from the human body is through:

answer

Urine.

question

Which of the chemicals below can produce death in humans at concentrations of only nanograms per kilogram of body weight?

answer

Botulism toxin.

question

Toxicologist's primary study include the use of:

answer

Laboratory studies of animals.

question

What does the abbreviation WHO represent?

answer

World Health Organization.

question

Who states that "All substances are poisons: there is none which is not a poison?

answer

Paracelsus.

question

Some toxicologist estimate that more than ____% of the current intake of toxic substances by human population is of natural origin.

answer

95.

question

Acute exposure is defined as exposure to a chemical for:

answer

Less than 24 hours.

question

The role of the toxicologist is to:

answer

All of the above. Study the adverse effects of chemical agents on living organisms. Predict the hazards of chemicals and their impact on the human population. participation in the development of standards and regulations designed to protect human health and environment from adverse effects of chemicals.

question

he process by which lakes become enriched with nutrients leading to algae growth, oxygen deficiency, and then death of fish is known as:

answer

Eutrophication.

question

Deposition if airborne particles of primary interest are those in the size range _______.

answer

0.001-2.5 micrometer.

question

Toxicologic evaluations of carcinogenicity are available for less than ____% of the chemicals in use today, and epidemiologic assessments for less than ____%.

answer

20, 1.

question

What percentage of Americans are employed in companies of less than 20 employees?

answer

25%

question

Hospital workers in particular must be concerned with protection against:

answer

Hepatitis B, TB, Aids.

question

What year was Alice Hamilton's classic work, Exploring the Dangerous Trades, published?

answer

1943.

question

Common problems in the service industries include:

answer

Inadequate indoor air quality, low-back pain, and cumulative trauma disorders.

question

There are six basic approaches for controlling toxic airborne chemicals, which one below is not one of them?

answer

Humidification precipitator.

question

Which act of 1936 established safety and health standards in industries conducting work under contract to the federal government?

answer

Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act.

question

Workplace exposures include all of the following except:

answer

Fluorescent vapor.

question

Studies have shown that placing high psychological demands on workers, and giving them little control over the work process, are:

answer

Casually related to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.

question

Which type of the occupational disease occurs the most frequent?

answer

Dermatitis.

question

With which industry would you associate formaldehyde?

answer

Funeral.

question

The California Occupational Health and Safety Act was passed in what year?

answer

1973.

question

Respirators are approved by:

answer

NIOSH.

question

In 1911, which state became the first to enact a workers' compensation law?

answer

New Jersey.

question

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has recognized the important of a safe and healthy occupational environment in its National Health Goals for the Year 2000. Below are the areas targeted for improvement, except:

answer

Increasing the budget for research, from 5 billion to 10 billion.

question

OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL's) were derived from?

answer

Threshold Limit Values (TLV's)

question

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI's) are published by which organization?

answer

ACGIH

question

In what year did the federal government provide limited compensation to civil service employees injured on the job?

answer

1908

question

Which method of worker protection (according to OSHA) would be used by an employer as a last resort?

answer

Respirators.

question

Biological Exposure indices for urine are expressed as ug per gram _____?

answer

Creatinine.

question

The sources of exposure are divided into three principal groups:

answer

Toxic chemicals, biological agents, and physical factors.

question

Identify the correct fact about rabies:

answer

Post-exposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

question

Which of the following statements about anthrax is untrue?

answer

The inhalational form is untreatable

question

Methods for the control of mosquito-borne diseases include:

answer

All of the above. Monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds. Removing standing water around the home. Use of mosquito-eating fish. Wearing long clothing.

question

In what sense is influenza a zoonotic disease?

answer

It has animal reservoirs, especially birds and swine.

question

The term "hydrophobia" is also known as:

answer

Rabies.

question

The vector for the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States is:

answer

Rodents

question

The definition of emerging zoonoses covers:

answer

Only new and unknown agents Appearance of agents in regions not usually affected.

question

Which of the following is not classified as an arboviral disease.

answer

None of the above.

question

One of the differences between Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is that:

answer

Lyme disease is transmitted by mosquitoes and RSMF by ticks.

question

In the western United States, the natural reservoir of plague is:

answer

Ground squirrels.

question

The infectious agent for plague is a:

answer

Bacterium.

question

The causative agent for leismaniasis is a:

answer

Parasite.

question

The most deadly form of malaria is caused by:

answer

P. falciparum.

question

Examples of disease vectors are:

answer

Rats and mice, mosquitoes, ticks, and sand flies.

question

Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include.

answer

All of the above. Contact with the skin. Bite or scratch of an animal. Direct inhalation. Ingestion of contaminated foods.

PH 161 Module 1 Practice Exam – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards