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sexual orientation

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this describes who we are attracted to and have the potential for loving

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homosexual

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: comes from Greek work homo (means same), a person who is attracted to the same sex as they are

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heterosexual

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someone who is attracted to people of opposite gender

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bisexual

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person who is attracted to both genders

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lesbian

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female homosexuals, traced to female greek poet who lived on island of Lesbos in 600 BC, Sappho, she wrote love poetry to other women, she was married with a child but later in life she focused on other women

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the term gay

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is preferred by gay activists, Why? They feel like term homosexual has many negative connotations associated with it

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straight

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someone who is attracted to opposite gender

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queer

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used by gay activists, this term is more broad, includes gays, lesbians, and trans-genders

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attitudes towards gays and lesbians

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2004 survey found: 58% of americans thought same sex relations were wrong

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homophobia

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irrational fear of homosexuals

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antigay prejudice

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negative attitudes towards gay and lesbians

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heterosexism

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belief that heterosexuality is the norm

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Hate Crimes against LGB's

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Males report more than females In Adults: 19% of women report having hate crimes against them and 28% of men In Youth: 80% have had verbal harassment, 11% have had physical harassment, 9% have been sexually assaulted

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Hate Crimes Statistics Act passed in 1990

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law passed that said hate crimes against someone because of their sexual orientation is illegal, protected gays and lesbians as a minority; LGB's still experience job and wage discrimination

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Don't Ask Don't Tell

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1993 Bill Clinton began this, in the military, meaning you can be in the military but they won't ask about sexual orientation and they don't want you to tell them

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2% to 3 % of child abusers are

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homosexuals

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covert

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still in the closet, "under cover"

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overt

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you have made it public knowledge, have come out of the closet

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covert homosexual

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you can be this and still be married and have children but prefer to be with your same sex

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overt homosexual

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typically live openly within a community of other LGB's

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More discrimination against

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gay men than lesbians

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coming out

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when you acknowledge to oneself and others that you are gay or lesbian, the person is vulnerable at this time, psychologically and emotionally, after coming out there is often a period of exploration, you typically have first relationships, then there is the integration stage where person becomes a fully functioning member of the LGB society or society at large or both

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after coming out...

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Person then identifies as homosexual. This identity development has six stages: identity confusion, identity comparison, identity tolerance, identity acceptance, identity pride, and identity synthesis

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identity confusion

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they may try to be heterosexual because that's expected but this causes identity confusion, who am I?

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identity comparison

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I may be homosexual because being heterosexual doesn't feel right

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identity tolerance

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they say I probably am homosexual, they are tolerating their homosexuality, they seek out other homosexuals and these people are very important

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identity acceptance

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I am homosexual

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identity pride

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they further identify with homosexuals, they increase their coming out of the closet, they often think it's homosexuals vs. heterosexuals (us vs them)

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identity synthesis

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they are able to synthesize their public and private identity and they learn that there are bad homos and bad heteros

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Internet has positive impact on identity. Why?

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before people felt isolated,Provides info gives them opportunity to connect with others, because of this interaction it can foster a positive self image

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In U.S., what happened after WWII?

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Gay communities began to expand and flourish

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First activist groups

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50's and 60's, supported the gays

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AIDS crisis of 1980's

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cemented the gay community

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How did Nazis identify gay men?

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A Greek triangle

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Greek letter Lambda

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used with pride

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pride marches

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show solidarity

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use of slang

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shows solidarity

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gay bath

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social gathering place, has many rooms; involves some sort of water activity, swimming pool, hot tubs, etc.; place for anonymous sex (big cause of spread of AIDS); many closed due to the AIDS crisis, they are coming back now but in a different way

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Metropolitan Community Church

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a gay and lesbian church

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newspapers and magazines

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to publish their stories or advertise in their communities

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Advocate College Guide for LGBT Students

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a guide for what colleges have best atmosphere for LGBT students

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lesbian and gay families have children by

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adoption artificial insemination children from previous heterosexual relationships

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concerns for children in gay/lesbian families

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1) will they have gender or sexuality identity crisis? 2) will they have psychological problems? 3) will they have difficulties in relationships Answer to all of these is NO 1) majority of these children are heterosexual 2) their mental health is the same 3) they have similar social skills and popularity

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Most important factor in raising healthy children..

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is to have at least one supportive accepting parent.

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What did the AAP do in 2002?

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They issued a statement in support of adoption by gay parents

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exclusively homosexual stats

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men: 2% women: 1%

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At least one homosexual experience as an adult

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10% of men and women

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Men and women who have attractions to same sex

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4% of men and women, doesn't mean they acted on it

question

More men than women claim they are

answer

homosexual

question

Kinsey believes a continuum is most accurate in rating

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sexual behavior, sexual behavior is not either/or.

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Kinsey's continuum

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0________________3__________________6 Only Equal amounts Only Heterosexual Homosexual

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Kinsey believes

answer

it is hard to define a homosexual, we should talk of homosexual behavior, not homosexuality

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Kinsey's point

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he didn't want to define a homosexual person, just look at the behavior; how may homosexual encounters does it take to make you a homosexual?

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alternative to Kinsey's scale

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Use a two dimensional scale with, Heteroeroticism (arousal to opposite gender) and Homoeroticism (arousal to own gender), Bisexual person would be high on both, Asexual person would be low on both

question

only heterosexual stats

answer

men 90%, women 90%

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only homosexual stats

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men 2%, women 1%

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Had at least one same-gender experience

answer

10%

question

Sexual Orientation and Mental Health

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we used to think that homosexuals were mentally ill

question

before the 1900's

answer

people thought homosexuality was a sin, mental illness was also seen as a sin

question

20th century

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homosexuality was seen as a sickness

question

currently homosexuals...

answer

they don't want to be seen as sick or sinful and they don't need to be healed or cleansed of their sins

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Four Types of Research Studies on Mental Health and Homosexuals

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clinical studies, studies with control groups, non-patient research, population studies

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clinical studies

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a) looked at homosexuals in therapy b) they found that they were abnormal c) they found they were poorly adjusted and neurotic Assumption of this study: assumed they were mentally ill and they just found evidence to support it; problem: they were already in therapy for something else

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studies with control groups

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a) asked if homos have more psychological issues that heteros b) found there were more disturbances and adjustment issues in homos c) homos had more suicide attempts, more neurosis, more disturbed family relationships This study was circular in design because: they were asking if they had more issues than heteros but they were comparing them to heteros; it doesn't give concrete info

question

non-patient research

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looked at groups not in therapy were compared to group of heteros not in therapy Found: There is no evidence to support: differences between the groups, there is no evidence to support idea that homos are sick or poorly adjusted

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in 1973 APA

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removed homosexuality from list of psychiatric disorders

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population studies

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a) uses random samples from general population of homos and heteros b) found: higher depression rates among gays and lesbians than in heteros c) also found: higher suicide attempts in LGB youth Results have been debated: Percentage-wise: there were more LGB attempted suicide but 90% of LGB youth didn't attempt it

question

Therapy to change Sexual Orientation

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Conversion Therapy or Reparative Therapy

question

Conversion Therapy or Reparative Therapy

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a) it has existed for over 100 years b) often performed by far right religious groups c) treatment is inhumane: they would show you slides of nude men and then give them electric shock (for gay men), perform surgery by castrating these men or do brain surgery to remove the "gay gene" (horrible results) d) they view homosexuality as an illness to be cured e) these treatments don't change someone's sexual orientation, they just make them feel guilty about it f) APA did come out with a statement that these types of treatments were inhumane and should not be allowed

question

Biological theories as to why people are gay

answer

genetic, prenatal, brain, hormonal

question

genetic theory

answer

studies of twins led to theory, there probably is a genetic link to sexual orientation because studies of twins has led to it, identical twins tend to have same sexual orientation, there is a possible influence of 3 different genes these are found on chromosome 7, 8, and 10, Several genes contribute to sexual orientation, can't just be one

question

prenatal theory

answer

variation in prenatal development is cause of homosexuality, mother's with extreme stress may lead to homo children, studies done on mothers during WWII, mother's stress reduces amount of testosterone to fetus and low testosterone leads to homosexuality With female fetuses high levels of estrogen may produce lesbian behavior, DES (estrogen given to women who are pregnant) has been linked to more homosexual and bisexual behavior in women

question

birth order of gay men

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homo men are more likely to have older siblings (later born), and more likely to have older brothers not older sisters

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brain theory

answer

may have anatomical differences; LeVay researched this

question

LeVay's work found

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there are anatomical differences in a group of cells in hypothalamus in brains of gay and straight men, straight had twice the size

question

criticisms of LeVay

answer

sample was small, 19 gay men, 16 straight men, 6 straight women, all of gay men had died of aids as well of one of the women, no lesbians included in study, records stated they were gay, he assumed others were not gay (they could've been covert gay men)

question

hormonal theory

answer

there are no hormonal differences

question

learning theories

answer

rewards and punishments shape our behavior, believes people are born sexual, not heterosexual or homosexual, if early experiences reward you for being hetero you will continue it, and vice versa, orientation is learned

question

Interactionist Theory: Bem's Theory: (1996)

answer

believes the Exotic (foreign) becomes Erotic, Due to: when you hit puberty; interaction between biological factors and environmental experiences, Bem believes: biology affects temperament, and temperament is many things: aggressiveness and activity level, These two factors show gender differences: Boys are: more aggressive and more active and they typically play: with boys (same temperament), then see others: as different (exotic), this leads them to: feel general autonomic arousal around unfamiliar people, This arousal becomes: sexual arousal

question

for heterosexuals

answer

exotic people are opposite gender because they haven't spent a lot of time with them

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Gays and Lesbians have more history of

answer

childhood non-conforming play than heteros, boys and girls didn't play as they were "supposed" to play

question

Criticisms of Bem's theory

answer

1) there is evidence that contradicts his theory and he doesn't discuss it 2) he only looked at the male experience but he said it would be the same for females just in reverse

question

Sociological Theory

answer

emphasis is on labels and their effects, labels in our society effect our sexual orientation, basic premise: society is negative about homosexuality, therefore, society labels behavior that is different and not liked as homosexual, this contains and continues negative connotations of homosexuality, may also be a self-fulfilling prophecy; If behavior is labeled as homosexual then the person may become convinced that they are behaving as homo and will live a homo lifestyle

question

Reiss' Theory of Sexual Identification

answer

In societies that have rigid gender roles women raise the children, Therefore these boys don't have a chance to learn male roles from an adult male so they model after women and become feminine and are labeled as homosexual, Some boys may simply reject rigid roles assigned to men and not choose to model after them because they bonded after the females, Evidence does support idea that in societies with rigid gender roles there is more homosexuality, There is greater amounts of homosexuality in societies with high maternal involvement and low paternal involvement; Reiss calls this the "negative pathway" to homosexuality, A positive pathway is seen when gender roles are not as rigid, Here, people can explore roles and choose to identify with certain people.

question

we do not know

answer

what causes homosexuality

question

no single theory

answer

explains all cases

question

assuming all gays are similar

answer

is not true

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There may be types of homosexuals

answer

so we should identify types instead of looking at all homosexuals as one

question

Differences between Gay Men and Lesbians

answer

women are more likely to be bisexual than men are, women are less likely to be exclusively homosexual, women have more change over time with their sexual orientation

question

arousal for gay men and lesbians

answer

Gay men are aroused by male stimuli, straight men aroused by female stimuli, women, both gay and straight, show arousal to both male and female stimuli

question

birth order

answer

gay men more likely to have late birth order and multiple older brothers, not true for lesbians

question

african americans

answer

less tolerant of homo than whites or latinos

question

both black and latino men

answer

men are more likely to behave in homo ways but still identify as hetero

question

in Mexican culture

answer

the role that is played defines his sexual preference, anal intercourse is preferred because it is most like vaginal intercourse, oral sex is rare in homo men, penetrating partner is still viewed as hetero but receiving partner is viewed as homo

question

in Anglo culture

answer

both men in homo encounter seen as gay

question

in Egypt

answer

penetrating partner is hetero and receiving partner is homo

question

lesbians in latin culture

answer

much harder to be a lesbian due to cultural definition of women (mother, wife, daughter, granddaughter)

question

chinese americans

answer

2 rules which impact: 1) there is public behavior and private behavior in all of their sexuality, 2) family loyalty and family roles are more important than individual choices and desires

question

cultural differences tell us

answer

cultures set their own definitions of homosexuality, some ethnic groups that are more disapproving of homosexuality than US whites

question

bisexuality

answer

sexual orientation toward men and women; slang term is AC-DC

question

numbers of bisexuality

answer

more common than exclusive homosexuality Men: 1.8% are bisexual Women: 2.8% of women are bisexual

question

fence sitters

answer

sometimes bisexual women are referred to as this because lesbians feel that they betray the lesbian cause because they can act straight or lesbian whenever convenient

question

LUGs

answer

"lesbians until graduation", refers to women who act lesbian in college and then shift to heterosexuality conveniently after college

question

some gays don't believe bisexuality is..

answer

true

question

some heterosexuals are hostile towards...

answer

bisexuals

question

sex

answer

sexual behavior

question

gender

answer

male or female

question

gender identity

answer

psychological sense of being male or female

question

sexual orientation

answer

if you're hetero, homo, or bi

question

sexual identity

answer

one's self label as hetero, homo or bi

question

Monogamy is an Issue for Bisexuals

answer

some believe bisexuals can't be monogamous, how frequent to bisexual encounters for you to be bi

question

bisexual identity

answer

report first having identity in early to mid 20's, men have homosexual relations first then hetero relations, women are opposite, have hetero first then homo

question

deprivation homosexuality

answer

(or Situational Homosexuality), people in prison who don't have access to other gender

question

gender identity

answer

determined in pre-school years

question

sexual identity

answer

happens later and still develops in adulthood

question

question should be

answer

why are some homo and other hetero? Causes?

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