Clinical questions for exam #2 – Flashcards
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Johnny lacerated his arm and rushed home to Mom so she could fix it. His mother poured hydrogen peroxide over the area and it bubbled vigorously where it came in contacted with the wound. Because you can expect that cells were ruptured in the injured area, what do you think was happening here?
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The oxidases of ruptured peroxisomes were converting the hydrogen peroxide to water and (free) oxygen gas (which causes the bubbling).
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The epidermis (epithelium of the cutaneous membrane or skin) is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Explain why that epithelium is mush better suited for protecting the body's external surface than a mucosa consisting of a simple columnar epithelium would be.
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Generally speaking, stratified epithelia consisting of several cell layers are more effective where abrasion is a problem than are simple epithelia (consisting of one cell layer.)
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Streptomycin (an antibiotic) binds to the small ribosomal subunit of bacteria (but not to the ribosomes of the host cells infected by bacteria). The result is the misreading of bacteria mRNA and the breakup of polysomes. What process is being affected, and how does this kill the bacterial cells?
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Streptomycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. If the bacteria are unable to synthesize new proteins (many of which would be essential enzymes), they will die.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (often simply called lupus) is a condition that sometimes affects young women. It is a chronic (persistent) inflammation that affects all or most of the connective tissue proper in the body. Suzy is told by her doctor that she has lupus, and she asks if it will have widespread or merely localized effects within the body. What would the physician answer?
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Considering connective tissue is the most widespread tissue in the body and is found either as part of or is associated with every body organ, the physician will most likely tell her that she can expect the effects of lupus to be very diffuse and widespread.
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Mrs. Linsey sees her gynecologist because she is unable to become pregnant. The doctor discovers granulation tissue in her vaginal canal and explains that sperm are susceptible to some of the same chemicals as bacteria. What is inhibiting the sperm?
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Granulation tissue secretes substances that kill bacteria.
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Sarah, a trainee of the electron microscopist at the local hospital, is reviewing some micrographs of muscle cells and macrophages (phagocytes cells). She notices that the muscle cells are loaded with mitochondria while the macrophages have abundant lysosomes. Why is this so?
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Mitochondria are the sit of most ATP synthesis, and muscle cells use tremendous amount of ATP during contraction. After ingesting bacteria or other debris, Phagocytes, muscle digest them explaining the abundant lysosomes.
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Bradley tripped and tore one of the tendons surrounding his ankle. In anguish with pain, he asked his doctor how quickly he could expect it to heal. What do you think the doctors response was and why?
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Recovery will be long and painful because tendons, like other dense connective tissue structures, are poorly vascularized.
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In normally circulating blood, the plasma proteins cannot leave the bloodstream easily and, thus, tend to remain in the blood. But if stasis (blood flow stoppage) occurs, the proteins will begin to leak out into the interstitial fluid. Explain why this leads to edema (water buildup in the tissues).
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[Edema will occur because the filtration pressure exercise by the blood forces blood proteins into the interstitial space, and water follows down its concentration gradient.
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Phagocytes gather in the airsacs of the lungs, especially in the lungs of smokers. What is the connection?
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Phagocytes engolf and remove debris from the body tissue. A smokers lung would be expected to have carbon particles.
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Mrs. Delancy went to the local meat market and bought a beef tenderloin (cut from the loin region along the steers vertebral column) and some tripe (cows stomach). what type of muscle was she preparing to eat in each case?
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The loin is skeletal muscle. Tripe is smooth muscle.
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Mrs. Ibanez volunteered to help the local hospital for children with cancer. when she first entered the cancer ward, she was upset by the fact that most of the children had no hair. What is the explanation of their baldness?
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Chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer kills the most rapidly dividing cells in the body, including many matrix cells in the hair follicles, thus, the hair falls out.
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A new mother brings her infant to the clinic, worried about a yellowish, scummy deposit that has built up on the babies scalp. What is the condition called and is it serious?
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The baby has Seborrhea, or cradle cap, a condition of over active sebaceous glands. It is not serious, the oily deposit is easily removed with attentive washing and steps forming.
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Patients in hospital beds are rotated every 2 hours to prevent bedsores. Exactly why is this effective?
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Bedridden patients are turned around so no part of their body is laying on one spot for too long to deprive the blood supply to the skin to prevent bedsores.
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Eric and his wife are of northern European descent. Eric is a proud new father who was in the delivery room during his daughters birth. He tells you that when she was born, her skin was purple and covered with a cream-cheese-like substance. Shortly after her birth, her skin turned pink. Can you explain these observations?
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Baby was cyanotic from lack of oxygen when born. Problem resolved by breathing. Vernix caseosa, a cheesy substance made by the sebaceous glands covered by her skin. Substance helps to prevent the fetus skin in utero.
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Would you expect to find the highest rate of skin cancer among the Blacks of tropical Africa, research scientists in the Arctic, Norwegians in the Southern United States, or Blacks in the United States? Explain your choice.
