Mini exam 3 bio – Flashcards

According to Figure 13.8 below, which one of the following accurately lists the taxonomic groups in order of increasing genome size (i.e., from smallest to largest)? A. bacteria, teleosts, salamanders, mammals B. salamanders, mammals, teleosts, bacteria C. teleosts, bacteria, salamanders, mammals D. , teleosts, mammals, salamanders E. None of the answer options is correct.

Which one of the following characteristics is true of all viruses? (Choose all that apply.) They contain a DNA genome. They have a protein coat called a capsid. They must infect a host cell to reproduce. They are surrounded by a lipid envelope.

True or false: Claudia had a 50-50 chance of inheriting the mutation on the BRCA1 gene because half of her DNA was inherited from her father, who carries the mutation. true false

According to the phylogenetic tree showing evolutionary relationships among viruses in Figure 13.6 below, which one of the following is most closely related to the human lentivirus HIV2? a cat lentivirus a simian lentivirus another human lentivirus a cow lentivirus a horse lentivirus

Figure 13.3 (below) provides examples of various types of sequences that can be found in a segment of double-stranded DNA. Which one of the following is most likely to be protein-coding? tandem repeat noncoding RNA single-copy gene dispersed repeat simple-sequence repeat

Sometimes a single-stranded molecule of RNA is able to fold back on itself because the nucleotide sequence on one part of the RNA is complementary to another part. This sequence motif results in a: hairpin-shaped structure. transcription factor binding site. positive supercoil. negative supercoil. chromosome scaffold.

Sequences of genomic DNA and its corresponding messenger RNA (mRNA) are often compared to obtain valuable information for genome annotation. Why is this comparison useful? The open reading frame of the mRNA includes the introns of the genomic DNA. The sequences of genomic DNA and mRNA are identical, which serves as independent validation. The genomic DNA is shorter because the exons are spliced together. The genomic DNA is longer because the exons are spliced together. The exclusion of introns in mRNA reveals the intron-exon structure of many protein coding gen

The human genome has 23 distinct types of chromosomes. How many individual DNA molecules would be present in the nucleus of a human skin cell just before mitosis? 92 23 46 69 roughly 23,000

How many pairs of chromosomes does the human genome normally have? 46 38 23 6 15

Which one of the following is not found in a bacterial nucleoid? enzymes proteins All of the answer options are found in a bacterial nucleoid. histones supercoiled DNA

Which one of the following best describes why genome sequencing can be complicated by repeated sequences? The repeated sequences are too small to gather usable sequence information from. Repeated sequences artificially inflate the genome size, leading to an exaggerated interpretation of the complexity of the organism. All of the answer options describe why genome sequencing can be complicated by repeated sequences. Automated sequencing devices interpret repeated sequences as a single sequence. The repeated sequences are often longer than the sequences obtained by automated sequencing.

Using Table 13.1, determine which species has more genes than humans. gut bacterium (Escherichia coli) fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mustard plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)

What percentage of the human genome actually codes for proteins? 45.0% 99.0% 1.0% 2.5% 97.5%

Polypoidy, which is widespread among plants, can arise from which of the following processes? (Choose all that apply.) introduction of DNA from one species into another via insects and birds deletion of long stretches of noncoding DNA over time expansion of regions of highly repetitive DNA duplication of a complete set of chromosomes in a single species hybridization between related species followed by duplication

Which of the following represent repeated sequences commonly found in the human genome? (Choose all that apply.) two or three pase pair sequences dispersed throughout the genome several thousand base pair sequences in tandem two or three base pair sequences repeated many times in a row several thousand base pair sequences dispersed throughout the genome

True or false: protozoa comprise the taxonomic group with the broadest range of genome sizes, including the smallest and largest genome, among all eukaryotes. Consult Figure 13.8 below if necessary.

Insertions and deletions of single nucleotides: cause cancer. cause frameshift mutations. cause nonsense mutations. add or delete amino acids to/from the normal polypeptide. shorten chromosomes.

The effect of an insertion or deletion of a small number of nucleotides depends on: (select all that apply) where it occurs on a chromosome. whether it involves purine or pyrimidine bases. whether it occurs in a germ-line cell or somatic cell. whether it occurs in a coding region or non-coding region of the DNA. its size.

In large genomes, most reciprocal translocations occur in: closed reading frames. coding DNA. inversion regions. open reading frames. noncoding DNA.

According to Figure 14.2 below, the average number of new mutations that occur across an entire human genome in one generation is around ____________ times higher than in nematodes 2 10 1000 10,000 100

The enzyme ____________ repairs 99% of mismatched bases immediately during replication. AP endonuclease uracyl glycosylase None of the answer options is correct. DNA polymerase DNA ligase

family can share a genetic risk of developing cancer if: a somatic cell mutation in one of the genes implicated in the cancer occurred in an ancestor. the cancer is caused by germ-line mutations. a germ-line mutation in one of the genes implicated in the cancer occurred in an ancestor. the cancer is caused by somatic cell mutations. All of the answer options are correct.

Match the environmental agent with the type of DNA damage it causes. 1. X-rays 2. UV radiation 3. tobacco smoke 4. exposure to oxidizing agents such as household bleach or hydrogen peroxide a. Addition of bulky sidegroups that hinder proper base pairing b. Breaks in one or both of the sugar-phosphate backbones c. Cross-links between adjacent pyrimidine bases d. Loss of a base from one of the deoxyribose sugars, resulting in a gap in one DNA strand

The most important chromosomal mutations are those that affect the: telomere. None of the answer options is correct. short arm. long arm. centromere.

9. We have a family of genes that code for different forms of myosin. How different do you think these gene sequences are from each other? some differences in sequence, some similarities completely the same, identical base sequence completely different, no identical base sequences

10. Reciprocal translocations can affect gene dosage because: None of the answer options is correct. reciprocal translocation involves the duplication of one set of genes and the deletion of another set of genes. the two chromosomes involved in the translocation always assort together during meiosis. the two chromosomes involved in the translocation may not assort together during meiosis. the genes involved in the translocation are nonfunctional.