question

A chromosomal mutation where a segment breaks off, flips, and then reattaches itself is called a(n):

answer

duplication

question

What is the difference between mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair?

answer

In mismatch repair, one nucleotide is replaced, whereas in nucleotide excision repair several nucleotides are replaced.

question

Sites in the genome that are more susceptible to mutations are called:

answer

hotspots

question

True or false: DNA ligase is responsible for repairing thymine dimers caused by UV light.

answer

false

question

True or false: A chromosomal mutation where a segment lacking a centromere breaks off is called a deletion.

answer

true

question

True or false: Insertion of one nucleotide in a gene will lead to a frameshift mutation.

answer

true

question

Which of the following mechanisms would most likely be involved in repairing a single point mutation?

answer

mismatch repair and or base excision repair

question

When comparing DNA sequences of similar genes for proteins in related species, you see that some of the sequences are longer in one species compared to the other. Which of the following would most likely represent the extra number of bases that you would see?

answer

21

question

Which of the following would describe the action of a chemical compound considered to be a mutagen?

answer

Most are reactive and add bulky side groups to DNA bases.

question

The rates of evolutionary change in DNA:

answer

are highly variable among different gene families.

question

A point mutation that causes a premature stop codon is called a:

answer

nonsense mutation

question

DNA repair

answer

an involve excision of bases flanking a distortion in the helix

question

Sickle-cell anemia is an example of what type of mutation?

answer

missense

question

Which of the following mutations would most likely have the most severe consequence?

answer

frameshift

question

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for initiating the proofreading repair mechanism?

answer

DNA polymerase

question

True and false: Even though the chance of a mutation for one given nucleotide is rare, mutations are rather common when looking at the whole genome.

answer

true

question

True or false: The use of antibiotics is creating the mutations in bacteria that make them resistant to these antibiotics.

answer

false

question

True or false: Any deviation in normal gene dosage is lethal.

answer

false

question

A person has a mutation in the gene for DNA uracil glycosylase. What is the most likely result of this mutation?

answer

an increase in mutations

question

True or false: Movable DNA sequences that can "jump" from one spot in the genome to another are called transposable elements.

answer

true

question

You are working in a lab studying a gene and notice that there are many other genes that code for similar traits.

answer

duplication and divergence

question

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is caused when a segment of chromosome 9 and a segment of chromosome 22 both break off and switch places. How is this mutation classified?

answer

reciprocal translocation

question

Which of the following would best describe the results seen in a flower whose sectors have different pigmentation?

answer

the result of transposable elements

question

If DNA repair mechanisms were perfect, which of the following would most likely result?

answer

Evolution as we know it would stop because mutations are the only agent that gives us new genetic variation.

question

What is one reason that RNA viruses and retroviruses have such a high rate of mutation?

answer

because RNA is more fragile than DNA and because viral polymerases lack a proofreading mechanism.

question

Sites in the genome that are more susceptible to mutations are called:

answer

hotspots

question

A chromosomal segment that breaks off and inserts into its homologous chromosome is what type of mutation?

answer

translocation

question

True or false: Mutagens increase the amount of damage to DNA.

answer

true

question

Mutations:

answer

can leave the protein sequence intact

question

True or False: A point mutation is when a single nucleotide gets replaced by a different one.

answer

True

question

A chromosomal mutation where a segment breaks off, flips, and then reattaches itself is called a(n) inversion. duplication. translocation. reciprocal translocation. deletion.

answer

Inversion

question

True or False People with Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cannot properly execute base excision repair.

answer

False

question

True or False The use of antibiotics is creating the mutations in bacteria that make them resistant to these antibiotics.

answer

False

question

True or False Dosage refers to the number of copies of each gene in a chromosome.

answer

True

question

The fact that humans have a relatively large number of mutations per genome per generation when compared to other organisms can be explained by: most of these mutations happen after reproduction, so they wouldn't be selected against. humans are so complex we have multiple proteins doing the same job. most of a human's DNA is noncoding, so most of the mutations are neutral. humans have multiple proteins doing the same job, and our cells don't divide as often as other those of other organisms. human cells don't divide as often as those of other organisms.

answer

most of a human's DNA is noncoding, so most of the mutations are neutral.

question

True or False Any DNA "damage" is considered to be a mutation, even if it is immediately correct by the action of DNA polymerase.

answer

False

question

True or False Loss of a pyrimidine base is one of the most common types of DNA damage.

answer

False

question

Mutation rates (of nucleotides): are higher in organisms with larger genomes. are similar across all organisms. are lower in organisms with larger genomes. are highest in viruses. are highest in the bacteria.

answer

are highest in viruses.

question

When comparing DNA sequences of similar genes for proteins in related species, you see that some of the sequences are longer in one species compared to the other. Which of the following would most likely represent the extra number of bases that you would see?

answer

21

question

A gene that normally has the sequence CAGAGCCTATTAGGC is replicated as CAGAGCTGACGAGGC. Which of the following repair mechanisms would most likely be employed to fix this replication error? base excision repair nucleotide excision repair base excision repair and/or nucleotide excision repair DNA polymerase proofreading None of the answer options is correct.

answer

nucleotide excision repair

question

Genetic risk factors? can increase the likelihood of somatic mutations. can increase the likelihood of germ-line mutations. can work synergistically with environmental risk factors. can be heritable. All of the answer options are correct.

answer

All of the answer options are correct.

question

Which of the following would best describe the results seen in a flower whose sectors have different pigmentation? the result of the plant being triploid the result of the plant being tetraploid the result of a germ-line mutation the result of transposable elements the result of a deletion

answer

the result of transposable elements

question

Which of the following statements concerning cancer and mutations is correct? Cancer can only occur with a mutation in a somatic cell. Cancer can only occur with a mutation in a germ cell. Usually multiple mutations are required in different genes to cause cancer. Usually a single mutation is all that is required to cause cancer. None of the answer options is correct.

answer

Usually multiple mutations are required in different genes to cause cancer.

question

Which of the following statements is true concerning the work of the Esther and Joshua Lederberg? Their work demonstrated that mutations are determined by an organism's "needs." Their work demonstrated that mutations cannot occur randomly within organisms. Their work relied on a technique of bacterial culture known as "replica-plating," and demonstrated that mutations occur randomly within organisms. Their work relied on a technique of bacterial culture known as "replica-plating." Their work demonstrated that mutations in organisms arise in response to environmental conditions.

answer

Their work relied on a technique of bacterial culture known as "replica-plating," and demonstrated that mutations occur randomly within organisms.

question

The amount of new mutations in living organisms following a round of genome replication: generally increases with larger genomes. generally decreases with larger genomes. is similar independent of genome size. is highest in the bacteria. None of the answer options is correct.

answer

generally increases with larger genomes.

question

True or False Spontaneous mutations that occur in somatic cells will be transmitted to offspring.

answer

False

question

What is one reason that RNA viruses and retroviruses have such a high rate of mutation? because RNA viruses and retroviruses initially cause mutations during replication because RNA replication is much more prone to mistakes because they lack a proofreading mechanism because RNA is more fragile than DNA and therefore more likely to be damaged because RNA is more fragile than DNA and because viral polymerases lack a proofreading mechanism.

answer

because RNA is more fragile than DNA and because viral polymerases lack a proofreading mechanism.

question

Normally in corn, genes for waxy and virescent kernel appearance are linked. In a certain stock, however, it was found that these two genes assort independently. Which chromosomal aberration would explain this? translocation inversion duplication deletion None of the answer options is correct.

answer

Translocation

question

Sickle-cell anemia is an example of what type of mutation? missense frameshift silent nonsense base pair deletion

answer

Missense

question

The amount of new mutations in living organisms following a round of genome replication: generally increases with larger genomes. generally decreases with larger genomes. is similar independent of genome size. is highest in the bacteria. None of the answer options is correct.

answer

Generally increases with larger genomes

question

_____ is the process where new genes evolve from duplicates of old ones. Reciprocal translocation Inversion Duplication and divergence Deletion Centromere dosage

answer

Duplication and divergence

question

Which of the following would you expect to have the lowest nucleotide mutation rate? DNA viruses bacteria fruit flies humans RNA viruses

answer

Humans

question

A trinucleotide of 5'CTC3' or 5'TTC3' is transcribed and then translated into the amino acid glutamic acid. A trinucleotide of 5'CAA3' or 5'TAC3' is transcribed and then translated into valine. In sickle-cell hemoglobin, valine is present instead of glutamic acid. Assuming a single base pair substitution has occurred, what is the mRNA code for valine in the affected mutant? GAA CUU GAG GUA

answer

GUA

question

____ are locations in the genome where the sequence is incorrectly synthesized.

answer

Mutations

question

_____ are cells of the body. We want low mutation rates in the cells of the body to preserve cellular integrity.

answer

Somatic cells

question

_____ are produced by germ cells. Mutations in the germ cells can produce a heritable trait in the offspring.

answer

Gametes

question

True or False: Mutation is quit common.

answer

True

question

True or False: Lots of mutations don't actually cause disease, they just increase your risk.

answer

True

question

ONE of the genes that controls the cell cycle does not by itself cause cancer, but it does substantially increase your risk of developing cancer. Instead of three subsequent mutation to the same cell line, it will only take _______ to result in cancer.

answer

2

question

_____ change a single nucleotide

answer

Point mutations

question

_____ occur either in non-coding DNA, or do not impact the amino acid coded for by the codon.

answer

Silent mutations

question

Silent mutations are also known as a _______ mutation.

answer

synonymous mutation.

question

_____ mutations are when an incorrect amino acid is incorporated into the protein. An example is sickle cell anemia.

answer

Missense

question

Missense mutations are also known as a ____mutation.

answer

non-synonomous

question

_______ mutation results when a stop codon is accidentally created. This causes protein synthesis to terminate pre-maturely.

answer

A nonsense

question

A single point mutation results in incorrect _____ that results in red blood cells unable to carry oxygen.

answer

protein folding

question

_____ elements are genes or gene fragments that can move throughout the genome. _____ can interfere with gene expression.

answer

Transposable , Transposons

question

_____ mutations can result in the loss or gain of the genetic material.

answer

Chromosomal

question

______ can result in offspring with two copies of a gene, or no copies of a gene. This is often how gene families develop. The mutated form of the gene may evolve a different function or may be turned on at different times.

answer

Duplication and deletion

question

With ______ - there is a back up copy!

answer

gene function

question

______is when a section of a chromosome is inserted in the reverse direction.

answer

Inversion

question

A _____ translocation is when segments of non-homologous chromosomes switch places.

answer

reciprocal

question

_____ can correct for incorrect base pairing, but requires deletion of several base pairs to excise the incorrect nucleotide.

answer

Mismatch repair

question

______ excision repair excises and replaces a single incorrect or damaged nucleotide.

answer

Base

question

_____ exision repair removes an entire segment of damaged DNA.

answer

Nucleotide

question

______ are altered forms of base pairs.

answer

Tautomeres

question

(TAUTOMERES) These damaged base pairs need to be removed through either _____ repair or ______repair.

answer

Base excision or nucleotide excision

ch 14 biology – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards