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serous membranes

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line body cavities that lack openings to the outside. create the watery serous fluid to lubricate

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synovial membranes

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knee & elbows, inner linings of the joint cavities between the ends of bones and freely moveable joints

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mucous membranes

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line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body. oral and nasal cavities, mouth, vagina, rectum, eyes, ears

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cutaneous membrane

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skin

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skin

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one of the larger organs, vital in maintaining homeostasis, helps regulate body temp, slows water loss from deeper tissues, houses sensory receptors, makes biochemicals, excretes small amounts of wastes

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skin

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consists of three major regions: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

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epidermis

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most superficial region of skin

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dermis

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middle region of skin

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subcutaneous

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deepest region of skin

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skin

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intradermal injections, subcutaneous injections, adhesive transdermal patch

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adhesive transdermal patch

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used for motion sickness, smoking cessation, hypertension

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epidermis

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functions to protect underlying tissues from excessive water loss, mechanical injury, and effects of chemicals. when unbroken it also keeps out disease causing microoranisms

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epidermis

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made of stratified squamous epithelium

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epidermis

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the two layer stratum basale and stratum corneum make up?

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epidermis

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lacks blood vessels: bottom layer that is near dermis (stratum basale) gets nourished by dermal blood vessles. farther they move out, the nutrient supply drops and the cell dies. cell turnover: in healthy skin, production of epidermal cells is balanced with loss of dead cells. rate of cell division increases where skin is rubbed regularly causing calluses or corns. takes 25-45 days to get from stratum basale to outermost layer, keratinization

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keratinization

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this forms the outermost layer called the stratum corneum. this will eventually shed

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stratum corneum

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flat, most superficial layer of epidermis; rows of dead, flattened keritinized cells

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stratum basale

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plump, deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

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stratum corneum

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most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead flattened keritinized cells

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stratum basale

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deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

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melanocytes

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specialized cells that produce melanin which is a dark pigment that provides skin color

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melanin

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absorbs UV radiation to prevent mutations in the DNA of skin cells and other damaging effects

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melanocytes

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found in the deepest portion of epidermis

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skin color

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a result of melanin

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melanocytes

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people have about the same number of ___

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skin color

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differences in ___ ___ result from differences in the amount of melanin that the melanocytes produce

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freckles and pigmented moles

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local accumulations of melanin form?

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skin color

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result of melanin, genetically determined

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skin

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makes vitamin d

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tan

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color of skin from the sun or tanning beds

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red

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color of skin from the rush of blood

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blue

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color of skin from cyanosis (lack of oxygen)

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yellow

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color of skin when built up of bilirubin (jaundice) (liver isn't doing its job)

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orange

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color of skin when it has too much carotene (from orange foods)

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dermis

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thicker than epidermis. basement membrane at the top of dermis separates the epidermis from dermis, binds the epidermis to underlying tissues, dermal papillae ridges in dermal layer, genetically determined but can changed slightly as a fetus moves and presses the forming ridges

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dermis

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nerve cell processes are scattered thoughout

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motor processes

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carry impulses brain to muscles

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sensory processes

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carry impulses receptor to brain

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dermis

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contains hair follicles and sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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vitamin D

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dehydrocholoesterol & skin + sun to ____

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subcutaneous layer

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no sharp boundary between dermis and subcutaneous layer, adipose layer for insulation, contains major blood vessels

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inflammation

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blood vessels dilate, skin becomes reddened, warm to the touch, swollen, and painful

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shallow

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in a ___ injury epithelial cells in the area are stimulated to divide more rapidly than usual to fill the gap

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deeper

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___ injury into dermis or subcutaneous layer- blood vessels break, form a clot, form a scab.

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fibroblasts

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in deeper injuries, _____ migrate and begin forming new collagen fibers to bind edges of wound together

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speed the process

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stitches, staples, and glues are used to ___ __ ___ in deeper injuries

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phagocytic

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___ cells remove dead cells and debris, damage tissues are replaces. scab sloughs off. In extensive wounds the new connective tissue may appear as a scar on the surface

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burn

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heat, electricity, radiation, and certain chemicals can cause?

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burns

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tissue damaged, denatured protein, cell death

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dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

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immediate threat of a burn: ___ & ___ ___, leading to renal shutdown (kidney) and circulatory shock

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rule of nines

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used to estimate the amount of fluid loss in burn victims

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9

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what percent is anterior and posterior head and neck

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18

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what percent is anterior and posterior upper limbs

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36

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what percent is anterior and posterior trunk

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36

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what percent is anterior and posterior lower limbs

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1

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what percent is perineum

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first degree

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epidermal damage only, localized redness, edema (swelling) and pain

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second degree

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epidermal and upper dermal damage, blisters appear

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third degree

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entire thickness of skin damaged, gray-white/cherry red/or black, no initial edema or pain, skin grafting usually necessary

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25

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critical if ___ % of the body has second degree burns

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10

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critical if __% of the body has third degree burns

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face, hands, or feet

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critical if the __, __, or __ bare third degree burns

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lanugo coat

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covering of delicate hairs in 5th and 6th month of gestation

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vernix caseosa

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sebaceous gland secretion; protects skin of fetus

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adolescent to adult

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sebaceous gland activity increases, effects of cumulative environmental assaults show after age 30, scaling and dermatitis become more common

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old age

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epidermal replacement slows- skin becomes thin and dry, subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease, leading to cold intolerance and wrinkles, increased risk of cancer due to decreased numbers of melanocytes

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basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

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what are the 3 major types of skin cancer?

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basal cell carcinoma

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least malignant, most common

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squamous cell carcinoma

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second most common

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melanoma

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most dangerous skin cancer

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basal cell carcinoma

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stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis, cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases

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squamous cell carcinoma

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involves keratinocytes, most common on scalp, earts, lower lip, and hands, good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

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melanoma

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involves melanocytes, highly metastatic and resistant to chemotheraphy, usually from rare sun exposure and extreme sunburns, treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

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asymmetry

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the two sides of the pigmented area do not match

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border

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exhibits indentations

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color

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is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue

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diameter

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is larger than 6 mm

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hair

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functions: alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin, guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight. distribution: entire surface except palms, soles, and lips

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hair follicle

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extends from the epidermal surface into dermis- that contains the hair root, hair that is pushed out past the epidermis is the hair shaft, melanocytes found at the bottom of the hair follicle = hair color

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hair follicle receptor

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sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb, stimulated by bending a hair, arrector pili

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arrector pili

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smooth muscle attached to follicle, stimulated and contracts when a person is cold or upset, responsible for "goose bumps"

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hair color

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genetic - directs type and amount of pigment that epidermal melanocytes produce

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dark hair

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abundance of melanin

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blonde hair

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intermediate amount of melanin

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white hair

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no melanin

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red hair

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low melanin + trichosiderin

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vellus and terminal

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what are the two types of hair

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vellus

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pale, fine body hair of children and adult females

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terminal

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coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions. and face and neck of males

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alopecia

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hair thinning in both sexes after age 40

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true baldness

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genetically determined (x chromosome) and sex influenced condition, male pattern baldness is caused by follicular response to hormones

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sebaceous glands

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found with hair follicles, become active at puberty, sebum, acne

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structure of a nail

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scalelike modification of the epidermis on the distal surface of fingers and toes, protective coverings, fyi: the thumbnail grows the slowest and the middle nail grows the fastest

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jaundis

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a new mother brings her infant to the clinic, worried about the yellow tint of his skin and eyes. what is this condition caused by?

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lack of oxygen - purple, vernix, started breathing more - pink

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eric and his wife are of northern european descent. eric is a proud new father who was in the delivery room during his daughter's birth. he tells you that when she was born, her skin was purple and covered with a cream cheese like substance. shortly after birth, her skin turned pink. explain his oberservations

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fair skin and usually not exposed to sun

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would you expect to find the highest rate of skin cancer among the blacks of tropical africa, research scientists in the artic, norwegians in the southern us, or blacks in the US?

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no

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mrs. smith received 2nd degree burns on the abdomen when she dropped a kettle of boiling water. she asked clinic physician if she would need a skin graft. would she?

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hydrate and sterile

answer

what 2 factors in the treatment of critical 3rd degree burn patients are absolutely essential?

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