question

The role of spindle fibers during mitosis is to

answer

separate sister chromatids

question

If a cell has 20 chromosomes during G1 phase, how many chromosomes would this same cell have if it completed mitosis but without cytokinesis?

answer

40

question

During interphase:

answer

G1, S, and G2

question

A cell spends most of its time in

answer

interphase

question

When is a chromosome the most tightly condensed?

answer

Mitosis

question

The "S" phase of the cell cycle occurs during which stage?

answer

Interphase

question

If a cell has 20 chromatids during G1 phase, how many chromatids will this cell have in G2 phase?

answer

40

question

The correct order of the cell cycle is as follows:

answer

G1, S, G2, mitosis and cytokinesis

question

Apoptosis:

answer

Is programmed cell death

question

Cancer is caused by

answer

DNA damage, uncontrolled cell growth, cells escaping apoptosis (all of the above)

question

DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle

answer

Interphase

question

The nuclear envelope breaks up, allowing spindle fibers to attach to chromosomes during

answer

Prophase

question

Sister chromatids are separated during

answer

Mitosis

question

The two hit theory of carcinogenesis says that:

answer

Is usually takes more than a single mutation in a cell to cause cancer / A cell can initiate a tumor only when it contains two mutant alleles

question

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are genes that normally function by

answer

Repairing damaged DNA, Signaling cells that have damaged DNA to undergo apoptosis, Repair chromosomal damage (all of the above)

question

Mutations that cause the cell to divide rapidly even in the absence of a signal to divide are usually mutations of

answer

Proto-oncogenes

question

A mutation that results in a protein that is shorter than normal is most likely a

answer

Nonsense mutation

question

What would happen if the enzyme that makes DNA added a nucleotide to the middle of a coding region of a gene?

answer

It would change the reading frame of the DNA and possibly lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein made from that gene

question

Mutations in DNA occur during

answer

DNA duplication

question

Proto-oncogenes are

answer

Required for normal cell division

question

In normal cells tumor suppressor genes are

answer

Required for DNA repair or programmed cell death

question

Mutations in p53 a tumor suppressor are often cancer-causing. p53 normally functions by:

answer

Inducing apoptosis

question

If you suspect that your sister may develop breast cancer because your mother has had this disease, what test would you suggest your sister get and what would you conclude from her result?

answer

Have your sister get a genetic test for BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 and if those tests are negative, encourage your sister to get regular mammograms anyways, since there could be another, yet undiscovered, genetic mutation that could make her susceptible to getting breast cancer later in her life

question

A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by promoting cell division is most likely to be a

answer

Proto-oncogene

question

A mutation in a _____ cell will not be passed onto offspring, whereas a mutation in a _____ cell might be passed to offspring

answer

Somatic; germ

question

What amino acid sequence is encoded by the mRNA shown bellow?

answer

Met - Pro - Ser - Asp - Gly

question

How would the amino acid sequence change if the nucleotide denoted by the arrow changed to A

answer

The sequence would end after two amino acids

question

A mouse has 20 pairs of chromosomes (40 chromosomes total) this means that mouse somatic cells are:

answer

Diploid

question

What was a key component in Grego Mendel's experiments that led to the discovery of the laws of inheritance

answer

Pure breeding lines of plants with properties that remained constant, His analysis of discrete alternative forms of each trait he studied, He controlled the matings that were used in his experiments (all of the above)

question

The condition when a heterozygote is identical in phenotype to the dominant homozygote is called

answer

Dominance

question

One cystic fibrosis-causing allele has three consecutive nucleotides deleted from the coding sequence of the CFTR gene. Consequently, the altered CFTR protein:

answer

is missing a single amino acid, and is non-functional

question

Recombination occurs when homologous chromosome pairs are close together during

answer

Meiosis I

question

A normal human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) during the G1 phase. How many total chromatids does a cell that is just about to begin Mitosis have? How about one that is just about to begin Meiosis I?

answer

92; 92

question

(True or False) In both mitosis and meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair along the Metaphase plate

answer

False

question

Use a punnett square to answer this question: if a mother and father are both carriers for cystic fibrosis (CF) a recessive trait, what is the expected percentage of offspring who will be affected by CF?

