question

achieved status

answer

A status earned through individual effort or imposed by others (page 114)

question

agency

answer

the ability of the individual to act freely and independently (page 119)

question

agents of socialization

answer

Social groups, institutions, and individuals (especially the family, schools, peers, and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place (page 106)

question

ascribed status

answer

An inborn status; usually difficult or impossible to change (page 114)

question

autoethnography

answer

Ethnographic description that focuses on the feelings and reactions of the ethnographer (page 105)

question

backstage

answer

In the dramaturgical perspective, places in which we rehearse and prepare for our performances (page 104)

question

cooling the mark out

answer

Behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact (page 104)

question

copresence

answer

face-to-face interaction or being in the presence of others (page 116)

question

definition of the situation

answer

An agreement with others about "what is going on" in a given circumstance. This consensus allows us to coordinate our actions with those of others and realize goals (page 103)

question

dramaturgy

answer

An approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance (page 103)

question

dual nature of the self

answer

The belief that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" and the "me" (page 102)

question

embodied status

answer

A status generated by physical characteristics (page 114)

question

emotion work (emotional labor)

answer

the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion (page 116)

question

expressions given

answer

Expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterances (page 103)

question

expressions given off

answer

Observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal (page 103)

question

expressions of behavior

answer

small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others (page 103)

question

feeling rules

answer

socially constructed norms regarding the expression and display of emotions; expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation (page 99)

question

front

answer

In the dramaturgical perspective, the setting or scene of performances that helps establish the definition of the situation (page 103)

question

frontstage

answer

In the dramaturgical perspective, the region in which we deliver our public performances (page 104)

question

game stage

answer

The third stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other (page 102)

question

generalized other

answer

The perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or of society in general) that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior (page 102)

question

hidden curriculum

answer

Values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the structure of the educational system and the teaching methods used (page 108)

question

id, ego, and superego

answer

According to Freud, the three interrelated parts that make up the mind. The id consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy. The ego is the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and the superego. The superego has two components (the conscience and the ego-ideal) and represents the internalized demands of society (page 100)

question

impression management

answer

The effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation; the use of selfpresentation and performance tactics (page 103)

question

looking-glass self

answer

The notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us (page 101)

question

master status

answer

A status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we possess (page 98)

question

particular or significant other

answer

The perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes (page 102)

question

personal front

answer

The expressive equipment we consciously or unconsciously use as we present ourselves to others, including appearance and manner, to help establish the definition of the situation (page 103)

question

play stage

answer

The second stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other (page 102)

question

preparatory stage

answer

The first stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others (page 102)

question

psychosexual stages of development

answer

Four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud. Each stage is associated with a different erogenous zone. (page 101)

question

region

answer

In the dramaturgical perspective, the context or setting in which the performance takes place (page 103)

question

resocialization

answer

The process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life (page 111)

question

role

answer

The set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status (page 114)

question

role conflict

answer

Experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations (page 114)

question

role exit

answer

The process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy (page 114)

question

role strain

answer

The tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role (page 114)

question

role-taking emotions

answer

Emotions like sympathy, embarrassment, or shame that require that we assume the perspective of another person or many other people and respond from that person or group's point of view (page 116)

question

saturated self

answer

a postmodern idea that the self is now developed by multiple influences chosen from a wide range of media sources (page 118)

question

self

answer

The individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from other individuals (page 100)

question

social construction

answer

The process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists (page 98)

question

status

answer

A position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations (page 114)

question

stereotyping

answer

Judging others based on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people (page 114)

question

Thomas theorem

answer

Classic formulation of the way individuals define situations, whereby "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" (page 103)

question

total institution

answer

An institution in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones (page 112)

question

socialization

answer

Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately 12. Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of:

question

competing influences

answer

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization? Families begin the socialization process before there are any other ______________.

question

ego

answer

Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse, and the ____________ was like a rider astride the horse, struggling to keep it under control.

question

entry into a total institution

answer

Resocialization is particularly severe when individuals are severed from their previous relations with society, and their former identities are stripped away. What sort of life change would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?

question

punctuality, neatness, discipline

answer

What sorts of things do students learn from the hidden curriculum?

question

role conflict

answer

A __________ is when one individual has multiple roles that are in conflict

question

the id

answer

According to Sigmund Freud, which part of the mind is composed of biological drives, and consequently is the source of psychic energy?

question

a total institution

answer

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter which of the following?

question

point of view

answer

What must happen before an individual experiences role-taking emotions? The individual must be able to see things from another person's ________.

question

opposing

answer

Nature and nurture are not _______ forces, but constantly modify each other as part of a larger interactive process.

