Social Problems Final Study Guide Jon Powers - Flashcards

question

Attraction to both sexes is known as?

answer

Bisexuality

question

What is a powerful label that affects a person's social identity and self-concept in a way that has a negative impact and is difficult to overcome?

answer

A stigma

question

Deviance is?

answer

Socially created

question

Because the beliefs and practices of the majority enforce certain behavior as normal, what is the accepted social norm?

answer

Compulsory heterosexuality

question

Sociologists understand deviance in a very particular way, noting that it?

answer

Is a relative, not an absolute, notion

question

Some behaviors do not conform to social norms. From a sociological perspective, these behaviors are considered?

answer

Deviance

question

What refers to the way that heterosexuality is glorified while homosexuality is stigmatized in the U.S.?

answer

Compulsory heterosexuality

question

In the U.S., many still consider homosexuality what?

answer

Deviant

question

A sexual orientation toward someone of the opposite sex, such as when a female is attracted to a male, refers to what?

answer

Heterosexuality

question

Because homosexuality is behavior that does not conform to social expectations, it is common for homosexuals to be treated as second-class citizens and what?

answer

Stigmatized

question

James is attracted both to Nicole and his current boyfriend, Eric. James is what?

answer

Biosexual

question

Bill is attracted to people of the same sex. Bill is what?

answer

Homosexual

question

The belief and practice that enforces heterosexual behavior as normal while stigmatizing other forms of sexual expression, known as what, is the dominant mode of sexual expression in the U.S.?

answer

Heterosexuality

question

Jeremy consistently exceeds the speed limit by two or three miles per hour when he drives. His actions are breaking the law and they are considered deviant how often?

answer

Never

question

This chapter takes the position that gays are a minority group subject to all of the same pressures and persecution that all minority groups face and thus advocates that the problem with homosexuality is that it what?

answer

Is defined and labeled as deviant

question

When two females kiss they get a different reaction than when two males kiss. The less sanctioned female kiss illustrates what?

answer

The sexual double standard

question

T.J., who is White, wants to marry his girlfriend, Alexa, who is African American. Prior to 1967 in the United States they would not have been able to do this because of laws prohibiting what?

answer

Miscegenation

question

The term "sexual preference" implies what?

answer

A sense of choice regarding the sex of the persons one is attracted to

question

The term "sexual orientation" implies what?

answer

A deterministic view of sexual attraction

question

There is growing scientific evidence for there being what kind of basis for homosexuality?

answer

Biological

question

Jimmy believes that sexual attraction is a choice, which he refers to as a __________, as opposed to his friend Erica who takes more of a __________ perspective because she thinks attraction is deeply rooted and not alterable.

answer

Sexual preference, sexual orientation

question

Mark is openly gay and as such is set apart and treated as if he is inferior for not upholding dominant social norms. Mark is experiencing what?

answer

Sexual persecution

question

A conscious effort to reject dominant norms, a more egalitarian income arrangement, and more equal levels of experienced discrimination are all potential reasons why homosexual households are what?

answer

More egalitarian

question

What percentage of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered youth do not feel safe in school?

answer

Over 60

question

About what percent of juveniles who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered indicate they have heard anti-gay comments?

answer

75

question

Which company has been boycotted because it has been perceived as favorable toward gay rights?

answer

Disney

question

What religious organization endorsed a boycott against a company perceived as favorable toward gay rights?

answer

The Southern Baptist Convention

question

Which religious entity put forth a resolution in favor of gay marriage?

answer

The United Church of Christ

question

Homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder by who?

answer

Pschologists

question

How many states allow marriage for same-sex couples?

answer

Fifteen

question

From 1982 to 1992, about how many people were dishonorably discharged from the military for being lesbian or gay?

answer

14,000

question

The "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy was put into place by who?

answer

President Clinton

question

Which was the first state to allow marriage for same-sex couples?

answer

Massachusetts

question

Which of the following states allows marriage for same-sex couples?

answer

Iowa and California

question

According to the text, in 2010 what percent opposed gay marriage?

answer

40

question

Which of the following treatments has been utilized by psychiatry as a cure for homosexuality?

answer

Behavioral conditioning

question

Public opinion does what to homosexuality and homosexual behavior?

answer

Condemns

question

What has a long tradition in Western society, largely because of the Judeo-Christian treatment of homosexuality as a heinous sin?

answer

Homophobia

question

The Judeo-Christian religious tradition of the US what?

answer

Has resulted in the more condemnation of homosexuals by religious fundamentalists and others

question

Homophobia shares the same ideological roots with other forms of prejudice including what?

answer

Racism

question

Why would a homosexual hide his/her sexual orientation on the job?

answer

Once can still be fired for being gay

question

Some people cannot get themselves to think of homosexuals as equal to heterosexuals. In a social hierarchy, they place homosexuals at or near the bottom. These people exhibit what?

answer

Compulsory hetonormativity

question

Derek, who is gay, would have face _________ penalties in the fourteenth century as compared to the penalties gays face today.

answer

Harsher

question

Firing someone simply for being gay is a form of what?

answer

Occupational discrimnation

question

What percent of Fortune 500 companies offer benefits to the partners of gay employees?

answer

Over 50

question

Who are those who conceal their sexual orientation to avoid stigmatization, harassment and discrimination?

answer

Closeted gays

question

Who are the openly homosexual people who speak out on the issue of gay, lesbian, and bisexual rights?

answer

Gay activists

question

What effectively began the modern gay rights movement?

answer

Stonewall

question

Homosexual couples what?

answer

Often feel uncomfortable showing affection in public

question

The growth of the Gay Games, the rise of gay-straight alliances, and the changes of many key laws are all taken as evidence of what?

answer

The success of the gay-rights movement

question

When an economic system is based on private ownership of property and guided by the seeking of maximum profits it is classed as a what system?

answer

Capitalist

question

When an economic system is based on ownership of the means of production by the people for their collective benefit it is classified as a what system?

answer

Socialist

question

Ben wants to open a business in a country which allows him to own property privately, make a personal profit, and compete openly against other firms. In general he prefers that the government stay out of his business. He would like to open his business in a __________ system?

answer

Democratic

question

Jill believes that Adam Smith was essentially correct when he claimed that people could pursue their own personal interests because the __________ would keep society from disintegrating as everyone competes for consumers and profit. Thus, she consistently opposes government intervention into the market.

answer

Laws of the marketplace

question

Patrick wants to open a business in a country with a strong sense of community and egalitarianism. He thinks his company should be interested in the public good and is perfectly fine being subject to a democracy. Patrick would like to open his company in a __________ country.

answer

Capitalist

question

Don does not mind paying higher taxes for the benefit of everyone. Although he pays nearly half his income in taxes, he is happy living in a __________ where there is a family support program for parents and children, care for the elderly, and a national health care program.

answer

Welfare state

question

What refers to the investment choices that involve the movement of corporate monies from one investment to another?

answer

Capital flight

question

Wages in the new service sector of the economy tend to be what compared to those previously paid in the manufacturing sector?

answer

Lower than

question

The largest employer in the US today today is who?

answer

Walmart

question

Industries declining in output and employment are called what industries?

answer

Sunset

question

Industries characterized by increased output and employment are called what industries?

answer

sunrise

question

Homesourcing is what?

answer

Working from home

question

What is/are a force currently transforming the U.S. economy?

answer

New innovations based on computer technology

question

When the Earth's peoples are increasingly interconnected economically, politically, culturally, and environmentally we are in an era of what?

answer

Globalization

question

The US is in the midst of an economic transformation that is moving it to a what?

answer

Service/info economy

question

Fundamental changes in the economy resulting from technological breakthroughs, globalization, and capital flight describes what?

answer

The structural transformation of the economy

question

Schumpeter's concept of what refers to the process of economic transformation that is associated with the ongoing mutation of capitalism?

answer

Creative destruction

question

An employment arrangement where employees work as temporaries or independent contractors and get few benefits from employers is what?

answer

Contingent employment

question

Displaced workers are those who what?

answer

Face never being re-employed at jobs that pay the level of wages to which they have been accustomed

question

Some societies organize their economic system in a way that benefits the collective as opposed to any one individual. This system is known as what?

answer

Socialism

question

Some companies employ workers in low-wage countries to provide services to people in the United States instead of employing Americans to do the same work as they had in the past. This practice is known as what?

answer

Outsourcing

question

Jerica's factory recently moved out of the US to a country with cheaper labor where she will produce the same products at a lower cost in a practice known as what?

answer

Outsourcing

question

Gerald is a freelance artist who works from home. He is referred to as what kind of employee?

answer

Independent

question

Josh works in the IT industry as a computer systems analyst. His job can be characterized as in which of the following?

answer

Service sector

question

Many contingent workers have home offices and do most if not all of their contract work from their own house is practice known as what?

answer

Homesourcing

question

The speculative nature of the housing market and home flipping led to _______, and was a major contributor to the most recent recession?

answer

A housing bubble

question

Brian's mother and father both lost their jobs in 2010 and could not afford to make the payments on a house that was worth less than what they paid for it. When the house was foreclosed on, they had nowhere to live. They are part of the what?

answer

New homeless

question

According to marx, when workers do not have any control over their labor, they experience what?

answer

Alienation

question

Alienation and the resultant feeling of work being meaningless is a problem theorized by what?

answer

Karl Marx

question

What is a common occupational danger that plagues workers today?

answer

Emphysema

question

A substandard working environment where labor laws are violated is called a what?

answer

Sweatshop

question

What has led to the decline of unions?

answer

Businesses trying to prevent the formation of unions

question

A problem associated with a segmented labor market is that what?

answer

Work in the secondary sector is so inadequately paid that many full time workers live in poverty

question

The division of the economy into one sector with stable and secure working conditions and another sector with marginal working conditions and low wages is called what?

answer

The dual labor market

question

The unemployment rate for African Americans is ______ the rate for Whites?

answer

At least twice as high as

question

What is a demographic trend that marks the current period in the economy?

answer

The overall growth of the working population

question

The main goal of scientific management is to?

answer

Speed up production

question

Scientific management has an emphasis on what?

answer

Efficiency

question

Marx felt that when people are separated from each other, from themselves, and from the products they create they are experiencing what?

answer

Alienation

question

In a bureaucratic hierarchy, each person in the chain's hierarchy relays orders to and takes responsibility for the actions of those __________ while following orders from those __________.

answer

Below; above

question

Unemployed people who want to work but whose presence tends to depress the wages of other workers and keep them from making demands on their employers are known as what?

answer

Sunset workers

question

The economic shift from manufacturing to service has resulted in what?

answer

More opportunities for a middle-class lifestyle

question

Efforts to increase worker efficiency by breaking down work into very specialized tasks and working with an assembly line production mentality is central to the concept of what?

answer

Scientific management

question

Sweatshops are substandard work environments where workers are subject to what?

answer

Working under conditions that violate labor laws

question

The division of labor between the sexes what?

answer

Preserves the differential power, privilege, and prestige of men

question

Matt has not actively sought work for over a month since losing his job last year. He is no longer counted as unemployed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, instead being classified as a what?

answer

Discouraged worker

question

John works on an assembly line in a big warehouse for a manager where he has little control over the work he does or the products he produces. John is at high risk for what?

answer

Taylorism

question

Bill works in a dimly lit factory where he is exposed to toxic chemicals and gets paid very little for working low hours. Bill works in a what?

answer

A sweatshop

question

Mark works in a large, bureaucratic organization with stable production and sales. It is likely that Mark works in the what?

answer

Primary sector

question

Mary, an African American domestic worker, harbors resentment toward Hispanics because she fears they will take her job if she asks for higher wages or misses work for some reason. This racial tension is a consequence of the fact that racial minorities disproportionately make up what?

answer

The reserve army of the unemployed

question

What refers to the biological facts or femaleness and maleness?

answer

Sex

question

What refers to cultural and social definitions of feminine and masculine?

answer

Gender

question

Beliefs, meanings, and placement that value men over women and that institutionalize male control of socially valued resources are known as what?

answer

Male dominance

question

The system of sexuality that imposes negative sanctions on those who are homosexual or bisexual refers to what?

answer

Compulsory heterosexuality

question

What is a way of organizing the social world based on sexual identity?

answer

Sexuality

question

A form of social organization in which men are dominant over women is known as what?

answer

Patriarchy

question

A condition of capitalism in which male supremacy keeps women in subordinate roles at work and in the home is called what?

answer

Capitalist patriarchy

question

A form of social organization in which men are dominant over women is known as what?

answer

Patriarchy

question

The biological differences between men and women are what?

answer

Primarily determined by generations of ancient religious practices

question

A what includes views that support equal relations between men and women?

answer

Feminist approach

question

Devon supports women's equality in all areas of social life including politics, religion, work and home. Devon could be labeled as a what?

answer

Feminist

question

We live in a society characterized by gendered institutions that support what in all aspects of social life?

answer

Male dominance

question

Jeff laments modern society characterized by increasing gender equality. He would rather live in a _____ where men are the dominant sex?