answer

25%

question

In order for a developling fetus to be "masculinized" in the uterus...

answer

The baby must have a Y chromosome, sex hormones must be produced, the androgen receptor must be functional (all of the above)

question

Use a Punnett square to answer this question: If a mother is affected by a recessive X-linked trait and a father is not affected by it, what is the expected percentage of male offspring who will be affected by it?

answer

100%

question

_____ occurs when two alleles contribute equally and independently to a phenotype such that the phenotype is not a blend, but the full expression of both alleles

answer

Codominance

question

A person with B (Rh-) blood type will have an immune reaction to which donor?

answer

A (Rh-) and AB (Rh+)

question

If you suspect that a 40 year old pregnant woman may be carrying a fetus with Down's syndrome, what test would you suggest doing and what outcome would you expect?

answer

Do a karyotype of the fetus' chromosomes and expect to see an extra 21st chromosome

question

BOOK Q's

answer

:)

question

Following mitosis and cytokinesis daughter cells are

answer

Genetically identical to each other and the parent cells

question

During the cell cycle DNA is replicated during

answer

S

question

If a cell fails to replicate its DNA completely what will happen?

answer

It will pause to allow DNA replication to complete

question

A normal cell that sustains irreparable amounts of DNA damage will most likely

answer

Die by apoptosis

question

Which type of cancer treatment relies on purified chemicals to kill rapidly dividing cells

answer

Chemotherapy

question

After a bad sunburn skin usually peels. What process best described what happens to the burned skin cells?

answer

Apoptosis

question

What is the role of BRCA1 is normal cells

answer

BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene that produces a DNA repair protein that helps detect and repair mutations

question

In an otherwise normal cell what happens if one mistake is made during DNA replication?

answer

A cell cycle checkpoint detects the damage and pauses the cell cycle so the error can be corrected

question

Which of the following can cause cancer to develop and progress?

answer

An oncogene and a mutated tumor suppressor gene

question

Someone with a BRCA1 mutation

answer

is at increased risk of developing breast cancer

question

Why does wearing sunscreen reduce cancer risk?

answer

Sunscreen can reduce the chance of mutations caused by exposure to Uv radiation present in sunlight

question

If you wanted to change your lifestyle to reduce your risk of developing cancer which of the following behaviors would be important?

answer

Limiting alcohol consumption wearing sunscreen avoiding exposure to tobacco by avoiding exposure to pesticides

question

How many chromosomes are present in one of your liver cells?

answer

46 (23 pairs)

question

How many chromosomes are present in one of your gametes?

answer

23

question

A human female has ____ chromosomes in each skin cell and ____ chromosomes in each of her egg.

answer

46; 23

question

A woman is heterozygous for the CF-associated gene (the alleles are represented here by the letters A and a). Assuming that meiosis occurs normally, which of the following represent eggs that she can produce?

answer

Either A or a

question

Describe at least two major differences between mitosis and meiosis.

answer

Mitosis starts with a diploid cell and produces two genetically identical diploid cells. Meiosis also starts with a diploid cell but, because of recombination, results in the formation of four haploid cells containing new genetic combinations of alleles

question

What is the genotype of a person with CF?

answer

homozygous recessive

question

Which of the following most influences the development of a female fetus?

answer

The absence of the Y chromosome

question

What are more males than females affected by X-linked recessive genetic diseases?

answer

Males have only one x chromosome whereas females have two. Recessive traits occur when only recessive alleles are present. Males have only one allele of each X linked gene because they have one x chromosome therefore if they have the recessive allele they will develop the recessive genetic disease. Females are less likely to be affected because their recessive allele can be masked by a dominant allele

question

If a man has an X-linked recessive disease can his sons inherit that disease from him? Why or why not?

answer

If a male has an x linked recessive disease he cannot pass it to his son because the father must pass the Y chromosome to his son. The x chromosome in males will always come from the mother

question

If you are blood type A-positive to whom can you safely donate blood? Who can safely donate blood to you?