question

social

answer

Some researchers have argued that in highly individualistic societies, like the United States, shame is usually triggered by individual actions, while in more collectivist cultures, like Japan, shame is linked to groups. This would indicate that emotions aren't fully determined by society, but they are _________.

question

expressions

answer

Given that we try to understand how others have defined situations, why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given? It is harder to manipulate _________ given off.

question

Nancy Chodorow

answer

___________has adapted Freudian theory to help understand how patterns of gendered parenting and early-childhood development lead to the reproduction of traditional sex roles. His/her quote is..."It is more difficult for boys to develop an identity as they have to separate from their mothers and model themselves after a parent who is far more likely to be emotionally absent, while daughters maintain close and intense relationships with their primary role model, leading them to value nurturing and connecting with others."

question

entry into a total institution

answer

Resocialization is particularly severe when individuals are severed from their previous relations with society, and their former identities are stripped away. What sort of life change would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?

question

Erving Goffman

answer

"They are typically nonverbal, but observable in various ways," is a true of expressions given off, as defined by _____________

question

family

answer

Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, life-long impact on the individual?

question

personal front

answer

Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of an individual's__________.

question

The Interpretation of Dreams

answer

In his book ____________, Sigmund Freud suggested that the conscious level of awareness is but the tip of the iceberg, and that just below the surface is a far greater area of the mind, the subconscious and the unconscious.

question

his personal front

answer

A waitress is hired at the local branch of La Maison de la Casa House, and on her first day, she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "sir" or "madam." All of these things are elements of:

question

achieved status

answer

How does an individual come to possess an ______? By a) an achieved status is earned; b) an achieved status is imposed upon an individual.

question

peers

answer

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

question

embodied status

answer

What sort of status would a physical disability be?

question

dramaturgy

answer

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins: "All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts" Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

question

fole conflict

answer

When a parent has to decide between being on time for work and helping his child with a homework assignment, he is experiencing:

question

his personal front

answer

A waitress is hired at the local branch of La Maison de la Casa House, and on her first day, she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "sir" or "madam." All of these things are elements of:

question

George Herbert Mead

answer

According to the symbolic interactionist _______, why is playing organized games an important part of an older child's development of the self? Game playing involves taking on multiple roles and learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.

question

training dogs

answer

What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction? The process of _________ helps to resocialize prisoners.

question

Erving Goffman

answer

Some people are disturbed by ______'s work, because it seems to suggest that no one is ever being honest about who they are. What would his say to this? He would say that, regardless of who an individual feels herself to "really" be, she must still present that self; it is never self-evident.

question

id, ego, superego

answer

What are the parts of the mind according to Sigmund Freud's system?

question

George Herbert Mead

answer

According to __________, in what way is a game of football like society? In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else.

question

front

answer

The University of California, Santa Barbara, is located near the Pacific Ocean, and many students live within walking distance of the beach. Although it feels perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach, most students put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short walk back to their apartments. They do this because the beach, unlike the street, is a(n) ____________ that makes it seem normal and acceptable to be wearing nothing but a bathing suit.

question

emotion work

answer

One of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanors of cooks and servers. Cooks are, by tradition, loud, vulgar, insensitive, boorish, and rude. Servers, on the other hand, are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. What is the part of a server's job that does not apply to a cook called?

question

socialization

answer

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys get action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls get dolls and toy ovens that encourage domesticity. This is part of what process?

question

expressions given off

answer

When you play high stakes poker, it is silly to tell your opponents that you have a good hand. However particularly good poker players say they can read other players' "tells," the subtle and unintentional facial expressions, mannerisms, and body language that reveal what they are thinking. What would Erving Goffman call tells?

question

socialization

answer

_________ might change, even within a family, because parents have no experience when their first child is born, so every subsequent child is socialized according to what has been learned with older siblings.

question

superego

answer

Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a "type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt?"

question

looking glass self

answer

The ____________ explains how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us.

question

emotion work

answer

What do sociologists call it when an individual's job requires her to manage her feelings as part of her official duties?

question

cooling the mark out

answer

If a professor were to trip over his own feet and fall down while trying to write something on the blackboard, very few students would point and laugh. And if the professor then loudly insisted, "I meant to do that!" chances are that no one would contradict him, at least not verbally, but instead would assist their instructor in regaining his dignity. What would Goffman call this process?

question

socialization

answer

To help regulate injuries to the prefrontal cortex is NOT one of the goals of ___________.

question

master status

answer

A ________ is a status that seems to override all other statuses that an individual may possess.

question

Socialization

answer

__________ refers to process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

question

ego

answer

Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse, and the ____________ was like a rider astride the horse, struggling to keep it under control.