answer

Partriarchy

question

Barrie Thorne, in a study of gender play, found that what?

answer

Boys more often violate girl's activities

question

The combination of traditional feminine and masculine characteristics refers to what?

answer

Androgyny

question

Title IX resulted in what?

answer

More spending on women's sports

question

Which of the following is a way that families teach children about gender?

answer

Giving different toys to boys than to girls

question

Which of the following aspect(s) of education is/are discriminatory?

answer

Teacher pay

question

In high school, girls tend to what?

answer

Receive higher grades than boys

question

If Charles is androgynous, we would expect him to have __________ stereotypically male sex role characteristics and __________ stereotypically female sex role characteristics.

answer

few; few

question

Some Sociologists illustrate how males and females learn to be different through socialization in the family, schools, and religious and political institutions. These people take the __________ approach.

answer

Gender structure

question

In her essay for a sociology of gender course, Ellen takes the __________ approach because she believes that a differential rewards system explains gender inequality.

answer

Gender roles

question

Max thinks of himself as a tough risk taker who is also highly empathetic and nurturing. Max displays what kinds of characteristics?

answer

Androgynous

question

In TV commercials, women are what?

answer

Less frequently shown than men

question

What percent of the religious denominations in the US ordain women?

answer

Half

question

Language perpetuates male dominance by doing what to women?

answer

Ignoring, trivializing, and sexualizing

question

Studies of the U.S. mass media demonstrate that highly stereotyped behavior can be found in what?

answer

Nearly all sectors including children's programming

question

Terms like "chick," "honey," and "sweetheart" are examples of what kind of language that perpetuates male dominance?

answer

Sexualizing

question

The use of "guys" to refer to groups of mixed gender people is an example of ______ language which perpetuates male dominance.

answer

Trivializing

question

Women are still oppressed by what?

answer

Social institutions

question

In our political institutions women are underrepresented where?

answer

On all levels

question

In 2010, women earned how many cents for every dollar a man earned?

answer

81

question

The pattern whereby women and men are situated in different jobs throughout the labor force is called what?

answer

Gender segregation

question

The glass what is an invisible barrier that limits women's upward occupational mobility?

answer

Ceiling

question

Research suggests that men who enter female-dominated fields often encounter a what?

answer

Glass escalator

question

The U.S. labor force has changed such that women's rate of participation has what?

answer

Increased dramatically

question

Which of the following characterizes women's status in the civilian labor force?

answer

White women's progress has been related to federal affirmative action guidelines.

question

Which of the following is a factor that has contributed to the gender earnings gap?

answer

Women are more nurturing and less competitive by nature

question

The greater likelihood for men to advance in what have traditionally been known as women's professions is known as the glass what?

answer

Escalator

question

Domestic work is a part of the what segment of the labor market?

answer

Secondary

question

Dual labor market theory is an example of a what explanation of women's workplace inequality?

answer

Structural

question

Human capital theory is an example of a what explanation of women's workplace inequality?

answer

Individual

question

In the course of a debate, Jonathan advances the __________ theory to explain workplace inequality by arguing that women bring different characteristics to their jobs in the form of education and experience than men do.

answer

Feminist

question

Alex focuses on the labor market itself when explaining how workplace inequality operates. She believes there are two separate segments with tiers that funnel women into low paid, less prestigious fields. Alex's ideas are consistent with __________ theory.

answer

Dual labor market

question

Cecilia's research has led her to become a proponent of the __________ theory explanation of workplace inequality because she sees gender as embedded in an interlocking web of social interactions which stem from living in a society that has unequal gender relations.

answer

Human capital

question

Mary has always worked hard at her job, gets glowing performance reviews, and has excellent qualifications. Yet she keeps getting passed over for promotions and does not see a clear path upward in her company while men less qualified than her advance more quickly. She is likely suffering from a glass __________.

answer

Ceiling

question

Mary has always worked hard at her job, gets glowing performance reviews, and has excellent qualifications. Yet she keeps getting passed over for promotions and does not see a clear path upward in her company while men less qualified than her advance more quickly. These men are likely being advanced by a glass __________.

answer

Escalator

question

Which of the following are consequences of sexism and gender inequality?

answer

Men are denied the potential for full human development

question

Feminist social movements in the U.S. are reactions to what?

answer

Gender inequality

Social Problems Final Study Guide Jon Powers – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards