A&P Chap. 13 Final – Flashcards
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The three mucosa-covered projections into the nasal cavity that greatly increase surface area of mucosa exposed to air are called ____.
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conchae
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The posterior portion of the palate that is not supported by bone is called the ____.
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soft palate
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From superior to inferior, the three regions of the pharynx are the ____.
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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The ____ tonsil, or adenoid, is located high in the nasopharynx region.
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pharyngeal
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The ____ routes air and food into their proper channels and plays a role in speech.
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larynx
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The mucosa-lined windpipe that extends from the larynx to the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra is called the ____.
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trachea
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____ lining the mucosa of the trachea beat continuously to propel contaminated mucus to the throat.
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Cilia
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When breathing in, air enters the trachea through the ____.
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glottis
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The C-shaped rings that reinforce the trachea are constructed of ____.
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hyaline cartilage
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The flap of ____ cartilage that protects the opening of the larynx is called the epiglottis.
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elastic
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Folds of mucous membrane called ____ vibrate to provide speech.
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vocal folds (true vocal cords)
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The serous membrane that surrounds each lung is created by a parietal and visceral ____.
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pleura
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The division of the trachea produces two tubes called the right and left main (primary) ____.
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bronchi
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The smallest conducting passageways of the lungs are known as ____.
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bronchioles
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The ____ zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli and is where gas exchange occurs.
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respiratory
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The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is commonly called breathing or ____.
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pulmonary ventilation
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Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli is called ____.
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external respiration
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The inspiratory muscles that contract so we can inspire air are the ____ and ____.
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diaphragm; external intercostals
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Air flowing out of the lungs is known as ____.
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expiration
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Lung collapse, or ____, can occur if the intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric pressure when air enters the pleural space.
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atelectasis
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____ volume is the air moved into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing and is approximately 500 mL of air.
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Tidal
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The total amount of exchangeable air is known as ____.
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vital capacity (VC)
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Respiratory capacities are measured with a ____.
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spirometer
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During ____, oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
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external respiration
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____ is an odorless, colorless gas which binds preferentially with the same binding site on hemoglobin as oxygen.
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Carbon monoxide
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When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms ____.
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carbonic acid
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The normal respiratory rate of 12-15 breaths per minute is known as ____.
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eupnea
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The portions of the brain that contain respiratory centers and set the breathing rate are the ____.
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medulla and pons
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The regulation of the activity of the breathing muscles, the diaphragm and external intercostals, is controlled by nerve impulses transmitted from the brain via the ____ and ____ nerves.
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phrenic; intercostal
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The most important stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is the body's need to rid itself of the blood gas called ____.
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carbon dioxide
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In order to return acidic blood pH to normal, breathing becomes deeper and more rapid, a phenomenon known as ____.
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hyperventilation
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____ is a fatty molecule made by alveolar cells to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse between breaths.
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Surfactant
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Gas exchange occurs in the ____.
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alveoli
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The respiratory conducting passageways perform all of the following functions EXCEPT ____.
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exchange gases
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What sweeps contaminated mucus from the nasal cavity to the throat?
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cilia
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What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity?
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trap incoming bacteria and other foreign debris
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The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by ____.
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both the hard and soft palate
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Which one of the following bones does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?
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mandible
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Which tonsil(s) is/are located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate?
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palatine tonsils
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Air from the nasal cavity enters the superior portion of the pharynx called the ____.
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nasopharynx
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The pharynogotympanic tubes, which drain the middle ear, open into the ____.
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nasopharynx
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The correct pathway air flows through the respiratory system is ____.
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nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main (primary) bronchi
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Following the removal of the larynx, a person would be unable to ____.
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speak
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The opening between the vocal cords is called the ____.
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glottis
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The flap of elastic cartilage that protects food from entering the larynx when swallowing is the ____.
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epiglottis
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Vibration due to exhaled air that results in speech is a function of the ____.
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true vocal cords
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The superior portion of each lung is the ____.
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apex
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The serous membrane covering the surface of the lungs is called the ____.
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visceral pleura
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Which one of the following is NOT true of the lungs?
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both lungs have two lobes
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What is the function of an alveolar macrophage?
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engulf bacteria, carbon particles, and debris
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Which one of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?
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primary bronchi
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four main events of respiration?
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residual volume
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Exchange of both oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane occurs by ____.
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simple diffusion
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The lipid molecule critical to lung function that coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces is called ____.
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surfactant
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Air moving in and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing is called ____.
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pulmonary ventilation
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Which one of the following is NOT true of inspiration?
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relaxation of the external intercostal muscles helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity
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The gas exchange that occurs between blood and tissue cells at systemic capillaries is called ____.
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internal respiration
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Expiration (exhalation) occurs when ____.
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the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
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Which nonrespiratory air movement clears the upper respiratory passageways?
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sneezing
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Laura's lung collapsed during a skiing accident when a rib punctured her lung. The condition of a collapsed lung is known as ____.
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atelectasis
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The respiratory movement representing the total amount of exchangeable air is the ____.
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vital capacity
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Even after a forceful expiration, air still remains in the lungs for gas exchange to continue. This volume is about ____.
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1200 mL
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The amount of air exchanged during normal quiet breathing is about ____.
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500 mL
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Most carbon dioxide dissolves in blood plasma for transport as ____.
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bicarbonate ion
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Oxygen is unloaded from the blood stream and diffuses into surrounding cells and tissues during ____.
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internal respiration
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Oxygen is transported in the blood as ____.
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oxyhemoglobin
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Which of the following breathing rates represents eupnea?
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14 breaths per minute
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Hyperventilation is the body's response to ____.
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increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood
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Hypoventilation dramatically increases carbonic acid concentration and involves ____.
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extremely slow breathing
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Hyperventilation leads to all of the following except ____.
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buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
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The most important chemical stimulus leading to increased rate and depth of breathing is ____.
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increased carbon dioxide in the blood
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Which one of the following is NOT a feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
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most patients have a genetic predisposition to COPD
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Which respiratory disease in which sufferers are often called "pink puffers," is characterized by enlarged alveoli, lung inflammation, and fibrosis of the lungs?
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emphysema
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What accounts for the majority of cases of lung cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Surfactant is usually present in fetal lungs in adequate quantities by ____.
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28-30 weeks of pregnancy
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The abbreviation IRDS stands for ____.
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infant respiratory distress syndrome
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What is the most common cause for lung cancer?
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smoking
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The respiratory rate in infants is ____.
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over 40 respirations per minute
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The homeostatic imbalance associated with the death of many full-term newborn infants is called ____.
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SIDS
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Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to many irritants are characteristic of ____.
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asthma
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Which of these age-related disorders is related to loss of elasticity of the lungs?
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sleep apnea
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Which one of the following is NOT true of lung cancer?
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it is generally more prevalent in males than females
