question

Many health authorities recommend that Americans consume within _______________% of their total calories from carbohydrate.

answer

45-65

question

_______________ is the main problem associated with excessive sugar intake.

answer

Dental cavities

question

The monosaccharides important in nutrition are fructose, glucose, and _______________.

answer

galactose

question

_______________ is the major monosaccharide found in the body.

answer

Glucose

question

The disaccharides important in nutrition are sucrose, maltose, and _______________.

answer

lactose

question

Milk sugar is known as _______________.

answer

lactose

question

_______________ is a condition in which one lacks lactase. Symptoms include gas and bloating after consuming dairy products.

answer

Lactose intolerance

question

The main function of glucose is to supply _______________ for the body.

answer

energy

question

The red blood cells and brain are two body tissues that derive most of their energy from ____________.

answer

glucose

question

The hormone _______________ is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated above a normal range.

answer

insulin

question

The major source of glucose released to elevate a low blood glucose level is _______________.

answer

glycogen

question

Polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes, and therefore cannot be absorbed, are called _______________.

answer

fiber

question

______ are by-products of partial fat metabolism that are formed when insufficient dietary carbohydrates are available for fuel.

answer

Ketones

question

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _______________.

answer

mouth

question

Dietary fiber may play a role in the prevention of _______________ cancer.

answer

colon

question

The recommendations for a high-carbohydrate diet refer to one that is ______ in complex carbohydrates and ______ in simple carbohydrates.

answer

high; low

question

Major fructose sources include

answer

fruits and high fructose corn syrup.

question

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of

answer

two monosaccharides.

question

The food components that yield the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates are

answer

table sugar, honey, jam, jelly, fruit, and plain baked potatoes.

question

The process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called

answer

photosynthesis.

question

Glucose also is known as

answer

dextrose.

question

The term "simple carbohydrates" refers to

answer

monosaccharides and disaccharides.

question

Of the following, which is a major source of sucrose?

answer

Sugar cane

question

Which of the following is a major source of lactose?

answer

Skim milk

question

What enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?

answer

Pancreatic amylase

question

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

answer

mouth with salivary amylase.

question

Amylase is

answer

an enzyme that digests starch.

question

What is the fate of disaccharides not digested in the small intestine?

answer

They pass into the colon and are fermented by bacteria.

question

Which of the following describes the process of starch digestion?

answer

Starch to maltose to glucose

question

Glucose is absorbed via ______ absorption.

answer

active

question

Which of the following is not true of carbohydrate absorption?

answer

Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.

question

Lactose intolerance is caused by

answer

lactase deficiency.

question

The major symptoms of lactose intolerance are

answer

gas, abdominal pain, and distention.

question

Those with lactose intolerance usually can consume all the following except

answer

milk shakes made with skim milk.

question

Which organ will first receive sugars after they are absorbed into the blood?

answer

Liver

question

Which of the following hormones corrects a hyperglycemic state?

answer

Insulin

question

When insulin is released, it causes

answer

muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake.

question

Which of the following hormones is released to correct a hypoglycemic state?

answer

Glucagon

question

Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use?

answer

Epinephrine

question

The glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how a carbohydrate-containing food raises

answer

blood glucose.

question

For which of the following is glucose most critical as an energy source?

answer

Brain

question

You are on a diet and eating less than 50 grams of carbohydrate per day. The claim made in the diet educational materials is that carbohydrate is the main culprit in being overweight, so it must be restricted. Which of the following will happen as a result of this low carbohydrate diet?

answer

Proteins in muscles, heart, and other vital organs will be broken down into amino acids to make needed glucose, over time weakening the muscles and organs.

question

Glycogen is

answer

a highly branched polysaccharide.

question

Starch is comprised of hundreds and perhaps thousands of which molecule?

answer

Glucose

question

Amylose is

answer

a long, straight glucose chain.

question

Which of the following has the most starch?

answer

1 cup of kidney beans

question

The major storage sites for glycogen are

answer

muscles and liver.

question

Dietary fibers primarily are

answer

polysaccharides.

question

Which of the following is not true of dietary fibers?

answer

They are absorbed in the large intestine.

question

Which of the following is not a viscous (soluble) fiber?

answer

Lignin

question

Viscous (soluble) fibers

answer

can lower blood cholesterol.

question

Which of the following is not a rich source of viscous (soluble) fibers?

answer

Whole wheat bread

question

Dietary fiber may play a key role in the prevention of which cancer?

answer

Colon

question

A reasonable and recommended goal for daily dietary fiber intake is how many grams?

answer

25 to 38

question

John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this?

answer

Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

question

Which of the following foods would have the most fiber?

answer

Kidney beans

question

When eating a high-fiber diet, one should

answer

increase fluid intake.

question

What is the minimum number of grams of carbohydrate, per day, humans must consume to avoid ketosis?

answer

130

question

The World Health Organization recommends limiting added sugar intake to ______ percent of our total kilocalories.

answer

10

question

Which of the following breakfasts would be highest in carbohydrate?

answer

8 ounces orange juice, 2 cups Cream of Wheat with 2 tablespoons sugar, English muffin with jelly, 1 cup whole milk

question

Medical conditions related to metabolic syndrome are

answer

type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke.

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

answer

Arises most commonly in adulthood

question

All of the following are characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus except

answer

the least common form of diabetes.

question

The most important dietary approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is to

answer

lose body fat.

question

If you had the condition phenylketonuria, which should you not use?

answer

Aspartame

question

Sucralose (Splenda®) is ______ times sweeter than sucrose.

answer

600

question

Sucralose (Splenda®) is made by adding

answer

chlorines to sucrose.

question

Which of the following is not a metabolic syndrome risk indicator?

answer

High HDL cholesterol

question

The two forms of starch found in food are

answer

amylose and amylopectin.

question

Isolated nondigestible carbohydrates that are added to food because they have beneficial physiological effects in human beings are called

answer

functional fiber.

question

Which section of MyPlate is the least significant source of carbohydrate?

answer

Protein

question

Food manufacturers prefer ______ as a sweetener because it is easy to transport, has better shelf-stability, lower cost, and improves food properties.

answer

high-fructose corn syrup

question

The natural alternative sweetener derived from a South American shrub is called

answer

Stevia (Sweet Leaf ®).

question

Low fiber intake can cause constipation and force parts of the large intestine wall out from between the surrounding bands of muscle, forming many small pouches called

answer

diverticula.

question

The Dietary Guidelines recommend consuming ____________ servings of whole grain cereals per day.

answer

2 to 3

question

Most plant proteins do not match our needs for essential amino acids and therefore are called _______________ proteins.

answer

incomplete

question

Amino acids are transported via the _______________ vein to the liver.

answer

portal

question

In proteins, amino acids are joined by _______________ bonds.

answer

peptide

question

Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause _______________, meaning that the three-dimensional structure of the protein has been altered.

answer

denaturation

question

Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as ________________.

answer

a hormone

question

An illness that results from a malfunction of the red blood cell because of an incorrect structure in parts of the hemoglobin protein chain is called _______________.

answer

sickle cell anemia

question

The best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is _______________ g/kg/day.

answer

0.8

question

Three dietary advantages of plant protein sources over animal sources are: 1) they are a good source of dietary fiber, 2) they are low in saturated fat, and 3) they contain no _______________.

answer

cholesterol

question

The basic building block of a protein is called a(n)

answer

amino acid.

question

The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is

answer

nitrogen.

question

Which of the following is true about protein?

answer

It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.

question

An essential amino acid

answer

cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

question

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is

answer

converted to urea.

question

All of the following are true of high-quality protein except

answer

it provides 7 kcal/g of energy.

question

Which of the following is not true about an incomplete protein source?

answer

Lower quantities of this source could be eaten to get adequate quantities of essential amino acids.

question

Which of the following is a food that provides all of the essential amino acids?

answer

Milk

question

Proteins are digested in which areas of the body?

answer

Stomach and small intestine

question

What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein?

answer

Pepsin

question

Which of the following is not true about pepsin?

answer

Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment.

question

If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?

answer

Protein synthesis will be limited.

question

If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a(n)

answer

limiting amino acid.

question

When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecule is

answer

stored as fat.

question

Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?

answer

20

question

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?

answer

Amino acids

question

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

answer

Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain

question

Which of the following is not true about the events during and after absorption of the products of protein digestion?

answer

Many whole proteins are absorbed and enter the blood.

question

All of the following are true of the alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein except

answer

it tends to be rigid and retains its structure.

question

In the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to

answer

changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.

question

Cooking an egg alters its appearance due to

answer

denaturation.

question

Food proteins are used most efficiently when we

answer

are consuming enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kilocalorie needs.

question

All of the following are functions of protein except to

answer

supply more than 40 percent of the kilocalories in the diet.

question

Which of the following is not true about body proteins?

answer

They are static and change little after achievement of adult status.

question

Johnny is 10 years old. He has had minimal protein intake for the last two years. He has just recently had surgery. What are the likely results of his deficient protein intake?

answer

The size of his vital organs, including his heart, liver, and muscles, will decrease.

question

Wilma is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is

answer

the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces.

question

Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because

answer

blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues.

question

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by

answer

acting as buffers.

question

The typical American diet supplies approximately what percentage of protein as essential amino acids?

answer

50%

question

Proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are

answer

antibodies.

question

If a person does not eat enough carbohydrate to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?

answer

The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.

question

The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily kilocalorie needs?

answer

10%

question

Maggie has anorexia nervosa and regularly starves herself. She is likely to be in a state of

answer

negative protein balance.

question

Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of

answer

positive protein balance.

question

One would be likely to see positive protein balance in all of the following conditions except

answer

starvation.

question

Currently, the best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is _____ grams per kilogram of body weight per day.

answer

0.8

question

Jack weighs 176 pounds (80 kilograms). What would be his RDA for protein?

answer

64 grams

question

Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States?

answer

Most consume more than is needed.

question

All of the following describe the fate of excess protein except

answer

stored as muscle protein.

question

High protein diets may be harmful for

answer

those with kidney disease.

question

When comparing plant sources of protein to animal sources, we could say

answer

plant sources tend to be higher in dietary fiber.

question

Which of the following is true about protein intake in the United States?

answer

About 70 percent of the protein we eat in the United States comes from animal products.

question

All of the following are essential amino acids except

answer

alanine.

question

When there is a need for increased dietary protein during pregnancy or lactation, which foodstuff would be least desirable?

answer

Gelatin

question

If Betty wants to eat the most nutrient-dense source of protein, she would eat

answer

tuna.

question

The combination of plant foods that most often is used to provide complete protein is

answer

legumes and grains.

question

All of the following describe kwashiorkor and marasmus except

answer

diseases that are troublesome but not life threatening.

question

Marasmus usually is associated with a deficiency of

answer

kilocalories.

question

Kwashiorkor usually is associated with a deficiency of

answer

protein.

question

The edema in children with kwashiorkor is the result of fluid leaking into

answer

body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased blood protein levels.

question

Kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The reason is that

answer

children have been weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels.

question

The child with marasmus has all of the following conditions except

answer

edema in the abdomen and legs.

question

A vegetarian who excludes animal flesh but consumes such products as milk and eggs is referred to as a(n)

answer

lactoovovegetarian.

question

A vegetarian who eats only plant foods is a(n)

answer

vegan.

question

The most reliable source of vitamin B12 for the vegan would be

answer

fortified soybean milk.

question

The American Institute for Cancer Research promotes "The New American Plate," which includes plant-based foods covering __________________ of the plate and meat, fish, poultry, or low-fat dairy covering __________________ of the plate.

answer

two-thirds (or more); one-third (or less)

question

Most proteins are ________________________ (joining of 10 or more amino acids), ranging from about 50 to 2000 amino acids.

answer

polypeptides

question

Because the DNA cannot leave the nucleus to get to the ribosomes, the genes for proteins must be transcribed into ______________ that can leave the nucleus.

answer

mRNA

question

Because the ____________________________ diet is recognized as being low in meat, rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, low in added sugar and saturated fatty acids, it has been recommended as a sustainable alternative to the MyPlate dietary pattern.

answer

Mediterranean

question

Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino-acid ________________ , while grains are limited in _________________.

answer

methionine; lysine

question

It takes approximately _____ kg kilograms of grain to produce ____ kg kilogram of animal protein in cereal-fed animals.

answer

3; 1

question

An association between ____________ consumption and total mortality, as well as premature mortality caused by cardiovascular disease and cancer, has been found in men and women.

answer

red meat

question

A(n) _______________ is made up of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids.

answer

triglyceride

question

Olive and canola oils contain a high percentage of ____________ fatty acids.

answer

monounsaturated

question

A(n) ______ fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has a double bond at the third carbon from the methyl end.

answer

omega-3

question

Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n) _______________.

answer

lipoprotein

question

_______________ are lipoproteins made of dietary fat surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein that acts to transport absorbed fat.

answer

Chylomicrons

question

During rest and light activities, fatty acids are the main fuel for _______________.

answer

muscles

question

The process of _______________ removes double bonds from fatty acids, giving a liquid fat a more solid consistency.

answer

hydrogenation

question

In the small intestine, the pancreas secretes ____________ to digest triglycerides.

answer

lipase

question

According to the American Heart Association's 2006 Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction, we should consume no more than _______________ milligrams of cholesterol per day.

answer

300

question

Of the macronutrients, fats are the most significant dietary factor(s) associated with _________________.

answer

heart disease

question

A meal providing 1,200 kilocalories contains 13 grams of saturated fat, 10 grams of monounsaturated fat, and 27 grams of polyunsaturated fat. This meal provides ______% of total kcal as fat.

answer

37.5

question

Sometimes phospholipids are used in commercial salad dressings to suspend vegetable oil in water. In this case, phospholipids are serving as _______________.

answer

emulsifiers

question

All of the following are accurate descriptions of cholesterol except

answer

it is an essential nutrient.

question

Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways?

answer

They do not dissolve in water.

question

Phospholipids differ from triglycerides in which of the following ways?

answer

A compound containing phosphorus replaces at least one fatty acid.

question

A monounsaturated fatty acid contains

answer

one double bond.

question

In which form are most dietary lipids found?

answer

Triglycerides

question

A saturated fatty acid contains

answer

no double bonds.

question

Which of the following would you buy if you wanted the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content?

answer

Liquid, squeezable margarine, made from safflower oil

question

Triglycerides are composed of

answer

fatty acids and glycerol.

question

How many carbons do long-chain fatty acids contain?

answer

12 or more

question

Which of the following is a rich source of cholesterol?

answer

Lard

question

Gram for gram, which of the following contains the most cholesterol?

answer

Liver

question

______ is a fat replacer used in food processing that can bind to fat-soluble vitamins and thereby reduce their absorption.

answer

Olestra

question

Which of the following is true about Olestra?

answer

It cannot be digested, therefore it leaves the body.

question

Hydrogenation produces what kinds of fat?

answer

Trans fatty acids

question

Cholesterol is found in all of the following except

answer

corn oil.

question

Which of the following would be the richest source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

answer

Safflower oil

question

If a fat contains mostly saturated fatty acids, it is likely to be ________ at room temperature.

answer

solid

question

Which of the following is not a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

answer

Palm oil

question

All of the following are sources of cholesterol except

answer

peanut butter.

question

Olive oil contains abundant amounts of which type of fatty acid?

answer

Monounsaturated

question

Triglycerides in food are said to have satiety value primarily because

answer

they are high in kilocalories.

question

"Hidden" fat includes

answer

fat in crackers and other grain products.

question

The process of hydrogenation

answer

changes a liquid fat into a solid fat.

question

Which of the following contains the greatest percentage of calories from fat (in a typical serving size)?

answer

Margarine

question

Timothy wants to avoid eating too much trans fat. All of the following are appropriate ways except

answer

eating packaged cookies and desserts made with vegetable shortening.

question

Which of the following is true about the fate of fatty acids after their absorption?

answer

Fatty acids of less than 12 carbons enter the blood and then the liver via the portal vein.