answer

The only possible recipient for an A+ donor is type A+. The possible donors to an A+ recipient are type A+, type A-, type O+ and type O-

question

CHAPTER 9

answer

:)

question

What are some of the potential hazards of unregulated herbal supplements

answer

Contents varying from bottle to bottle, Contents varying from pill to pill, Contents could contain other drugs, No data on safety for human consumption (all of the above)

question

Chemotherapy is

answer

using chemicals to treat a disease

question

Cell division is key to understanding cancer because

answer

Cancer is a disease of unregulated cell division, Cell division is a highly regulated process, Proto-oncogenes usually are genes that normally regulate cell division (all of the above)

question

What lifestyle choices can cause cancer?

answer

Tanning, smoking, sexually trasnmitted diseases (all of the above)

question

The majority of the cell cycle during which a cell is preparing to divide is collectively called ______

answer

interphase

question

A cell with 20 chromosomes during G1 phase undergoes mitosis. If one sister chromatid somewhoe lost its centromere how many chromosomes would the two daughter cells inherit assuming mitosis and cytokinesis were otherwise unaffected?

answer

19 and 21

question

Which of the following best describes what would happen if cell skipped past both G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle (but still went through S phase)

answer

Daughter cells would inherit half the normal number of organelles, Daughter cells would be half the normal size

question

What is the target of the three methods for fighting cancer (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy)

answer

Killing rapidly dividing cancer cells

question

Genes that encode proteins that regulte the cell cycle may be associated with controlling

answer

Programmed cell death, whether a cell enters S phase or stays in G1, whether a cell enters mitosis or stays in G2 (all of the above)

question

True or false: apoptosis refers to the spread of cancer from one location in the body to another

answer

false

question

Radiation therapy is best described as

answer

the use of ionizing (high-energy) radiation to treat cancer

question

CHAPTER 10

answer

:)

question

When a company holds a patent for a gene, as Myriad genetics does for BRCA 1

answer

none of the above

question

A mutation is

answer

a change in DNA sequence

question

A woman has a mutation in the BRCA1 gene, which is known to be associated with the development of breast cancer this means

answer

That this woman has a higher statistical likelihood of developing cancer

question

If a gene becomes mutated, but it is non lethal and it is passed to offspring it will then be a

answer

allele

question

Skin cancer is usually caused by mutations accumulating in skin cells. However, having parents that developed skin cancer increases your risk for developing it. Why?

answer

Parents can pass on mutations in their germ cells that increase skin cancer risk

question

Which of the following statements are true regarding a mutagen and carcinogen

answer

Both damage DNA

question

CHAPTER 11-12

answer

:)

question

Homologous chromosomes

answer

Have the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles of each gene

question

Meiosis is the process by which human cells form haploid _______ which later recombine with other cells during fertilization to form a _____

answer

Gametes; diploid zygote

question

Draw one set of chromosomes being separated during Meiosis I. How would you describe these chromosomes

answer

They are a homologous pair

question

How many total chromosomes/chromotids does a human cell that just finished Mitosis have? How about one that has just finished Meiosis II?

answer

46; 23

question

If a person inherits one allele from one parent and the same allele from another parent this person will be ______ with respect to that gene. A person who has two different alleles will be ______

answer

homozygous, heterozygous

question

True or false: independent assortment of different chromosomes takes place during Meiosis I

answer

True

question

Human somatic cells have 22 pairs of ____ and one pair of sex chromosomes

answer

Autosomes

question

The human X chromosome is

answer

None of the above

question

X linked traits

answer

usually affect men more than women

question

Use a punnet square to answer this Q: if a mother is a carrier of an X linked trait and a father is affected by it, what is the expected percentage of female offspring who will be affected by it?

answer

50%

question

Why does the Y chromosome change less than the X chromosome over time (through multiple generations)

answer

In women the X chromosome undergoes recombination

question

A person with AB (RH+) blood type will have an immune reaction to which blood type

answer

none of the above

question

Down syndrome can be caused by

answer

Trisomy 21, An abnormal karyotype, and aneuploidy caused by a non disjunction event

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