question

copresence

answer

"New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place." This explains why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume that interaction involves ______________.

question

front

answer

The University of California, Santa Barbara, is located near the Pacific Ocean, and many students live within walking distance of the beach. Although it feels perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach, most students put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short walk back to their apartments. They do this because the beach, unlike the street, is a(n) ____________ that makes it seem normal and acceptable to be wearing nothing but a bathing suit.

question

Kingsly Davis

answer

Several cases of children growing up in extreme social isolation, documented by _________, seem to suggest that most mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.

question

self

answer

Chapter 4 defines / explains ________ as the experience of a real identity, distinct from other people.

question

role taking emotions

answer

The individual must be able to see things from another person's point of view, must happen before an individual can experience _______________

question

Erving Goffman

answer

_________ states that typically a person's true emotional expressions are nonverbal, but observable in various ways.

question

socialized

answer

Adults are not completely ________ because there will always be new situations and new roles to learn.

question

a feeling rule

answer

If a bride is upset on her wedding day because her family members don't seem excited enough for her, sociologists might argue that the family members are violating:

question

the id

answer

According to Sigmund Freud, which part of the mind is composed of biological drives, and consequently is the source of psychic energy?

question

an expression of behavior

answer

A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls her eyes. What would Erving Goffman call this?

question

his history of the unconscious mind

answer

What was Sigmund Freud's greatest contribution to the understanding of the self?

question

a status

answer

What is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations called

question

the hidden curriculum

answer

Many of us have fond memories of kindergarten, perhaps because there was more time for activities like making art from macaroni and reading stories. However, a sociologist might point out that kindergarteners are not just being taught about arts and crafts, they're also being taught how to be students, how to sit still, take orders, remain in their seats, and behave in school, skills that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these other things that are taught in kindergarten called?

question

role conflict

answer

A ________ is when one individual has multiple roles that are in conflict.

question

embodied status

answer

What sort of status would a physical disability be?

question

boys don't cry

answer

Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?

question

a chain reaction of good

answer

Sister Pauline Quinn's dog-training program benefits everyone involved: the dogs, the prisoners, the prisons, and the disabled. With this in mind, Quinn called the program:

question

Kenneth Gergen

answer

_______ coined the term "the saturated self to describe the type of self produced through exposure to more and more points of view and sources of information.

question

family

answer

Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents?

question

socialization

answer

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys get action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls get dolls and toy ovens that encourage domesticity. This is part of what process?

question

self evident

answer

Some people are disturbed by Goffman's work, because it seems to suggest that no one is ever being honest about who they are. What would Goffman say to this? He would say that, regardless of who an individual feels herself to "really" be, she must still present that self; it is never __________.

question

embodied status

answer

What sort of status would a physical disability be?

question

the super-ego

answer

In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, which component of our personalities is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personalities?

question

the nature / nurture debate

answer

helps us the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning.

question

impression management

answer

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game, in which each individual works to control the impressions that others have of her. What did Goffman call this process?

question

personal front

answer

Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of an individual's______

question

the id

answer

Here is a quote from Freud, describing a part of the mind as he theorized it: It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms. . . . We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations. Which part of the mind was he talking about?

question

social interaction

answer

Several cases of children growing up in extreme social isolation, documented by Kingsley Davis, seem to suggest that most mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through __________

question

The looking glass self

answer

explains how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us.

question

the super ego

answer

Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a "type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt?"

question

id

answer

According to Sigmund Freud, which part of the mind is composed of biological drives, and consequently is the source of psychic energy?

question

status

answer

What is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations called?

question

Charles Cooley's theory

answer

If a college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind, where would _____________ of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas? This theory would argue that these ideas came from fellow students and teachers expressing admiration.

question

cooling the mark out

answer

What does Erving Goffman call it when we help someone save face by preventing them from realizing that they've done something embarrassing?

question

emotion work

answer

One of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanors of cooks and servers. Cooks are, by tradition, loud, vulgar, insensitive, boorish, and rude. Servers, on the other hand, are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. What is the part of a server's job that does not apply to a cook called?

question

socialization

answer

To help regulate injuries to the prefrontal cortex is NOT one of the goals of ___________

question

role conflict

answer

Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing?

question

they have a sense of self similar to humans

answer

Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves. Scientists played sounds that they had identified as the names of particular dolphins through a synthesizer (so they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins) and found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins they were related to or associated with, but ignored the names of strangers. This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self-awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected. If this research holds up, what does it suggest about dolphins?

question

Kingsley Davis

answer

Several cases of children growing up in extreme social isolation, documented by ___________, seem to suggest that most mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.

question

the id

answer

According to Sigmund Freud, which part of the mind is composed of biological drives, and consequently is the source of psychic energy?

