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Illness

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An abnormal process in which aspects of the social, emotional, or intellectual condition and function of a person are diminished or impaired

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Pesthouses

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Primitive hospitals in the 19th century which were dirty and overcrowded; poor hygienic practices resulted in a high infection and mortality rate

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Theodor Fliedner

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A German pastor in Kaiserswerth, Germany who helped establish the first school of nursing, the Lutheran Order of Deaconesses

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Lutheran Order of Deaconesses

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The first school of nursing established in Kaiserswerth, Germany in the mid-1800s

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Florence Nightingale

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Considered the first nursing theorist; established sanitary conditions in the Barrack Hospital during the Crimean War which resulted in a decreased mortality rate

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Saint Thomas Hospital

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Hospital in London at which Florence Nightingale established a nursing school in 1860

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Nightingale Plan

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Training practice established by the first nursing theorist; established formal and practical instruction, as well as keeping complete student records

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Nightingale nurses

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Nurses produced by the first nursing theorist's nursing school; these nurses improved patient care by such measures as good hygiene and sanitation, patient observation, accurate record keeping, nutritional improvements, and the introduction and use of new medical equipment

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Pittsburgh Infirmary (Passavant Hospital)

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First hospital in the United States to have a formal nursing school; established by Theodore Fliedner and four highly trained nurses

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First four states to establish a school under the Nightingale Plan in the United States

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Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, and Boston

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Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts

answer

First four states to establish a school under the Nightingale Plan in the United States

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Pennsylvania

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First state to establish a school under the Nightingale Plan in the United States

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New York

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Second state to establish a school under the Nightingale Plan in the United States

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Connecticut

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Third state to establish a school under the Nightingale Plan in the United States

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Massachusetts

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Fourth state to establish a school under the Nightingale Plan in the United States

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Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

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Pioneer crusader for elevation of standards of care for the mentally ill; superintendent of Female Nurses of the Union Army

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Clara Barton (1821-1912)

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Developed the American Red Cross in 1881

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Mary Ann Ball (1817-1901)

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One of the greatest nurse heroines of the Civil War; championed the rights and comforts of the soldiers; organized diet kitchens, laundries, ambulance services

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Linda Richards (1841-1930)

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First trained nurse in America; responsible for the development of the first nursing and hospital records; credited with the development of present-day documentation

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Isabel Hampton Robb (1860-1910)

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Organized the first graded system of theory and practice in the schools of nursing; one of the founders of the American Journal of Nursing; co-founder of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools

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Lavinia Dock (1858-1956)

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Co-founder of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools, which evolved into the National League for Nursing Education

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Mary Eliza Mahoney (1845-1926)

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The first African-American professional nurse; graduated from New England Hospital in 1879; worked for acceptance of African-Americans in the nursing profession

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Lillian D. Wald (1867-1940)

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Responsible for the development of public health nursing in the United States through the founding of the Henry Street Settlement in NYC

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Mary Adelaide Nutting (1858-1947)

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A leader in nursing education; developed curriculum concepts and guidelines for student nurses; assisted in the development of the International Council of Nurses

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Mary Breckenridge (1881-1965)

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Pioneer in nurse midwifery; established the Frontier Nursing Service to deliver obstetric care to mother in Kentucky; these nurses traveled horseback to reach mothers

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Licensure

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The granting of permission by the overseeing authority to engage in practice or activity that would otherwise be illegal

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First four states to mandate licensure

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North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Virginia

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North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Virginia

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First four states to mandate licensure

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Army and Navy Nurse Corps

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Established in response to increased demand for nurses in World War I to train the untrained volunteer nurses

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Army School of Nursing

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Established to meet the demand for professionally trained nurses in the Nurse Corps in World War I, as many personnel were untrained volunteers

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Cadet Nurse Corps

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Established during World War II to provide an abbreviated training program designed to meet the need of the war effort

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Contemporary nursing

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Growth and diversity of nursing services resulting from the change of focus in health care from care of the sick solely to an ever-expanding and profit-driven industry

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American Nurses Association (ANA)

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Recommended that nursing education take place in institutions of learning within the general education system instead of in hospitals in 1965, which was followed shortly thereafter

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Bills of rights

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Addresses the rights of hospitalized patients, those who are dying, older adults, and pregnant woman; speaks to the need to respect all patients as unique individuals and ensure quality care for all

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The Ballard School

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First school to establish a practical nurse training program in 1892; graduates of this program were referred to as attendant nurses

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Attendant Nurses

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The first nurses trained at a practical level; main competencies included cooking, nutrition, basic science, and basic nursing procedures

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Association of Practical Nurse Schools

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Original name for the National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service

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National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNES)

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Established in 1941 as the Association of Practical Nurse Schools; brought many health care professionals together to plan the first standard curriculum for practical nursing; remains a guiding force in the development of practical nursing education today

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National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN)

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Established in 1949; the official membership organization for the LPN/LVN; working with NAPNES, they set the standards for practical/vocational nursing practice, as well as promote and protect interests of the LPN/LVN, and educate the general public about practical/vocational nursing

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Approved program

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Satisfies the minimum standards set by the state agency responsible for overseeing educational programs

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Accredited program

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Higher standard that signifies that the responsible organization has judged that a program has met its pre-established criteria

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Articulation

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Allows nursing programs to plan their curricula collaboratively to lessen duplication of learning experiences and support a process of progressive buildup

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Portfolio

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An organized account of an individual's education and professional accomplishments

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Career ladder

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Recognizes the clinical expertise of the nurse and provides a mechanism for financial compensation; each institution clearly lists and defines its own criteria for advancement and generally considers adherence to facility policy, completion of mandatory education, and leadership and clinical skills

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The Smith-Huges Act

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Passed in 1917 to provide vocational and public education; along with federal funding, it provided the means for vocational-based practical and vocational nursing programs throughout the country

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ANA's First Position on Education for Nursing

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A document released in 1965 which outlined recommendations for the educational levels of the nurse to enter practice; an influence that brought about change in attitude toward practical and vocational nursing

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Health care system

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A network of agencies, facilities, and providers involved with health care in a specific geographic area with the goal of achieving optimal levels of health care for its population; health care environment includes the patient, the patient's family, the community, technology, government agencies, the medical profession, third-party agencies, and many others

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Wellness-Illness continuum

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The range of a person's total health; one's position in this range is ever changing and influences by physical condition, mental condition, and social well-being

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Wellness

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A dynamic state of health in which an individual progresses toward a higher level of functioning, achieving an optimal balance between internal and external environment

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Holistic health care

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A system of comprehensive or total patient care that considers the physical, emotional, social, economic, and spiritual needs of a person

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Maslow's Hierarchy

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Theory which states that an individual's behavior is formed by their attempts to meet essential human needs

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Maslow's Hierarchy - Level 1

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Physiologic - nutrition, elimination, oxygenation, sexuality

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Maslow's Hierarchy - Level 2

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Safety and security - stability, protection, security, freedom from fear and anxiety

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Maslow's Hierarchy - Level 3

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Love and belongingness - affection, acceptance by peers and community

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Maslow's Hierarchy - Level 4

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Esteem - self-respect, self-confidence, feeling of self-worth

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Maslow's Hierarchy - Level 5

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Self-actualization - full use of individual talents

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Primary prevention

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Seeks to avoid disease states through wellness activities and preemptive screening programs such as mammograms, colonoscopies, and glucose screening

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Secondary prevention

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Recognizes the presence of disease but seeks to reduce the impact of the condition by encouraging behaviors to promote health; for example, dietary teaching to a patient with diabetes

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Tertiary prevention

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The management of care activities for those with serious health problems who seek to improve the quality of life and reduce further loss of function

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Individualized care plan

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Involves the patient and all health care providers working toward meeting the patient's total needs in a holistic matter through a coordinated and cooperative effort

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Certification

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Process in which an individual, institution, agency, or education program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards

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Registered Nurse (RN)

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A direct health care provider who is licensed after completion of one of three types of nursing education: 4-year baccalaureate program, 2-year associate program, or 3-year diploma program

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Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse (LPN/LVN)

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A direct health care provider who practices under the supervision of a Registered Nurse or physician

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Case management

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Revolves around the use of clinical pathways, which map out expectations of patient's stay according to a designated time frame; involves coordinating and planning the care of a group of patients

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Cross training

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Allows institutions to maximize the use of available staff by training workers to perform duties that can span through traditional role boundaries

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Communication

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The prerequisite for meeting the needs of the patient or discussing appropriate changes to do so

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Documentation

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Any form of permanent record of that patient's progress and treatment; the formal and legal record of care received by the patient and patient's response to that care

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Models of care

answer

Nursing, patient, health, environment

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Models of care - nursing

answer

Encompasses the roles and actions of the nurse

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Models of care - patient

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The individual who receives the care

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Models of care - health

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The area along the wellness-illness continuum that the patient occupies

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Models of care - environment

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The setting for the nurse-patient interaction

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Leading theories - Nightingale (1860)

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To facilitate the body's reparative processes by arranging the patient's environment; includes noise control, nutrition, hygiene, lighting, comfort, socialization, and hope

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Leading theories - Orem (1971)

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To care for and help patient attain total self-care; nursing care becomes necessary when patient is unable to fulfill biologic, psychological, developmental, or social needs

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Leading theories - Leininger (1978)

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To provide care consistent with nursing's emerging science and knowledge with caring as the central focus

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Leading theories - Roy (1979)

answer

To identify types of demands placed on patient, assess adaptation to demands, and help patients adapt; based on the physiologic, psychological, sociologic, and dependence-independence adaptive modes

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Leading theories - Parse (1981)

answer

To focus on man as living unity and man's qualitative participation with health experience; man continually interacts with environment and participates in maintenance of health; health is a continual open process rather than a state of well-being or absence of disease; nursing as a science and art

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Leading theories - Benner and Wrubel (1989)

answer

To focus on patient's needs for caring as a means of coping with stressors of illness; caring is central to the essence of nursing, caring creates the possibilities for coping and enables possibilities for connecting with an concern for others

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