Multicultural Counseling Chapter 1-11 - Flashcards

question

In order to be a culturally competent therapist, one should try to avoid their personal feelings and previous experiences with race, culture, and gender.

answer

false

question

Many members of marginalized groups feel that the reality of their oppressive experiences is ignored by those in power because of their own discomfort.

answer

True

question

When counselors explore their own emotional reactions to race and culture, feelings such as defensiveness and anger can be destructive and are better left untouched.

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False

question

It is likely that Mark Kiselica had a difficult time embracing the material in Counseling the Culturally Diverse because he came from a privileged, affluent background.

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False

question

Drs. Clark and Sue both discussed feeling like they were outsiders during graduate school.

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True

question

If a person believes in the concepts of democracy and fairness, they are incapable of discrimination.

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False

question

In order to become culturally competent, it is equally important to read about diverse groups as it is to increase your contact with diverse groups.

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True

question

Open dialogues about race that become intense and heated prevent people from learning about race and racism.

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False

question

Becoming culturally competent in mental health practice demands nested or embedded emotions be openly experienced in which of the following sociodemographic areas of difference: a. Race. b. Culture. c. Gender. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

answer

D

question

Which of the following statements are needed to develop one's cultural competence: a. Cognitive understanding. b. Intellectual competence. c. Understanding your emotional reactions. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

answer

D

question

A problem with the phrase teaching tolerance is: a. It implies that appreciation is being fostered. b. People feel they have an honored place at the table. c. People sensing they are being tolerated don't feel welcome. d. Tolerance cannot be taught.

answer

C

question

The author states that he directs his anger not at White Americans or our country but at: a. White supremacy. b. Sexism. c. Heterosexism. d. Other manifestations of bigotry and discrimination. e. All of the above. f. None of the above.

answer

E

question

Which of the following claims does the author make: a. Counseling and therapy are not needed. b. Counseling and therapy tend toward prevention rather than remediation. c. Counseling and therapy will always be needed and tend toward remediation rather than prevention. d. Counseling and therapy are at odds with each other and tend toward fabrication rather than addressing real issues.

answer

C

question

Which of the following is NOT true of the intent of multicultural training: a. Accepting responsibility and rectifying past injustices. b. Creating a community that is more inclusive and equitable in its treatment of racial/ethnic minorities. c. Attributing blame to counselors for past injustices. d. None of the above.

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C

question

Which of the following terms was nonexistent for the author in his graduate school days: a. Multicultural. b. Diversity. c. Cultural competence. d. Racial identity. e. All of the above.

answer

e

question

What is problematic about the notions that stressing differences is potentially divisive? a. Negates important aspect of people of color's identity. b. May betray a lack of comfort with talking about group differences. c. May betray a lack of knowledge about racial groups. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

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d

question

Social justice is about: a. Equal access. b. Opportunity. c. Building a healthy validating society for all groups. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

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d

question

The author makes the following claim: a. Helping professionals have a moral and ethical responsibility to address such issues as racism, sexism, and homophobia. b. Social therapy is needed. c. Systemic forms of social oppression that are the basis for many individual and social ills. d. Changing the individual to adjust or conform to a sick system or unhealthy situation may be unwittingly the goal of unenlightened therapy. e. All of the above. f. None of the above.

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e

question

According to the authors, cultural competence is subordinate to counseling competence.

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false

question

A culturally competent helping professional works to actively acknowledge and understand her biases, assumptions, and beliefs about diverse groups.

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true

question

The individual level of identity is the most important level to consider when working with a client.

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false

question

Limiting use of self-disclosure when working with an Asian American client is an example of multicultural counseling competence.

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true

question

The belief that "good counseling is good counseling" represents an emic perspective.

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false

question

As a counselor, what stereotypes, perceptions, and beliefs about culturally diverse groups do you personally and professionally hold that may hinder your ability to form a helpful and effective relationship? This is a question you may ask if you are attempting to develop which component of cultural competence? a. Cognitive empathy. b. Skills. c. Knowledge. d. Awareness.

answer

d

question

Which of the following is likely to be a perspective of a culturally competent helping professional? a. The role of counselor should be broadened to include teaching, consulting, and advocacy. b. Providing advice and suggestions are not effective forms of helping with people of color. c. The problems that people of color experience with discrimination and racism are beyond the scope of counseling practice. d. An individualistic counseling approach is the most effective form of meeting the needs of people of color.

answer

a

question

Important features associated with a multidimensional model of cultural competence include all of the following except: a. The need to consider specific cultural group worldviews associated with race, gender, sexual orientation, and so on. b. The ability to intervene effectively at the individual, professional, organizational, and societal levels. c. The knowledge that the individual level of personal identity is more important than the group level of personal identity. d. None of the above.

answer

c

question

Which of the following is not a guiding principle for effective multicultural counseling and therapy: a. Cultural competence is superordinate clinical competence. b. Therapeutic modalities should be consistent with the lifestyles and cultural systems of clients. c. Multicultural counseling includes all groups except heterosexual White males, because this is the group upon which all norms are based. d. Culturally competent counselors must be vigilant to emotional reactions that may lead to a negation of other group values and lifestyles.

answer

c

question

One important concept of developing appropriate intervention strategies is to: a. Build on strengths of a community and to empower them in their ability to help themselves. b. Implement strategies that have only been validated by research. c. Defer to people of color in making decisions about interventions. d. Negate indigenous helping/healing approaches that may already exist within the community.

answer

a

question

The inclusive definition of multiculturalism believes that: a. Race is the only reference group included in the definition. b. Culture is the only reference group included in the definition. c. Reference groups related to race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, age, and socioeconomic status are included in the definition. d. None of the above.

answer

c

question

A culturally competent counselor is one who believes: a. Good counseling practice is good counseling practice regardless of clients' race or ethnicity. b. Equal treatment may be discriminatory treatment. c. There is only one race—the human race. d. All of the above.

answer

b

question

Multicultural counseling practice can be defined as both a helping role and process that uses which of the following: a. Traditional counseling practice that emphasizes individualism and control. b. Puts the power of the relationship into the hands of the counselor. c. Negates the universal level of human existence and focuses primarily on the individual and group levels. d. Defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients.

answer

d

question

The professor in the dialogue presented in Chapter 2 believes that: a. Healthy development means being independent and non-enmeshed. b. A sign of maturity is being culturally competent. c. Latino families cannot make it in the U.S. d. None of the above.

answer

a

question

The group level of human existence does which of the following in understanding human nature: a. Seeks universal "facts" in understanding human behavior. b. Focuses on differences on the level of genetics. c. Assumes that shared experiences aid in the formation of worldviews d. All of the above.

answer

c

question

"Good clinical practice is good clinical practice," exemplifies: a. An emic perspective. b. An etic perspective. c. A culturally competent perspective. d. A collectivistic perspective.

answer

b

question

The professor in Chapter 2 seems uncomfortable with the topic of race as evidenced by: a. Shifting the dialogue to other topics (i.e. the weather). b. Shifting the dialogue to other group differences such as gender. c. Exemplifying the statement, "there is only one race—the human race." d. Physically fleeing the conversation. e. Both b and c.

answer

e

question

When counselors unwittingly impose monocultural standards without regard for differences in race, culture, gender, and sexual orientation, they may be engaging in: a. Fair and equitable practice. b. Cultural competent practice. c. Cultural oppression. d. None of the above.

answer

c

question

Counselors have generally focused on individual or universal levels of identity while placing less importance on the group level because: a. U.S. society rose from the concept of "rugged individualism." b. The universal level is consistent with social science research. c. The group level highlights issues of racism and oppression. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

answer

d

question

All too often, counseling and psychotherapy seem to ignore which dimension of human existence? a. Individual. b. Universal. c. Group. d. Subgroup.

answer

c

question

In the United States, minority groups are unlikely to inherit biases and discriminatory beliefs toward other minority groups.

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false

question

According to the authors, minority therapists working with White clients should avoid acknowledging their racial differences because it can cause tension and division.

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false

question

There is limited tension and stereotyping between groups of color in the United States.

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false

question

Only White individuals need to learn cultural competence.

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false

question

The myth of the "model minority" has often played into major misunderstandings between Black and Asian communities.

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true

question

While minority groups may discriminate, they do not have the systemic power to oppress on a large-scale basis.

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true

question

The more divergent the cultural attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are between client and counselor, the more conflict may exist in the therapeutic relationship.

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true

question

When a therapist of color has a healthy racial identity, he/she is immune from experiencing stereotype threat.

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false

question

While a Black American therapist may value sitting close to an Asian American client in therapy, this client may feel the close conversing distance to be an intrusion of personal space.

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false

question

While a Black American therapist may value sitting close to an Asian American client in therapy, this client may feel the close conversing distance to be an intrusion of personal space.

answer

true

question

Therapists of color are more qualified to understand clients' feelings of inferiority and rejection because of their own experiences of racism and discrimination.

answer

false

question

Most graduate programs continue to give inadequate treatment to the mental health issues of ethnic minorities.

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true

question

Minority clients most likely terminate prematurely from therapy sessions because they realize they actually do not need the help.

answer

false

question

Graduate programs tend to shy away from teaching about antiracism because there is a limited amount of literature on the topic.

answer

false

question

Counseling and psychotherapy tend to assume etic applications of their concepts and goals.

answer

true

question

The authors of The Bell Curve (Herrntein & Murray, 1994) contend that programs such as Head Start and Affirmative Action are helpful in eliminating deficits in education.

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false

question

According to the culturally diverse model, the goal of society should be to recognize the legitimacy of alternative lifestyles and embrace the advantages of biculturalism.

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true

question

A microsystems approach is an element of a social justice approach.

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false

question

Organizations are likely to be reflections of the monocultural values and practices of the larger culture.

answer

true

question

Which of the following is NOT a relevant question for counselors to ask: a. When counseling culturally diverse clients, how does one reconcile such major differences in worldviews? b. As a helping professional, what emotional reactions around "race" do you possess that may act as a barrier to effective multicultural counseling? c. What explains the perseverance of the belief among members of certain sociodemographic categories that they are undergoing oppression in the United States? d. How might the unconscious biases of helping professionals affect their ability to deliver culturally appropriate mental health services to marginalize groups? e. All of the above. f. None of the above.

answer

c

question

Which of the following is NOT a principle of social justice counseling? a. Development of a balanced perspective between person and system focus. b. Prevention is better than intervention. c. A reflection of monocultural values is superordinate to multicultural values. d. Alternative helping roles are emphasized.

answer

c

question

Social justice: a. Describes an ideology, which conforms to Eurocentric values. b. Includes a vision of society in which distribution of resources is equitable and all members are safe and secure. c. Measures the degree of responsibility of blame placed on the individual or system. d. None of the above.

answer

b

question

Internal Control (IC) refers to: a. People's ability to shape their own fate. b. A fatalistic perspective. c. Self-worth. d. People's ability to control their level of self-esteem.

answer

a

question

The term control ideology refers to: a. A measure of the counselor's ability to shape the client's ideology. b. A measure of control clients possess over their internal and external environment. c. A measure of belief about the role of internal forces in determining success and failure in society. d. A measure of belief about the role of external forces in determining success and failure in society.

answer

d

question

Preparing counselors with multicultural expertise means: a. Revamping our training programs to include accurate and realistic multicultural content and experiences. b. Developing multicultural competencies as core standards for our profession. c. Providing continuing education for our current service providers. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

answer

d

question

Multicultural counseling and psychotherapy assumes: a. Western therapy does not oppress people of color. b. What happens in the therapist' s office may represent a microcosm of race relations in the larger society. c. So-called psychological problems of minority groups may reside not within, but outside of our clients. d. Both b and c. e. None of the above

answer

d

question

Some researchers have argued that minority-group individuals underutilize and prematurely terminate counseling/therapy because: a. Of the biased nature of the services themselves. b. They do not know where to locate services. c. Services are too accommodating. d. Mental health professionals are too culturally competent.

answer

a

question

"Playing it cool" has been identified as a means by which Blacks as well as other people of color: a. Defer to Whites in authority. b. Conceal their true thoughts and feelings as a survival mechanism aimed at reducing one's vulnerability to harm in a hostile environment. c. Listen to hip-hop music. d. Avoid counseling services.

answer

b

question

The publication of The Bell Curve represents which of the following: a. The culturally diverse model. b. The culturally deficient model. c. The genetically deficient model. d. The intelligence model.

answer

c

question

Larry Summers' comment that test score differences between men and women were most likely due to "innate abilities" reflects: a. The genetically deficient model. b. The culturally deficient model. c. The gender deprived model. d. The culturally diverse model.

answer

a

question

A student is sent to you because of aggressive behavior and disrespect of authority figures in school A social justice approach to therapy would: a. Locate the source of the problem within the student b. Help the client "fit in" and "become a good citizen" c. Investigate the social system as the potential source of the problem d. Have remediation or elimination of the problem behaviors as the goal of therapy

answer

c

question

Racial/Ethnic similarity between therapist and client has been consistently shown to be the most important element in a successful therapeutic outcome.

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false

question

Being White may serve as a barrier to an effective therapeutic process.

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true

question

A situation-centered therapist working with an African American client is likely to consider the client's personality over and above racism as a reason for the client's termination from work.

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false

question

A person high in system blame and external control (EC-ER) may exhibit learned helplessness as a reaction to racism and discrimination.

answer

true

question

Most mental health professionals have not been trained to work with anyone other than mainstream individuals or groups.

answer

true

question

What is the key element that can destroy trustworthiness within a helping relationship? a. Agreeableness. b. Defensiveness. c. Insight. d. Expertness.

answer

b

question

Enhancing trustworthiness between a counselor and a client is a building block to a healthy working relationship. Which counselor characteristics work to build trust: a. Openness, sincerity, confidentiality, genuineness. b. Genuineness, openness, sincerity, passivity. c. Sincerity, openness, defensiveness, passivity. d. Empathy, genuineness, confidentiality, defensiveness.

answer

a

question

Eurocentric counseling practices: a. Value individual responsibility and autonomy. b. View the problem as residing primarily in the environment. c. Overemphasize the exploration of counselor values and beliefs. d. Mesh well with the more collectivistic orientations of people of color.

answer

a

question

The easier access to benefits because of the possession of "desired" characteristics in the U.S. is referred to as: a. Cultural encapsulation. b. Ethnocentric Monoculturalism. c. Victim blaming. d. White privilege.

answer

d

question

The invisible veil refers to: a. The conflict over acculturation and assimilation. b. Values and beliefs that lie outside conscious awareness. c. The barrier between therapist and client because of differences in goals. d. Attempts to overlook racial/cultural differences in counseling practice.

answer

b

question

Which is an example of the historical manifestation of Ethnocentric Monoculturalism? a. The signers of the Declaration of Independence were all White men. b. European immigrants escaping persecution did not recognize their role in the oppression of American Indians. c. Textbooks on history often put too much emphasis on the importance of other countries. d. European immigrants considered American Indians to be different culturally but equal in rights.

answer

b

question

To survive slavery, African-Americans often adopted a pattern of: a. Ignoring the thoughts of others. b. Expressing aggression directly. c. Revealing their true self only to fellow Blacks. d. All of the above.

answer

c

question

A culturally competent counselor would exhibit which of the following characteristics: a. Is open to viewing problems as stemming from survival mechanisms. b. Is able not to personalize hostility expressed toward him or her. c. Can resolve challenges to his or her credibility. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

The statement that clients are responsible for their own actions and predicaments represents: a. White middle-class values. b. Collectivistic cultural values. c. An Afro-centric perspective. d. A multicultural perspective.

answer

a

question

Worldview can be defined broadly as: a. How an individual understands his or her race. b. How a person perceives his or her relationship to nature, institutions, people, and the experiential world. c. One's degree of comfort in an unfamiliar cultural environment. d. One's values as shaped solely by religion.

answer

b

question

Internal Control (IC) refers to: a. People's ability to shape their own fate. b. A fatalistic perspective. c. Self-worth. d. People's ability to control their level of self-esteem.

answer

a

question

The term control ideology refers to: a. A measure of the counselor's ability to shape the client's ideology. b. A measure of control clients possess over their internal and external environment. c. A measure of belief about the role of internal forces in determining success and failure in society. d. A measure of belief about the role of external forces in determining success and failure in society.

answer

d

question

What type of orientation has characterized counseling practice? a. Situation-centered. b. Person-centered. c. Counselor-centered. d. System-blame.

answer

b

question

Early research indicates that African Americans who scored high external on the locus of control: a. More often aspired to nontraditional occupations. b. Were more in favor of group rather than individual action for dealing with discrimination. c. Engaged in more civil rights activities. d. Exhibited less innovative social action behavior.

answer

d

question

U.S. society is characterized by which philosophy? a. IC-IR. b. IC-ER. c. EC-IR. d. EC-ER.

answer

a

question

Marginal individuals: a. Acknowledge racism. b. Cling to outdated traditions. c. Have a strong internal locus of control. d. Believe their ethnicity represents a handicap in Western society.

answer

d

question

The expectation of hopelessness is characterized in which constellation? a. IC-IR. b. IC-ER. c. EC-IR. d. EC-ER.

answer

d

question

Pride in one's racial and cultural identity is most likely to be accepted by an: a. IC-IR person. b. IC-ER person. c. EC-IR person. d. EC-ER person.

answer

b

question

A person of color who shows deference to the White counselor most likely has which worldview? a. IC-IR. b. IC-ER. c. EC-IR. d. EC-ER.

answer

d

question

The author asserts that more and more people of color are coming to hold which worldview? a. IC-IR. b. IC-ER. c. EC-IR. d. EC-ER.

answer

b

question

Which quadrant is associated with "I'm okay and have control over myself" and "Society is okay, and I can make it in this system"? a. IC-IR. b. IC-ER. c. EC-IR. d. EC-ER.

answer

a

question

A person is more likely to engage in overt discrimination when their anonymity is insured.

answer

true

question

Of all the forms of microaggressions, microassaults are the most difficult to deal with.

answer

false

question

Modern homonegativity refers to an anti-gay sentiment that is based on religious or moral condemnation.

answer

false

question

The largest percentage of religious harassment and civil rights violations in America are committed against Jewish and Muslim individuals.

answer

true

question

People are more likely to deny racism or sexism than transphobia.

answer

true

question

The term microaggression was first coined by Derald Wing Sue to refer to daily put-downs that Asian Americans face.

answer

false

question

It is better for therapists to own up to committing a microaggression in session than to pretend it never happened.

answer

true

question

Ableism has received limited attention in the literature on modern forms of oppression.

answer

true

question

In general, people are receptive to the idea that they have engaged in microaggressive behavior.

answer

false

question

One of the four psychological dilemmas that have been identified when microaggressions occur is the "clashing of cultural values."

answer

false

question

Microaggressions are: a. Brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to a target group like people of color, women, people with disabilities, etc. b. Extended, rare exchanges between White people and people of color. c. Extended, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to a source group such as Whites people, men and straights. d. Brief, extraordinary messages that send positive messages to oppressed groups.

answer

a

question

Microaggressions can: a. Have a detrimental impact upon marginalized groups. b. Make clients feel uncomfortable and assail their identity. c. Make clients feel they are not accepted unless they conform to others' standards. d. Invalidate the client's experiential reality. e. All of the above.

answer

e

question

Microaggressions are often subtle and can be manifested in the following realms EXCEPT: a. Verbal. b. Nonverbal. c. Visual. d. Proprioceptive. e. Behavioral.

answer

d

question

The following statement is true of microaggressions: a. A person can deliver a microaggression unintentionally. b. Hidden messages can seem innocuous while being distressing to the target. c. Microaggressions have a cumulative effect that can harm the victim's physical health. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

answer

d

question

Which of the following is NOT a question that would help in understanding the effects of microaggressions: a. How can people who commit microaggressions be so unaware of their actions? b. What types of psychological impact do they have on marginalized groups? c. Why do oppressed groups overreact to unintentional insults that denigrate their way of being? d. What lessons can we learn from a better understanding of the psychological dynamics of microaggressions?

answer

c

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true about racism: a. White supremacy and hate crimes are associated with blatant and overt acts of discrimination. b. Old-fashioned racism has seemingly declined. c. The nature and expression of racism has evolved into a more subtle and ambiguous form. d. Racism was eliminated with the social acceptance and legal codification of the goals and values of the civil rights movement. e. Racism is more likely to be covert.

answer

d

question

Covert sexism is: a. Unequal and favorable treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner. b. Acceptable treatment of women that women nonetheless consider to represent "hidden" sexism. c. Unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner. d. Inequitable and injurious treatment of women by men that is conducted in an openly hostile manner.

answer

c

question

Subtle sexism is: a. Unintentional or unconscious unequal and unfair treatment of women that is not recognized by many people because it is perceived to be normative. b. Blatant and harmful treatment of women [overt sexism] that is conscious and deliberate. c. Unequal and unfair treatment of women that appears unusual to the majority of people and is carried out unintentionally or unconsciously. d. Sexism that has many socially positive effects, which are not recognized.

answer

a

question

Aversive racists tend to: a. Consciously assert egalitarian values but unconsciously hold anti-minority feelings. b. Consciously sympathize with victims of past injustice. c. Support the principles of racial equality. d. Regard themselves as nonprejudiced. e. Possess negative feelings and beliefs about historically disadvantaged groups, which may be unconscious. f. All of the above. g. None of the above.

answer

f

question

Inheriting negative feelings and beliefs about members of marginalized groups is: a. Avoidable due to the socialization process in the U.S. b. Unavoidable due to biased attitudes and stereotypes that challenge group hierarchy. c. Unavoidable and inevitable due to the socialization process in the U.S. d. Avoidable due to the lack of critical thinking on the part of the average U.S. citizen.

answer

c

question

Which of the following represents a microinvalidation: a. A teacher pulls aside a Black student to question the authorship of his well- done book report. b. A male student calls a female student a "bitch." c. A White therapist tells an Asian client that she doesn't "see color." d. A waitress refuses to serve a patron in a wheelchair.

answer

a

question

Microaggressions: a. Tend to be obvious, direct, and intentional. b. Often occur when there are no plausible alternative explanations. c. Are more likely to occur when people pretend not to notice differences. d. None of the above.

answer

c

question

Which of the following is an example of an environmental microaggression: a. A male coworker has pinups of nude women in his cubicle. b. All the deans of a university are White males. c. There is no braille next to the numbers in a elevator. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

Rushing to help a disabled person onto public transportation could potentially signal to them that: a. You believe they cannot help themselves. b. You see them as chronically dependent. c. They are unimportant to society. d. A and B.

answer

d

question

The statement, "There is only one race: the human race" is an example of: a. Ascription of Intelligence b. Colorblindness c. Alien in Own Land d. Assumption of Criminality

answer

b

question

Traditional family therapy represents an ideal form of therapy for ethnic minorities because it focuses on the collective rather than the individual.

answer

false

question

Shame is an emotion felt at the group level, whereas guilt is an individual emotion.

answer

true

question

With regard to time orientation, Asian Americans are most like White Americans in their concern for the future.

answer

false

question

Cognitive behavioral therapy, but not psychodynamic therapy, includes many components of White culture.

answer

false

question

When the counselor and Latino/a client do not speak the same language, it is considered good practice to use the client's child as an interpreter.

answer

false

question

Assertiveness training represents the White cultural value of emotional and behavioral expressiveness.

answer

true

question

Many ethnic minorities do not distinguish between mental and physical functioning, and as a result may expect therapists to provide immediate solutions as a minister or medical doctor would.

answer

true

question

"Minority standard time" refers to the poor people's tendency to disregard punctuality due to a conflict with their past-focused time orientation.v

answer

false

question

Which of the following has been described as a challenge faced by counselors in treating culturally diverse populations: a. Linguistic barriers, because the U.S. is largely a monolingual society. b. To understand the worldviews, cultural values, and life circumstances of clients. c. To play roles other than that of "psychotherapist" based on the needs of the client. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

Which of the following has been described as the three major categories of cultural barriers that can lead to an ineffective helping relationship with culturally diverse clients: a. Racial identity, health variables, and worldview orientation. b. Culture-bound values, language variables, and class-bound values. c. Culture-bound values, location, and language variables. d. None of the above.

answer

b

question

Which of the following has been described as the most dominant affective expression emphasized by collectivism: a. Guilt. b. Passivity. c. Shame. d. Sadness.

answer

c

question

How should a lack of self-disclosure be understood when working with diverse populations? a. The client is guarded and paranoid. b. The client is passive, repressed, or inhibited. c. The counselor is a stranger to the client. d. The counselor is asking the wrong type of questions.

answer

c

question

People of African descent may be especially reluctant to disclose to White counselors because: a. They believe Whites speak standard English and will be unable to understand them. b. They view Whites as agents of society who may use the information against them. c. They have not been in contact with many Whites in the past. d. They are functioning from a lower level of racial identity.

answer

b

question

Nonlinear, holistic, harmonious, and intuitive thinking have been described as characterizing: a. Scientific methods. b. Left-brain activities. c. Right-brain activities. d. Western philosophies.

answer

c

question

How should a counselor enter a situation with a client who is culturally different? a. Free from any preconceived notions or generalizations. b. With a mental list of generalizations from which to view the client. c. With guidelines to be tentatively applied, changed, and challenged. d. Both a and c.

answer

c

question

Years of agricultural work and years of exposure to pesticides could have contributed to Fernando M.'s: a. "fears of White people" b. "paranoid reactions and suspicions" c. "anxiety and depression" d. "inability to pay for counseling"

answer

b

question

A counselor that is not culturally competent may interpret an Asian client who shows respect for a clinician who is older and "wiser" by being silent as: a. Inarticulate and unintelligent. b. Disrespectful and unintelligent. c. Resistant and disrespectful. d. None of the above.

answer

a

question

Insight is considered class-bound because: a. It assumes that all people are intelligent. b. It presumes that insight is relevant. c. It assumes that insight always leads to behavior change. d. It assumes that people have time to sit back and contemplate motivations.

answer

d

question

Because of cultural misunderstandings, a counselor that works with a person from a minority background might conclude that the client is___________ if he/she avoids eye contact: a. Repressed, inhibited, shy, or passive. b. Angry and guilty. c. Low in his/her racial identity. d. Trying to manipulate the counselor.

answer

a

question

Western society tends to value ___________, which involves linear thinking. a. Constructivism. b. Intuition. c. Collaboration. d. Scientific Empiricism.

answer

d

question

Culturally diverse clients who do not conceive of mental and physical health as separate entities may expect: a. Empathic listening. b. Immediate solutions and tangible forms of treatment. c. Psychoanalysis with a psychiatrist. d. None of the above.

answer

b

question

Ambiguity during a session may make the minority client: a. Feel empowered as he/she can take the lead in session. b. Feel that they have the space to explore feelings. c. Feel uncomfortable. d. Become stronger.

answer

c

question

Your client, Michael, from a lower socioeconomic background may have a low regard for punctuality because: a. He does not own a watch. b. He doesn't like the concept of time. c. He has learned that endless waits are common in medical clinics. d. None of the above.

answer

c

question

Which minority group is most likely to have a kinship system in which individuals with a variety of blood and emotional ties (aunts, uncles, preachers, boyfriends, etc.) may act as the extended family? a. African Americans. b. Hispanic Americans. c. American Indians. d. Asian Americans.

answer

a

question

Which of the following is untrue regarding ethnic minority families? a. Relationships in Japan and China are often described as lineal. b. Almost all racial/ethnic minority groups are less collateral than White Americans in their relationships with people. c. The American Indian family network is structurally open and may include several households of relatives and friends. d. The absence of a father in the Black family does not necessarily mean that the children do not have a father figure.

answer

b

question

The view that a "bad" child was destined to be that way is most likely to be found among: a. Asian Americans. b. Hispanic Americans. c. African Americans. d. American Indians.

answer

b

question

When greeting an Muslim client, it would be highly inappropriate to offer your left hand to shake.

answer

T

question

The study of kinesics refers to perception and use of personal and interpersonal space.

answer

F

question

A Chinese American client may prefer to discuss personal and private matters indirectly.

answer

T

question

Low-context cultures tend to be more opportunistic and individual oriented.

answer

T

question

Some African Americans tend to feel it is more important to listen to what a White person has to say than to pay attention to non-verbal behavior.

answer

F

question

Nonverbal cues are important because they often reflect our conscious biases.

answer

F

question

The women who switched their purses in the Candid Camera example were most likely deceiving interviewers when they claimed to be non-biased against Black and Latino youth.

answer

F

question

When counselors remain unaware of their own biases, their nonverbal behaviors are likely to reveal their true feelings.

answer

T

question

African American styles of communication are often high-key, animated, heated, interpersonal and confrontational.

answer

T

question

Woofing refers to a style of verbal banter that includes niceties and compliments.

answer

F

question

Which of the following is true regarding interpretation of verbal and nonverbal communication: a. African American speakers are often accused by White Americans of being "more substance than style." b. "Fronting" is a Black concept made to denote a person who is concealing how he/she honestly feels or believes. c. Euro-Americans find a highly emotional response more credible than a dispassionate one. d. Differences in communication patterns between Black and White individuals are found primarily in academic settings.

answer

B

question

Communication styles are: a. Strongly correlated with race, culture, and ethnicity. b. Strongly influenced by gender. c. Often more dependent upon nonverbal than on verbal communication. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

Characteristics such as facial expression, posture, characteristics of movement, gestures, and eye contact are: a. Kinesics. b. Paralanguage. c. High-low context. d. Proxemics.

answer

a

question

What has been found regarding nonverbal communication? a. The lack of facial expression in many Asians has contributed to their "model minority" status. b. Avoidance of eye contact is often interpreted negatively. c. Many Black Americans make infrequent eye contact when speaking. d. All of the above.

answer

b

question

Which of the following statements is inaccurate regarding proxemics: a. In general, greater space is accorded to those of greater prestige and status. b. In U.S. society, people seem more uncomfortable when others stand too close rather than too far away. c. Latin Americans may feel more uncomfortable having a desk between them and the person they are speaking to. d. Arabs and South Americans may prefer a much closer stance than is normally comfortable for White Euro-Americans.

answer

d

question

In regard to the meaning of facial expressions: a. Among Asians, smiling may represent embarrassment, apprehension, or anxiety. b. Some Asians believe that smiling may suggest weakness. c. It appears to be culturally conditioned. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

Which of the following is true regarding high-low context communication: a. In Filipino culture, a mild, hesitant "yes" should be considered strong agreement. b. High-context cultures place a greater reliance on the verbal part of a message. c. Low-context cultures have been described as more opportunistic and individualistic in orientation. d. Low-context communication is considered to be faster, more economical, and more satisfying.

answer

c

question

In considering nonverbal cues as a source of bias: a. The power of nonverbal communication is that it operates primarily under conscious control. b. The accuracy of nonverbal communication may vary according to the part of the body involved. c. Studies indicate that women and ethnic minorities are worse readers of nonverbal cues than White males. d. Ethnic minorities have learned to ignore nonverbal cues and focus primarily on the verbal response of individuals.

answer

b

question

Which statement about the differences between Black and White styles of communication is inaccurate? a. White middle-class individuals tend to be advocates rather than mere spokespersons of ideas. b. African Americans are often high-keyed, emotional, and confrontational in presenting their ideas. c. White middle-class individuals believe that emotion and reason work against one another. d. African Americans tend to believe that ideas are to be tested in the crucible of argument.

answer

a

question

Which of the following is true regarding counseling and therapy as a communication style: a. Although theories of counseling differ, they represent similar communication patterns. b. Different cultural groups may be more receptive to certain counseling styles because of cultural and sociocultural factors. c. As opposed to African Americans, Asian American clients prefer an insight approach to a directive approach. d. Black males and females tend to use more reflection and self-exploration than their White counterparts.

answer

b

question

To White Euro-Americans, the presence of affect in a communication might be seen as: a. Moving. b. Confrontational. c. Emotional. d. Rational.

answer

c

question

Traditional counselors that have been trained to be direct and confrontational may be perceived by Asian American or Native American clients as: a. Disrespectful. b. Empathic. c. Dispassionate. d. Animated.

answer

a

question

A Latin American, Black American, or Arab American may perceive the counselor that backs away from a client to be: a. Acting appropriately. b. Respectful of personal space. c. Haughty or aloof. d. None of the above.

answer

c

question

Counselors who believe that direct eye contact is a positive indicator of mental health may: a. Perceive African American clients negatively. b. Believe that Asian American clients are pathological. c. Perceive Whites as healthier than people of color. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

What assumptions are embedded in the African American notion, "If you really want to know what White folks are thinking and feeling, don't listen to the way they say it, but how they say it."? a. All Whites in society are not racist. b. Whites have been socialized to think that they are inferior because they come from a low-context culture. c. Whites go to great lengths not to appear biased. d. Verbal expressions are more accurate reflections of what a White person is thinking than what they don't say.

answer

c

question

________________ interventions are increasingly promoted in social work, school psychology, clinical psychology, counseling, and psychiatry.

answer

Evidenced-based

question

Although there is optimism about the convergence of multicultural psychology and evidence-based practices, there is still resistance to ________ _________ among some individuals in the field.

answer

evidence-based practices

question

Western approaches to psychological treatment are often based on ____________ value systems instead of the interdependent values found in many ethnic minority communities.

answer

indviidualistic

question

Because variability among therapists might produce error variance in research studies, ESTs are conducted using ___________.

answer

Manuals

question

Difficulties in the ___________ _____________ may be a factor in the underutilization of mental health services and early termination of therapy seen with minority clients.

answer

therapeutic alliance

question

When differences exist between a client's view of a problem and the therapist's theoretical conceptualization, __________ dynamics are likely to occur.

answer

negative

question

___________ is known to significantly enhance the therapeutic bond.

answer

empathy

question

Behaviors such as asking clients how they would like to be addressed, showing that their comments and insights are valuable, and tailoring your interaction according to their needs are ways of communicating ___________.

answer

respect

question

______________ involves the therapist's emotional reaction to the client based on the therapist's own set of attitudes, beliefs, values, or experiences.

answer

countertransference

question

An agreement on _________ between the therapist and client is an important relationship variable.

answer

goals

question

Most empirically supported treatments have been specifically demonstrated to be effective with ethnic minorities.

answer

F

question

Culturally adapted ESTs have been successfully used with Asian Americans experiencing phobias.

answer

T

question

The "illness myth" refers to the tendency for Latino/as to over-exaggerate their symptoms.

answer

F

question

An egalitarian stance and encouragement of sharing and self-disclosure facilitates the development of empathy.

answer

T

question

Beliefs such as "we are all part of the human race" and "I do not see color" are most helpful in establishing empathy between the therapist and clients of color.

answer

F

question

Findings from qualitative research can inform an empirically supported treatment.

answer

F

question

It is easier to integrate multicultural sensitivity with evidence-based practice than with empirically supported treatments.

answer

T

question

Empirically supported treatments must demonstrate: a. Superiority to placebo in two or more controlled studies. b. Superiority in the treatment of ethnic minorities. c. Superiority in the treatment of symptoms. d. All of the above.

answer

a

question

Which of the following is considered a shortcoming of empirically supported treatments: a. They generally take a long time to conduct. b. The manuals can be very difficult to follow. c. Very few minority groups are included in clinical trials. d. It is very difficult to recruit participants for clinical trials.

answer

c

question

Cultural adaptations can include factors such as: a. Matching language. b. Incorporating cultural values in the specific treatment strategies. c. Utilizing cultural sayings or metaphors in treatment. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

Which of the following represents a cultural adaptation of an EST: a. Rather than labeling thoughts as rational or irrational, the terms "helpful thoughts" and "unhelpful thoughts" are used. b. During assertiveness training, the client is encouraged to express themselves boldly and freely. c. The client is encouraged to try solitary activities in the treatment of depression. d. The client is encouraged to directly confront their parents about historical issues between them during assertiveness training.

answer

a

question

In evidence-based practice, selecting interventions occurs in the first session of treatment.

answer

F

question

Which of the following is NOT an important aspect of the therapeutic alliance: a. Mutual agreement on goals for treatment. b. An emotional bond between therapist and client. c. Interventions that are viewed as relevant by the therapist. d. Potential changes are viewed as positive by the client.

answer

c

question

Incorporating tribal practices and rituals into an aspect of a Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) treatment for an American Indian represents: a. An empirically supported treatment. b. A cultural adaptation. c. An example of merging evidence-based practice and multicultural counseling. d. B and C. e. None of the above.

answer

d

question

A shaman is a male healer who is able to communicate with the spirit world.

answer

F

question

The Afro-centric perspective teaches that human beings should be oriented toward individual survival.

answer

F

question

Asian psychologies focus on enlightenment and ideal mental health rather than psychopathology.

answer

T

question

In Asian psychology, the shamanic drumming circle is the most widely used form of therapy to reach enlightenment and liberation.

answer

F

question

African Americans believe in espiritismo, a world where spirits can have a major impact on people residing in the physical world.

answer

F

question

The vision quest is used by some American Indians as a religious renewal or rite of passage.

answer

T

question

Recent studies find positive associations between spirituality/religion and optimal health outcomes, including lower levels of anxiety and depression.

answer

T

question

One reason why therapists shy away from discussing religion and spirituality with their clients is due to fears that the therapists lack competence in this area.

answer

T

question

Spirituality involves a specific doctrine and particular system of beliefs.

answer

F

question

To be truly culturally competent, a therapist needs to subscribe to the belief systems of his/her culturally diverse clients.

answer

F

question

The author asserts that it is important to understand indigenous healing practices in order to: a. Anticipate potential conflicts in belief systems that might hinder the ability to be therapeutically effective. b. Begin to use them to replace current methods that deal with racial minorities. c. Fully understand the worldview of culturally different clients. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

What is true regarding the case of Vang? a. His distressing symptoms involved severe headaches and hearing voices. b. Mrs. Thor attributed the symptoms to spirits. c. Treatment was only temporarily successful. d. Before coming to the United States, his past life was relatively peaceful.

answer

b

question

Mrs. Thor was successful with Vang because she: a. Had cultural credentials. b. Showed compassion. c. Offered herself as the chief instrument of cure. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

Which of the following culture-bound syndromes are attributed to "an excess loss of semen": a. Amok. b. Koro. c. Susto. d. Shenkui.

answer

d

question

In the case study of Phuoc Nguyen, which of the following explains why Phuoc would not undress for the nurse to show his bruises and scars? a. He was afraid that telling the school of the abuse would cause his family to be deported. b. Undressing in public is a cultural taboo. c. He was ashamed of his body. d. He was being resistant and defiant because he wanted to gain a reputation in his school.

answer

b

question

The term thuoc nam spoken by Mrs. Nguyen to the counselor signified: a. Traditional medicine. b. Child abuse. c. Discipline. d. Medicine man.

answer

a

question

Which of the following refers to the Native Hawaiian termination ritual in which food is offered to the gods and the participants: a. Pule weke. b. Oia'i'o. c. Mahiki. d. Pani.

answer

d

question

What is true regarding the Naikan therapy? a. It is an African-based form of therapy. b. The goal is to have the person recognize and be grateful for what we receive from others. c. It is a form of massage therapy to suck out "bad" air. d. The therapy involves the ingestion of specific types of foods that are offered to the spirits.

answer

b

question

Espiritismo refers to: a. An Indian belief. b. The enlightenment of personal spirit. c. The destruction of the physical world. d. A world where spirits reside and impact people in the physical world.

answer

d

question

Counselors' acceptance of potential benefits of spirituality as a means of coping with helplessness, powerlessness, and identity issues is: a. Increasing. b. Decreasing. c. Staying the same. d. Not known.

answer

a

question

"Having the ability to expand our definition of the helping role to community work and involvement" signifies: a. Making home visits. b. Going to community centers. c. Visiting places of worship. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

answer

d

question

Vang Xiong suffered from which of the following illnesses/disorders: a. Dissociative Disorder. b. Sleep Terror Disorder. c. Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome. d. Catatonic Disorder. e. None of the above.

answer

c

question

Which of the following is an approach often used in indigenous healing methods in Korea: a. Reliance on communal, group, and family networks to shelter the disturbed individual. b. Reliance on communal, group, and family networks to problem solve in a group context. c. Reliance on communal, group, and family networks to improve the life of only one family member. d. Reliance on communal, group, and family networks to reconnect an individual with family or significant others. e. None of the above.

answer

d

question

Studies suggest that which two pathologies are most frequently found with refugees from Southeast Asia: a. Schizophrenia and Dependent Personality Disorder b. PTSD and Borderline Personality Disorder c. PTSD and Major Affective Disorder d. Schizophrenia and PTSD

answer

c

question

Which of the following is true regarding Western forms of healing: a. Reality consists of distinct and separate units or objects. b. Reality consists of what can be observed and measured via the five senses. c. Space and time are fixed and are absolute constructs of reality. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

Cross introduces the concept of _________ _________, the degree to which race is an important and integral part of a person's approach to life.

answer

race saliance

question

In the Cross (1971) model, the last stage, ________________ speaks to the commitment that individuals have toward social change, social justice, and civil rights.

answer

internalization-commitment

question

In J. Kim's (1981) Asian American identity model, the _________ ___________ stage begins around the ages of 3 to 4, when the child's family members serve as the significant ethnic group model.

answer

ethnic awareness

question

In the Ruiz model of Latino identity development, the _____________ stage is characterized by feelings of shame and embarrassment about ethnic markers such as skin color, accent, customs, and so on.

answer

consequences

question

In the Racial/Cultural Identity Model, the authors believe that the ____________ stage continues to be most characterized by individuals who have bought into societal definitions about their minority status.

answer

conformity

question

It is unfortunate that the inferior status of minorities is constantly reinforced and perpetuated by the _______________.

answer

media

question

In the Resistance and Immersion stage, the minority person tends to ____________ minority-held views completely and to _________ the dominant values of society and culture.

answer

endorse

question

What generally moves an individual into the Dissonance Stage? a. A friendly encounter with a White person. b. Encountering a person of color who believes in the inferiority of other people of color. c. A traumatic event where one's self-deprecating beliefs are challenged. d. None of the above.

answer

c

question

During the Resistance and Immersion Stage, a person of color is most likely to exhibit which constellation of emotions? a. Guilt, anxiety, joy. b. Sadness, guilt, anxiety. c. Shame, disgust, frustration. d. Anger, shame, guilt.

answer

d

question

Feelings of having been brainwashed by the forces of White society would most likely be found in the: a. Conformity Stage. b. Resistance and Immersion Stage. c. Introspection Stage. d. Integrative Awareness Stage.

answer

b

question

In which stage would an individual be if they stated, "I like that no one can detect my accent—those people who speak with an accent sound stupid"?: a. Conformity Stage. b. Resistance and Immersion Stage. c. Integrative Awareness Stage. d. Introspection Stage.

answer

a

question

Which stage has the most profound negative impact on nearly all people of color? a. Resistance and Immersion Stage. b. Dissonance Stage. c. Introspection Stage. d. Conformity Stage.

answer

d

question

In which stage does the person of color realize racism exists? a. Integrative Awareness Stage. b. Conformity Stage. c. Dissonance Stage. d. Introspection Stage.

answer

c

question

Which stage is characterized by a disdain for the dominant culture and development of pride in one's own culture: a. Integrative Awareness Stage. b. Resistance and Immersion Stage. c. Dissonance Stage. d. Introspection Stage.

answer

b

question

In which stage does an individual experience conflict in terms of responsibility and allegiance to one's own group versus notions of personal independence and autonomy? a. Introspection Stage. b. Conformity Stage. c. Integrative Awareness Stage. d. Resistance and Immersion Stage.

answer

a

question

The stage of Integrative Awareness is exemplified by which of the following: a. A full understanding of how racism operates in society and hatred towards Whites. b. Group-deprecating attitudes. c. Selective trust and distrust according to the dominant group's demonstrated attitudes. d. A strong sense of self-worth.

answer

d

question

The stage of Integrative Awareness is exemplified by which of the following: a. A full understanding of how racism operates in society and hatred towards Whites. b. Group-deprecating attitudes. c. Selective trust and distrust according to the dominant group's demonstrated attitudes. d. A strong sense of self-worth.

answer

d

question

How can the Racial Cultural Identity Development Model be helpful to counselors? a. In developing culturally appropriate systems interventions. b. As a useful assessment and diagnostic tool. c. To recognize the potentially changing and developmental nature of cultural identity. d. All of the above.

answer

d

question

In 1971, Sue and Sue developed an early model of development, which was used to explain clinical differences amongst Chinese Americans. Which of the following descriptions was NOT a part of the model: a. Traditionalist. b. Marginal Person. c. Asian American. d. Integrated Person.

answer

b

question

In the opening vignette involving the Japanese American woman, the term racial awakening is related to: a. The full understanding of institutionalized racism. b. A belief system challenged by reality and social experiences of being a visible racial/ethnic minority. c. The realization that all individuals commit racist acts. d. The shock of realizing how distant one has become from the traditions and beliefs of their culture.

answer

c

question

In Cross's Black racial identity model, which stage shows the beginning development of Black pride? a. Pre-encounter. b. Encounter. c. Immersion/emersion. d. Internalization.

answer

c

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