question

Before they can be absorbed, triglycerides must be broken down into

answer

monoglycerides and fatty acids.

question

The major fat-digesting enzyme is

answer

pancreatic lipase.

question

______ are synthesized by the liver to transport fat to the rest of the body.

answer

Very-low-density lipoproteins

question

After chylomicrons leave the intestinal cells, they are transported via what system?

answer

Lymphatic

question

After absorption, long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides inside intestinal cells are

answer

reformed into triglycerides.

question

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?

answer

High-density lipoprotein

question

Lipoproteins contain all of the following components except

answer

carbohydrate.

question

Once the chylomicrons arrive at their destination via the bloodstream, the triglycerides in the chylomicrons are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by an enzyme associated with the blood vessel called ___________ lipase.

answer

lipoprotein

question

The main regulator of blood cholesterol levels is the

answer

liver.

question

To be transported throughout the body, fats are packaged in structures called

answer

lipoproteins.

question

Which of the following is true about trans fatty acids found in hydrogenated fats?

answer

When consumed, they can raise serum LDL cholesterol.

question

An essential omega-3 fatty acid with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds is called

answer

alpha-linolenic acid.

question

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

answer

Linoleic acid

question

Which of the following contains a rich supply of omega-3 fatty acids?

answer

Salmon

question

Name an omega-3 fatty acid with 20 carbons and 5 double bonds, found in fatty fish and synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid.

answer

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)

question

Studies of Greenland Eskimos, among others, have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of fish and the risk for heart disease. What is the most likely mechanism for the reduction of heart disease risk when fish is consumed?

answer

Fish supplies fatty acids that decrease blood clotting.

question

One of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, and also a good source of plant sterols is

answer

walnuts.

question

The safest way to get measurable heart disease risk-reducing benefits from consuming omega-3 fatty acids, would be to

answer

eat oily fish, such as salmon, 2 times a week.

question

The body energy that can be stored in almost unlimited amounts is

answer

triglyceride.

question

The body stores excess protein as

answer

triglycerides.

question

Which of the following does not describe a function of fat?

answer

Best source of energy for the brain

question

All of the following describe the characteristics of fat cells except

answer

the number of fat cells decreases when fat is lost from the body.

question

Phospholipids are the main components of _________________.

answer

cell membranes.

question

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend getting no more than ______ percent of your total kilocalories from fat.

answer

35

question

Which of the following breakfasts has the highest fat content?

answer

1 granola bar, 1 orange, 1 cup low-fat milk

question

A good suggestion for heart-healthy eating is to

answer

trim fat from meat before cooking.

question

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, what is the upper limit of fat, in grams, that should be consumed by a healthy person requiring 2,000 kilocalories per day?

answer

78

question

The major dietary factor to be concerned about in relation to heart disease is

answer

saturated fat.

question

A desirable total serum cholesterol level is less than ____ milligrams per deciliter.

answer

200

question

In terms of heart disease risk, which of the following is true?

answer

As LDL cholesterol levels increase there is an increased risk.

question

The plant stanols/sterols, also called phytosterols, work by

answer

reducing cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and lowering its return to the liver.

question

Which of the following is true about the use of medications that lower blood cholesterol levels?

answer

They often are helpful for persons who have had a heart attack or have cardiovascular disease or diabetes.

question

Cardiovascular disease risk factors include all of the following except

answer

HDL cholesterol > 40 mg/dl.

question

We need to consume only about 5% of our total calories per day from essential fatty acids. This corresponds to about _____________________ of plant oil each day.

answer

2 to 4 tablespoons

question

The omega-6 parent fat, linoleic acid, is converted by the body into the long-chain fatty acid,

answer

arachidonic acid.

question

Consumption of fatty fish at least twice a week is recommended to provide omega-3 fatty acids. However, some fish − especially swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tile fish − can be a source of ____________, which is toxic in high amounts.

answer

mercury

question

The main problem with the fat replacer olestra is that it can bind

answer

the fat-soluble vitamins and reduce their absorption.

Nutrition Exam 2 Study Guide, Ch. 4, 5, 6 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards