Allied Health: Chapter 18: Cancer – Flashcards
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Diagnostic Procedures
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1. Urinalysis 2. Blood Test 3. Radiology Test 4. Cytology
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Types of Cancer
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1. Carcinoma 2. Sarcoma 3. Blood Types 4. Embryonic Cells
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Treatment Options
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1. Chemotherapy 2. Radiation Therapy 3. Surgical Options 4. Medical Procedures
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anaplasia
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-condition;state;thing that apart growth -condition in which normal cells that are mature and differentiated become cancerous cells that are undifferentiated in appearance and behavior
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cancer
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-cancerous cell or tumors -carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, embryonal cell carcinoma
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dysplasia
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-condition;state;thing with painful growth -abnormal in size, shape, organization but have not yet become cancerous -result of chronic irritation and inflammation
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dysplastic
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-abnormal in size, shape, organization but have not yet become cancerous
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lymphadenopathy
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-disease of the lymph gland -enlarged lymph nodes -trap cancerous cells that break away form the site of original tumor -lymph nodes become site of cancer
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neoplasm
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-new growth -growing tissue that is not part of the normal body structure
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neoplasia
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-condition;state;thing of new growth -is the process by which a neoplasm develops -known as tumors
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relapse
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-return of the symptoms or signs of cancer after a period of improvement of even remission
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site of tumor
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primary site: area where the cancerous cell first grew into a cancerous tumor secondary site: tumor spreads or cancerous cell breaks away
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remission
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-action or condition to send back -period of time during which there are no symptoms or signs of cancer
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metastases
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process by which cancerous cells break off from a tumor and move though the blood vessels to other sites in the body
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in situ
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pancreas cell
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adenocarcinoma
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-tumor or mass in gland cancer -cancer of a gland -breast occurs in epithelial cells, lining ducts
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carcinoma
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-cancer of epithelialcellr in the skin or mucous member -tumor or mass of cancer
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basal cell carcinoma
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-pertaining to base of a strucute -cancer of the deepest layer of the skin
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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-pertaining to bronchus arising form
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endometrial carcinoma
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-pertaining to within or innermost uterus -cancer of the endometrium that lines the intrauterine cavity of the uterus
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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pertaining to liver cell -cancer of the liver cells
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hepatoma
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tumor or mass of liver
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small cell carcinoma
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-cancer of the epithelial cells of the lungs -small and round or oval -also known as oat cell carcinoma
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squamous cell carcinoma
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-pertaining to scalelike cell -cancer of the squamous cells of the epidermis of the skin
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malignant melanoma
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-cancer of melanocytes of the skin -tumor or mass that is black
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angiosarcoma
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-cancer of a blood vessel or lympathic vessel -tumor or mass of blood vessel or connective tissue
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astrocytoma
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-cancer of an astrocyte in the cerebrum of the brain -tumor or mass of starlike structure cell
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chondrosarcoma
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cancer of the cartilage -tumore or mass of cartilage of connective tissue
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liposarcoma
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caner of the fatty tissue -tumor or mass of lipid(Fat) and connective tissue
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myosarcome
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cancer of a muscle and connective tissue (tendon or aponeurosis) -tumor; mass of muscle and connetive tissue
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neurofibrosarcome
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tumor or mass of never fiber and connective tissue -cancer of schwann cells that produce myelin and surround the larger axons of neurons
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oligodendroglioma
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tumor or mass of few branching structure cells that provide support -cancer of oligodendroglioma cells that surround the large axons or neurons in the brain and spinal cord
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osteosarcoem
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cancer of bone -tumor or mass of bone and connective tissue
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sarcoma
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-cancer of connective tissue,muscle or nerves -tendon, bone, cartilage, ligament -tumor or mass of connective tissue
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leukemia
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-condition of the blood substance of white -condition of white blood cells
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lymphoma
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cancer of a lymph node or tissue -tumor or mass of lymph system
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multiple myeloma
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cancer of bone marrow
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hepatoblastoma
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-cancer of an embryonal/immature cell in the liver -young children -timor or mass in liver of immature cells
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neuroblastoma
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-caner of embryonal/immature cell never cells -young children -tumor or mass in never of immature cells
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retinoblastoma
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-cancer of an embryonal/immature cell in retina
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teratoma
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-cancer of the ovary to bestie that contains cells from other parts of the body
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Wilms' tumor
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-caner of embryonal/immature cell of the kidney -young children
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nephroblastoma
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Wilms' tumor -caner of embryonal/immature cell of the kidney -young children
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bone marrow aspiration
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-test that diagnoses leukemia or lymphoma and monitors is profession -process;being; having to breathe in -use of a needle into the middle of the bone to bring out the bone marrow to test -shows the type of blast cells being produced in the marrow and if they are cancerous cells -use info to treat
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exfoliative cytology
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-done to cells on the surface of the organ or skin -tells us the look of the cells if, if they are immature or cancerous -scraping of the cells ex: pap smear
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frozen section
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-test use during surgery to get results immediately -biopsy of the tissue and thinly slice the cells to look at their shape and function to determine if they are cancerous or not -freezing a tissue specimen for biopsy
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karyotype
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-looking at chromosomes under a microscope to determine if they look normal or not -tells if the cells are reproducing normally or not -indicate cancers that are heredity -particular kind of nucleus
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receptor assays
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-person who produces to receive -tests that looks at receptor sites on a cell -receptor sites that allows hormones into the cell -some cells have altered receptor sites and that indicates certain types of cancerous cells (breast cancer)
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blood smear
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-test in which a drop of blood is smeared on a glass slide and examine under microscope -look for cancerous characteristics -for leukemia -can determine cancer and maybe treatment
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BRCA 1 or 2 gene
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-blood test -find our if you carry breast cancer -doesnt mean you have breast cancer buts shows risk of getting it -breast cancer and ovarian cancer
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prostate-specidic antigen
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-blood test -shows if you have certain antigen in blood that indicates the presence of cancer -measures a protein in the prostate gland -higher the level more advanced caner
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tumor markers
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-be used to show if treatment is working -shows the surface of the cell and if its responding to the treatment -treatment is not working to change cancer cells, they can change pt treatment
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urinalysis
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-urin test -shows cells being excreted in urine and if they are cancerous
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CT or CAT
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-computed axial tomography -process of recording cut slice layer -uses X-ray to create many individual closely spaced images
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lymphangiography
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-process of recording lymph blood vessel -radiopaque contrast dye is injected into lymphatic vessel -shows enlarged lymph nodes
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging -slice images -3 dimensional
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mammogram
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-process of recording the breast -low does x-ray to produce and image of the breast to detect tumors
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scintigraphy
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-process of recording point of light -nuclear medicine procedure that uses a radioactive trace drug that collects in particular organs
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ultrasonography
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-process of recording beyond light -ultra-high frequency sound waves to produce an image
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bone marrow transplantation
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-medical treatment -for pts with leukemia and lymphoma involving harvesting red bone mirror and treatment with high dose chemotherapy drugs -painless for pt
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cryosurgery
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-medical procedure -in which liquid nitrogen is sprayed or painted onto a small malignant lesion -the liquid nitrogen freezes and destroys tissue -can be done internally with scope -to freeze it off -destroy tissue, decrease the growth
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electrosurgery
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-medical procedure -uses electrical current to remove small cancerous tumors on the skin -to burn off -burning tissue -can be used on blood vessels to stop the bleeding
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grading
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-how mature the cells are -classifies cancer by how well differentiated the cells appear under a microscope -tells us how big the tumor is, if they look like it is an advanced tumor, if it looks like the tissue it came form and chance of spread throughout body, how far along it is
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staging
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-spreading of cell -bigger the tumor=greater chance that this tumor spread to other parts of the body -medical and surgical procedure that classify cancer by how far it has spread in the body -tells u show big the tumor is, if they look like it is an advanced tumor, if it looks like the tissue it came form and chance of spread throughout body, how far along it is
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TNM
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T=size of the primary tumor (1-4; smallest to greatest) N=number of regional lymph nodes affected (1-4) M=presence or absence of metastases to other sites in the body (0-4; no travel to travel)
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insertion of a catheter to administer chemotherapy drugs
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-may start and IV in view of arm each time coming in for chemotherapy -may surgically have a port inserted -or a catheter may be inserted into other areas of the body for a one time does of chemo medication -insert IV -goes into view though blood supply -give too much chemotherapy through vein you can ruin blood vessel/vein
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PICC
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-peripherally inserted central catheter -catheter is inserted into arm and threaded not the superior vena cava -chemotherapy drugs are administer through this and circulated through the blood
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intrathecal catheter
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-medical prodecure -in which lumbar puncture is performed and the needle is connected to intravenous tubing -chemotherapy drugs are administered thought this and circulated through the cerebrospinal fluid
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biopsy (Bx)
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-procedure in which tissue is removed from a suspected cancerous tumor -sent to the pathology department for examination and diagnosis -process of viewing life -taking a piece of living
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excisional biopsy
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-incision is made to expose the tumors -entire tumor is removed along with a surrounding margin of normal tissue -pertaining to cut out condition
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fine-needle aspiration
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-fine needle is inserted into the tumor and the fluid or tissue inside the tumor is aspirated int a syringe -remove tissue and tested -process;being;having to breath in or to suck in
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aspiration
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-process;being;having to breath in or to suck in
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incisional biopsy
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-incision made to expose the tumor and part but not all the tumor is removed -bc worried about damage that would be done to the at system
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incisional
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pertaining to cut into action
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optical biopsy
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-bone with an endoscope -pertaining to lense; propteries of light -prob inserted into tumor -laser from probe creates microscope image of the tumor
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punch biopsy
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-dont know where tumor is so take a bunch of tissue for different areas hoping to find it -special forceps are used to grasp part of the tumor
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sentinel node biopsy
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-take 1st lymph node that receives drainage for the site of the primary tumor -removed and examined
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stereotactic biopsy
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-used a CT scan to pinpoint the locate of the mass/tumor in 3 dimensional and guide the biopsy needle
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en bloc resection
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-excision of cancerous tumor and all surrounding tissues, which are removed as one black of tissue -it is preventive
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endoscopy
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-process of viewing with a scope through mouth or rectum -viewing for signs of abnormal tissue or tumors -can be inserted to remove pice of tumor for testing -process of using an instrument to examine innermost
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excision of a tumor
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-removal of all or part of cancerous tumor -in wide excision the tumor plus a wide margin of normal tissue around its excised
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excision
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action or condition to cut out
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exploratory laparotomy
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abdominal incision is performed to widely open and explore the abdomicopelvic cavity
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central venous catheter
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-iv catheter is tunneled through the subcutanous tissue in the upper chest, inserted into the large vein and placed into the superior vena cava -end of catheter is capped excepted when chemotherapy is administered
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implantable wafer
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dissolvable wafers containing chemotherapy are implanted into a place where a tumor has been excised (24/7 )
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intra- arterial catheter
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-catheter implanted into main artery that brings blood to the organ were cancerous tumor is located -chemotherapy is given just to the area of the cancer to maximize its effect while minimizing side effects
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intraperitoneal catheter
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-inserted into peritoneal cavity -chemotherapy drug is distributed by the peritoneal fluid to the surfaces of all the digestive and reproductive system
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lumpectomy
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excision of a small cancerous tumor with taking any surrounding tissue (usually in breast)
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lymph nodes dissection
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separating or removing several or all the lymph nodes in a lymph node chain during extensive cancer surgery -involved lymph nodes represent metastase of the cancer form its original site
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radical resection
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-cutting out and removing cancerous tumor -nearby lymph nodes, soft tissue, muscle and even bone
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brachytherapry
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-form of internal radiation -interstitial -intracavitary
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interstitial radiotherapy
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radioactive implants are inserted into the tumor or not the tissue around the cancerous tumor
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intracavitary radiotherapy
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radioactive implants are inserted into a body cavity near the cancerous tumor -right next to cavity
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radiotherapy
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-form of waves or particles -treat solid tumors, leukemia, lymphonma by radiating the bone marrow -determine if the tumor is radiosensitive or radio resistant
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radiosensitive
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pertaining to radiation withstand the effect of
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radio resistant
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pertaining to radiation withstand the effect of
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conformal radiotherapy
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-use computer to map the location of tumor -3 dimensional image of tumor -beam radiation is then matched to conform to the exact shape of tumor so it doesn't harm organ around it
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external beam radiotherapy
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-beam of radiation are generated by a machine outside the body and directed at the site of a cancerous tumor inside body
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intravenous radiotherapy
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-radioactive iodine is given intravenously -concentrates in the thyroid gland and releases radiation to kill cancer cells of the thyroid gland
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antiemetic drugs
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-pertaining to against vomiting -no chemo drug -treat nauseas and vomiting
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chemotherapy drug
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-antibiotic to stop the grow of cancer cells -can be given cocktail: different types of drugs together; mixed
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differentiation
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action; condition being distinct; specialized
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undifferentiated
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pertaining to not being distinct; specialized
