Chapter 12 Bio – Flashcards

Which of the following was a discovery that had to be made before human chromosomes could be correctly counted? A) how to use a hypotonic solution to swell nuclei B) how to visualize sperm nuclei C) how to visualize chromosomes D) when to see chromosomes separate from one another E) when to see chromosomes in pairs

Which of the following is (are) required for motor proteins to function in the movement of chromosomes toward the poles of the mitotic spindle? A) intact centromeres B) an MTOC (microtubule organizing center) C) a kinetochore attached to the metaphase plate D) ATP as an energy source E) synthesis of cohesin

What is a cleavage furrow? A) a ring of vesicles forming a cell plate B) the separation of divided prokaryotes C) a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei D) the metaphase plate where chromosomes attach to the spindle E) the space that is created between two chromatids during anaphase

Which of the following proteins are involved in binary fission as well as eukaryotic mitotic division? A) cyclins B) Cdks C) MPF D) actin and tubulin E) cohesins

Using which of the following techniques would enable your lab group to distinguish between a cell in G2 and a cell from the same organism in G1? A) fluorescence microscopy B) electron microscopy C) spectrophotometry D) radioactive-labeled nucleotides E) labeled kinetochore proteins

You have the technology necessary to measure each of the following in a sample of animal cells: chlorophylls, organelle density, picograms of DNA, cell wall components, and enzymatic activity. Which would you expect to increase significantly from M to G1? A) organelle density and enzymatic activity B) cell wall components and DNA C) chlorophyll and cell walls D) organelle density and cell walls E) chlorophyll and DNA

A plant-derived protein known as colchicine can be used to poison cells by blocking the formation of the spindle. Which of the following would result if colchicine is added to a sample of cells in G2? A) The cells would immediately die. B) The cells would be unable to begin M and stay in G2. C) The chromosomes would coil and shorten but have no spindle to which to attach. D) The chromosomes would segregate but in a disorderly pattern. E) Each resultant daughter cell would also be unable to form a spindle.

What causes the decrease in the amount of cyclin at a specific point in the cell cycle? A) an increase in production once the restriction point is passed B) the cascade of increased production once its protein is phosphorylated by Cdk C) the changing ratio of cytoplasm to genome D) its destruction by a process initiated by the activity of its complex with a cyclin E) the binding of PDGF to receptors on the cell surface

Which of the following is released by platelets in the vicinity of an injury? A) PDGF B) MPF C) protein kinase D) cyclin E) Cdk

Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex? A) PDGF B) MPF C) protein kinase D) cyclin E) Cdk

Which of the following is a protein maintained at constant levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active? A) PDGF B) MPF C) protein kinase D) cyclin E) Cdk

Which of the following triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis? A) PDGF B) MPF C) protein kinase D) cyclin E) Cdk

The cyclin component of MPF is destroyed toward the end of which phase? A) G0 B) G1 C) S D) G2 E) M

Proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, and that show fluctuations in concentration during the cell cycle, are called A) ATPases. B) kinetochores. C) kinases. D) proton pumps. E) cyclins.

The MPF protein complex turns itself off by A) activating a process that destroys cyclin components. B) activating an enzyme that stimulates cyclin. C) binding to chromatin. D) exiting the cell. E) activating the anaphase-promoting complex.

A mutation results in a cell that no longer produces a normal protein kinase for the M phase checkpoint. Which of the following would likely be the immediate result of this mutation? A) The cell would prematurely enter anaphase. B) The cell would never leave metaphase. C) The cell would never enter metaphase. D) The cell would never enter prophase. E) The cell would undergo normal mitosis, but fail to enter the next G1 phase.

Density-dependent inhibition is explained by which of the following? A) As cells become more numerous, they begin to squeeze against each other, restricting their size and ability to produce control factors. B) As cells become more numerous, the cell surface proteins of one cell contact the adjoining cells and they stop dividing. C) As cells become more numerous, the protein kinases they produce begin to compete with each other, such that the proteins produced by one cell essentially cancel those produced by its neighbor. D) As cells become more numerous, more and more of them enter the S phase of the cell cycle. E) As cells become more numerous, the level of waste products increases, eventually slowing down metabolism.

Which of the following is true concerning cancer cells? A) They do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture. B) When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle. C) They are not subject to cell cycle controls. D) When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle, and they are not subject to cell cycle controls. E) When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle; they are not subject to cell cycle controls; and they do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture.

Which of the following describe(s) cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)? A) Cdk is inactive, or "turned off," in the presence of cyclin. B) Cdk is present throughout the cell cycle. C) Cdk is an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins. D) Cdk is inactive, or "turned off," in the presence of cyclin and it is present throughout the cell cycle. E) Cdk is present throughout the cell cycle and is an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins.

A particular cyclin called cyclin E forms a complex with Cdk 2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2). This complex is important for the progression of the cell from G1 into the S phase of the cell cycle. Which of the following statements is correct? A) The amount of free cyclin E is greatest during the S phase. B) The amount of free Cdk 2 is greater during G1 compared to the S phase. C) The amount of free cyclin E is highest during G1. D) The amount of free Cdk 2 is greatest during G1. E) The activity of the cyclin E/Cdk 2 complex is highest during G2.

ells from an advanced malignant tumor most often have very abnormal chromosomes, and often an abnormal total number of chromosomes. Why might this occur? A) Cancer cells are no longer density dependent. B) Cancer cells are no longer anchorage dependent. C) Chromosomally abnormal cells can still go through cell cycle checkpoints. D) Chromosomally abnormal cells still have normal metabolism. E) Transformation introduces new chromosomes into cells.

Besides the ability of some cancer cells to overproliferate, what else could logically result in a tumor? A) metastasis B) changes in the order of cell cycle stages C) lack of appropriate cell death D) inability to form spindles E) inability of chromosomes to meet at the metaphase plate

After which checkpoint is the cell first committed to continue the cell cycle through M? A) G0 B) G1 C) G2 D) S E) previous M

Why do neurons and some other specialized cells divide infrequently? A) They no longer have active nuclei. B) They no longer carry receptors for signal molecules. C) They have been shunted into G0. D) They can no longer bind Cdk to cyclin. E) They show a drop in MPF concentration.

Which of the following most accurately describes a cyclin? A) It is present in similar concentrations throughout the cell cycle. B) It is activated to phosphorylate by complexing with a Cdk. C) It decreases in concentration when MPF activity increases. D) It activates a Cdk molecule when it is in sufficient concentration. E) It activates a Cdk when its concentration is decreased.

All cell cycle checkpoints are similar in which way? A) They respond to the same cyclins. B) They utilize the same Cdks. C) They give the go-ahead signal to progress to the next checkpoint. D) They each have only one cyclin/Cdk complex. E) They activate or inactivate other proteins.

At the M phase checkpoint, the complex allows for what to occur? A) Separase enzyme cleaves cohesins and allows chromatids to separate. B) Cohesins alter separase to allow chromatids to separate. C) Kinetochores are able to bind to spindle microtubules. D) All microtubules are made to bind to kinetochores. E) Daughter cells are allowed to pass into G1.

What explains anchorage dependence of animal cells in vitro or in vivo? A) attachment of spindle fibers to centrioles B) response of the plasma membrane to cell cycle controls C) the makeup of the extracellular matrix of the substrate D) the binding of cell-surface phospholipids to those of adjoining cells E) the binding of cell-surface phospholipids to the substrate

A research team began a study of a cultured cell line. Their preliminary observations showed them that the cell line did not exhibit either density-dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence. What could they conclude right away? A) The cells originated in the nervous system. B) The cells are unable to form spindle microtubules. C) They have altered series of cell cycle phases. D) The cells show characteristics of tumors. E) They were originally derived from an elderly organism.

For a chemotherapeutic drug to be useful for treating cancer cells, which of the following is most desirable? A) It is safe enough to limit all apoptosis. B) It does not alter metabolically active cells. C) It only attacks cells that are density dependent. D) It interferes with cells entering G0. E) It interferes with rapidly dividing cells.

You have a series of cells, all of which were derived from tumors, and you first need to find out which ones are malignant. What could you do? A) See which ones are not overproliferating. B) Find out which ones have a higher rate of apoptosis. C) Karyotype samples to look for unusual size and number of chromosomes. D) Measure metastasis. E) Time their cell cycles.