concepts 3 cell reg 1 – Flashcards
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morbidity: what is the number 1 type of cancer for men? for women?
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prostate, breast
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what is the number 1 type of cancer that cause death in both men and women?
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lung
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1 in ___ women will develop breast cancer, 1 in ___ men will get prostate cancer
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breast cancer- 1 in 8 women. prostate cancer- 1 in 10 men
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when does a person become a cancer survivor?
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at the moment of cancer diagnosis
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what are the 3 components of the survivorship care plan the IOM recommends all cancer patients have
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diagnosis & treatment plan potential long term sequellae information advice for healthy lifestyle
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4 cancer risk factors
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age + genetics race exposure to carcinogens
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what is the screening age of colorectal cancer for men
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50, but 40 for african american males
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true or false: alcohol, steroids, benzines, antioxidants, diesel exhaust, & hair dye are carcinogenic
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FALSE: alcohol, steroids, benzines, diesel exhaust, & hair dye are carcinogenic BUT NOT ANTIOXIDANTS
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true or false: viruses can cause cancer
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true
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name 3 examples of viruses that can cause cancer
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HPV - cervical Hep B - liver Epstein Barr - lymphoma
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mechanism that allows viruses to cause cancer
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viruses enter nucleus, break DNA chain and enter new genetic code
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3 vitamins that offer cancer protection
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A, C, and E
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true or false: weakened immunity can put you at risk for cancer
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TRUE
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percent of cancer related to tobacco use
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30%
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percent of cancers that are preventable
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66%
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percent of cancer in age group of 65+
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50%
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measure quantifying how long it takes for cells to replicate is called the ____ index
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mitotic
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programmed cell death
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apoptosis
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term for the development of new blood vessels. In cancer this provides oxygen, nutrients, and a viable avenue for travel for cancer cells.
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angiogenesis
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what is a major characteristic of cancer cells that contributes to treatment failures
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mutation
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what is the treatment strategy that combats the cancer cell's ability to evade treatment through mutation
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early, aggressive treatment with multiple therapies
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true or false: the main side effect of modern chemotherapeutic treatment is nausea
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FALSE: fatigue. modern treatment includes effective ways to combat the side effect of nausea in chemotherapy
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4 common places where lung cancer cells successfully metastasize
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brain bone liver pancreas
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main site that colorectal cancer metastasizes to
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liver
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4 common places where breast cancer cells successfully metastasize
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bone, brain, lung, liver
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2 common places where prostate cancer cells successfully metastasize
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bone & lung
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another name for cancer cells
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neoplastic cells
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benign tumors grow by ____, while malignant tumors grow by _____
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expansion, invasion
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what is the main secondary prevention measure for cancer
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screening
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true or false: "grade" refers to how large the tumor is
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False: Grade refers to how aggressive the tumor is
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what are the 2 factors that determine cancer "stage"
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size and metastasis
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What does TNM stand for in cancer staging
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extent of primary TUMOR lymph NODE involvement extent of METASTASIS
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most common kind of non-melanoma skin cancer
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basal cell
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what is the major cause of basal cell carcinoma and what is the prognosis
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sun exposure, good prognosis: rarely metastisizies
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true or false: prognosis of a melanoma is based on color and size of surface area of lesion
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false: it is based on depth of tumor
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true or false: melanomas quickly metastasize
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true, within 7 months
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6 purposes of radiation therapy
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cure, control, adjuvant, neoadjuvant, palliation, and oncologic emergency
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what does the term neoadjuvant mean in terms of radiation therapy for cancer
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radiation would be performed before that main treatment to debulk tumor
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what is the oncologic emergency where blood backs up into head and neck and change in LOC and seizures occur
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superior vena cava syndrome - where mets compress vena cava causing backup
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true or false: spinal cord compression by mets is an oncologic emergency that may be treated with radiation
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true
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when is fatigue highest for radiation patients?
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week 3 of treatment as cells use massive amounts of energy for repair
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advanced cancer treatment where radioactive seeds or sources are placed in or near the tumor itself
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Brachytherapy
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why would radioactive iodine be ingested as a type of brachytherapy
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to specifically target cancer of the thyroid, since iodine goes to the thyroid
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true or false: waste products from sealed forms of brachytherapy are not radioactive
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TRUE, however unsealed forms of brachytherapy are eliminated as radioactive waste
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true or false: chemotherapy is a firstline treatment in prostate cancer
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false: it is rarely used in prostate cancer as it is not very effective
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cancer warning signs: what does CAUTION stand for
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Change in bowel or bladder A sore that doesn't heal Unusual bleeding Thickening tissue or lump Indigestion or swallowing probs Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarse voice
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what type of cancer arises from connective tissue, muscle or bone
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sarcoma
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what type of cancer arise from lymphoid tissue
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lymphoma
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cancers of the blood
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leukemia
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what category of cancer arises from epithelial tissue
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carcinoma
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name 5 paraneoplastic syndromes
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DVTs Peripheral neuropathy Increased ICP Anorexia-cachexia syndrome Nephrotic syndrome
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what type of chemotherapy targets cells in the S-phase
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antimetabolites
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mechanism of action of antimetabolites
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provide "counterfeit metabolites" for DNA creation during S-phase
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Antitumor antibiotics mechanism of action
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damage DNA synthesis- not specific to cell cycle
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bleomycin, mitomycin, and dactinomycin belong to which chemotherapeutic class
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antitumor antibiotics aka antiplastic antibiotics
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who may start the administration of chemotherapy drugs
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only an ONS certified nurse, but a nurse generalist may continue administration and infusion after the initial dose
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what is the nickname for mitotic inhibitors
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spindle poisons
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2 goals of chemotherapy
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cure disease and/OR control disease
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examples of rapidly dividing cells in a healthy person
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skin, hair, intestinal, sperm, bone marrow
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each chemo drug has a different timing when they will cause the patients white count to drop to the lowest point. what is the term for this?
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nadir
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with chemo bone marrow suppression leads to these 3 major problems
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anemia infection bleeding
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what is chemo brain?
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brain fog, cognition changes on chemotherapy
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what is the #1 dose limiting side effect and cause of death in chemo patients
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neutropenia
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what is the first clue of infection in chemo patients
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mouth infection, may be sign of infection in chemo patient
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true or false: an elevation in temperature is a medical emergency in chemo patient
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true, also drop in temperature
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what is megace
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appetite stimulant
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if you see pulsating bright red blood in iv line what do you suspect
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arterial puncture
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medical agent that may cause blistering and tissue damage
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vesicant
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if infiltration is occurring what do you do to prevent extravisation
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STOP infusion but leave line in place, administer antidote
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80% of breast cancer occurs in the tail of spence, which is located where?
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from upper outer area of breast to axillary area
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why is a woman told not to apply and powders, creams or deodorants before mammogram?
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It can cause a false reading of calcium deposits on the imaging
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what is a CA-125 test
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an ovarian cancer screening that looks for a protein biomarker but has MANY false positives
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true or false: lung and ovarian cancer are usually not dx until an advanced stage
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true
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The nadir occurs about ___ days after antineoplastic treatment
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10
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the 2 things that kill leukemia patients
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infection and bleeding
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what is the Philadelphia chromosome
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seen only in myeloid leukemia, deadly adult leukemia
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1st sign of GVHD
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skin rash