question

boys do not cry

answer

Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?

question

Kingsley David

answer

The following is not true regarding the child raised in isolation and studied by the sociologist _________. Isabelle was delighted by the presence of strangers and warmly greeted the social workers who had come to rescue her.

question

impression management

answer

Many people are afraid of hitchhikers. Imagine that, to get a ride, a hitchhiker makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can, so that it looks like he's a stranded motorist, rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that he was working on:

question

a feeling rule

answer

If a bride is upset on her wedding day because her family members don't seem excited enough for her, sociologists might argue that the family members are violating _________

question

emotion work

answer

What do sociologists call it when an individual's job requires her to manage her feelings as part of her official duties?

question

master

answer

A ______ is a status that seems to override all other statuses that an individual may possess.

question

negatively affected their body images.

answer

In 2000 the Campbell's Soup Company launched an ad campaign that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake, but the boys explained that "lots of Campbell's soups are low in calories," which made them okay for the girls to eat. The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. Why were parents worried? The ads taught girls to worry about their weights and ________________

question

the id

answer

Which part of the minds of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be most fully developed?

question

status

answer

The expectation that a professor will hold office hours is not a __________

question

George Herbert Mead

answer

According to ________, the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole reflect the idea that children are learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games.

question

Kenneth Gergen

answer

______ coined the term "the saturated self" to describe the type of self produced through exposure to more and more points of view and sources of information.

question

Erving Goffman

answer

'They are typically nonverbal, but observable in various ways' is an expression of __________

question

impression management

answer

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game, in which each individual works to control the impressions that others have of her. What did Goffman call this process____________

question

George Herbert Mead

answer

According to the symbolic interactionist __________, the generalized other is an understanding of the rules governing a number of different players in related roles.

question

emotion work

answer

One of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanors of cooks and servers. Cooks are, by tradition, loud, vulgar, insensitive, boorish, and rude. Servers, on the other hand, are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. What is the part of a server's job that does not apply to a cook called?

question

interactions with people

answer

"Each to each a looking glass / Reflects the other that doth pass." This phrase, associated with Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in

question

highly individualistic cultures

answer

Some researchers have argued that in highly ___________, like the United States, shame is usually triggered by individual actions, while in more collectivist cultures, like Japan, shame is linked to groups. This would indicate that emotions aren't fully determined by society, but they are social.

question

Erving Goffman

answer

Some people are disturbed by _______'s work, because it seems to suggest that no one is ever being honest about who they are. What would ______ say to this? He would say that, regardless of who an individual feels herself to "really" be, she must still present that self; it is never self-evident.

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

In his book The Interpretation of Dreams, ________ suggested that the conscious level of awareness is but the tip of the iceberg, and that just below the surface is a far greater area of the mind, the subconscious and the unconscious.

question

her personal front

answer

A waitress is hired at the local branch of La Maison A A waitress is hired at the local branch de la Casa House, and on her first day, she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "sir" or "madam." All of these things are elements of:

question

expressions given off

answer

When you play high stakes poker, it is silly to tell your opponents that you have a good hand. However particularly good poker players say they can read other players' "tells," the subtle and unintentional facial expressions, mannerisms, and body language that reveal what they are thinking. What would Erving Goffman call tells?

question

socialization

answer

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys get action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls get dolls and toy ovens that encourage domesticity. This is part of what process?

question

the nature vs. nurture debate

answer

The indie rock band the Halo Benders once sang: Part environment And part heredity What we're born with And what's been fed to me What issue is being referenced in this song?

question

Why are adults not considered completely socialized

answer

There will always be new situations and new roles to learn.

question

copresence

answer

Why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume that interaction involves ________? New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place.

question

role strain

answer

A high school football coach is worried about how she should handle her roster. On one hand, it's her job to try and win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players; on the other, her contract also requires that she try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension that she feels is called:

question

dual nature

answer

The ________ of the self, according to George Herbert Mead, refers to the idea that: the self is experienced as both subject and object.

question

Erving Goffman

answer

Expressions given, as defined by ______, are typically verbal and intentional.

question

agents of socialization

answer

Research on teen smoking and other deviant behaviors has found that the most important factor in statistically predicting if a teen will take up a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who also engage in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting:

question

his theory of unconscious mind

answer

What was Sigmund Freud's greatest contribution to the understanding of the self?

question

the id

answer

Here is a quote from Freud, describing a part of the mind as he theorized it: It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms. . . . We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations. Which part of the mind was he talking about?

question

entry into a total institution

answer

Resocialization is particularly severe when individuals are severed from their previous relations with society, and their former identities are stripped away. What sort of life change would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?

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