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Norwegians in the Untied States. They originate in the region where the sun is always far away from them and have very fair skin; hence they have little protective melanin.
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After studying the skin in anatomy class, Toby grabbed the large roll of "love handles" at his waist and said, " I'm not fat, I just have too thick a hypodermis, but that's okay because this layer performs some valuable functions! What are the functions of the hypodermis?
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Besides storing fat as a source of nutrition, the hypodermis anchors the skin to underlying structures ( such as muscles) and acts as an insulator against heat loss.
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A man got his finger caught in a machine at the factory. The damage was less serious than expected, but the entire nail was torn off his right index finger. The parts lost were the body, root, bed, matrix, and cuticle of the nail. First, define each of these parts. Then, tell if this nail is likely to grow back.
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The body of a nail is its visible, attached part ( not its white free edge). The root is the proximal part that is embedded in skin. The bed is the part of the epidermis upon which the nail lies. The matrix is the proximal part of the nail bed, and it is responsible for nail growth. The cuticle is the skin fold around the perimeter of the nail body. Because the matrix is gone, the nail will not grow back.
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In cases of a ruptured appendix, what serous membrane is likely to become infected? Why can this be life threatening?
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The peritoneum will be inflamed and infected. Because the peritoneum encloses so many richly vascularized organs, a spreading peritoneal infection can be life threatening.
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Mrs. Gaucher received second-degree burns on her abdomen when she dropped a kettle of boiling of water. She asked the clinic physician (worriedly) if she would have to have a skin graft. What do you think he told her?
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He probably told her that regeneration would occur, and grafts would not be needed if infection was avoided.
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What two factors in the treatment of critical third-degree burn patients are absolutely essential?
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Replacing lost fluid and electrolytes and prevention of infection.
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Both newborn and aged individuals have very little subcutaneous tissue. How does this affect their sensitivity to cold?
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Fat is a good insulator, so its lack or decrease results in a greater sensitivity to cold.
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Antonio is hit in the face with a football during practice. An X-Ray reveals multiple fractures of the bones around an orbit. Name the bones that form margins of the orbit.
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7 bones; Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ethmoid
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Mrs Bruso, a Woman in her 80's, is brought to the clinic with a fractured hip. X rays reveal compression fractures in her lower vertebral column and extremely low bone density in her vertebrae, hip bones and femurs. What are the condition, cause and treatments?
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Mrs. Bruso has severe osteoporosis in which her bones have become increasingly fragile. The postmenopausal deficit of estrogen has placed her bones at risk. Weight-bearing exercise and supplemental calcium will probably be prescribed.
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Jack, a young man, is treated at the clinic for an accident in which he hit his forehead. When he returns for a checkup, he complains that he can't smell anything. A hurried X ray of his head reveals a fracture. What part of which bone was fractured to cause his loss of smell?
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The cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone, which surround the olfactory nerves. These plates are quite fragile and are often crushed by a blow to the front of the skull. This severs the olfactory nerve fibers, which cannot grow back
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A middle-aged woman comes to the clinic complaining of stiff, painful joints and increasing immobility of her finger joints. A glance her hands reveals knobby, deformed knuckles. For what condition will she be tested?
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Rheumatoid arthritis, fairly common in middle-aged women, causes this deformity.
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At his 94th birthday party, James was complimented on how good he looked and was asked about his health. He replied, "I feel good most of the time, but some of my joints ache and are stiff, especially my knees, hips, and lower back, and especially in the mornings when i wake up."A series of X rays and an MRI scan taken a few weeks earlier had revealed that the articular cartilages of these joints were rough and flaking off, and bone spurs (overgrowths) were present at the ends of some of James's bones. What is James's probable condition?
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James has all the classic signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis.
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Janet, a 10 year-old girl, is brought to the clinic after falling out of a tree. An X ray shows she has small fractures of the transverse processes of t3 to t5 on the right side. Janet will be watched for what abnormal spinal curvature over the next several years?
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Janet will be watched for signs of scoliosis because of injury to thoracic vertebrae ( and probably associated muscles) on one side of the body.
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The serving arm of many tennis players is often significantly larger (thicker) than the other arm. Explain this phenomenon.
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The serving arm is subjected to much greater physical (mechanical) stress because of the additional requirements to serve the ball. Consequently, the bones will grow thicker to respond to the greater stress.
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Jerry is giving cardiopulmonary resuscitation to Ms. Jackson, an elderly woman who has just been rescued from the waters of Cape Cod Bay. What bone is he compressing?
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The sternum is compressed during CPR.
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Rita's bone density scan revealed she has osteoporosis. Her physician prescribed a drug that inhibits osteoclast activity. Explain this treatment.
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Osteoporosis is the deterioration and breakdown of bone matrix. Osteoclasts are all cells that cause this breakdown.
