Psychology Final Practice Test – Flashcards
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Which of the following is not an example of an anxiety disorder? a.bipolar disorder b.panic disorder c.obsessive-compulsive disorder d.phobic disorder
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a. bipolar disorder
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For the past year Melvin has been worrying constantly about minor things. He has a chronic, high level of anxiety and has been experiencing dizziness, sweating, and heart palpitations. Melvin's symptoms are consistent with those seen in a.phobic disorder b.panic disorder c.generalized anxiety disorder d.obsessive-compulsive disorder
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c. generalized anxiety disorder
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A phobic disorder is marked by a.persistent, uncontrollable thoughts and the urge to engage in senseless rituals b.a persistent and irrational fear of objects or situations that present no real danger c.chronic, high anxiety levels that are not tied to any specific threats d.recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur suddenly and unexpectedly
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b. a persistent and irrational fear of objects or situations that present no real danger
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Kass has experienced several recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occurred suddenly and unexpectedly. She is now concerned about being in public because she is never sure when or where she will be overcome by anxiety. In this case Kass is displaying symptoms consistent with a.agoraphobia b.claustrophobia c.bipolar disorder d.obsessive-compulsive disorder
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a. agoraphobia
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Elbert finds that he can't stop thinking about all the germs that could contaminate him when he touches something. No matter where he is, or what he is doing, he finds he can't stop thinking about possible contamination. Elbert's uncontrollable and unwanted thoughts illustrate the concept of a.a compulsion b.a delusion c.an obsession d.brontophobia
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c. an obsession
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According to cognitive theories, some people are more likely to suffer from problems with anxiety because they tend to a.misinterpret threatening situations as harmless b.selectively recall information that seems threatening c.focus insufficient attention on perceived threats d.show signs of communication deviance
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b. selectively recall information that seems threatening
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For the past month Akiem seems to have lost interest in most of his normal activities. He feels constantly gloomy and unable to make decisions. He has had difficulty sleeping and he is constantly fatigued. Akiem's symptoms are most consistent with those seen in a.depressive disorder b.bipolar disorder c.generalized anxiety disorder d.a schizophrenic disorder
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a. depressive disorder
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Delusions involve a.perceptual distortions such as hearing nonexistent voices b.jumbled, vague, fragmented speech patterns c.false beliefs that are maintained even though they are out of touch with reality d.a deterioration in routine functioning and personal care
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c. false beliefs that are maintained even though they are out of touch with reality
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Charlotte believes that she is a member of the Russian royal family, and that her neighbors are American agents who want to destroy her. Charlotte's symptoms are most consistent with those seen in a.catatonic schizophrenia b.disorganized schizophrenia c.undifferentiated schizophrenia d.paranoid schizophrenia
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d. paranoid schizophrenia
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Chester sometimes sits for hours in extremely rigid positions. At other times he displayed frenzied motor activity. Chester's symptoms are most consistent with those seen in a.catatonic schizophrenia b.paranoid schizophrenia c.undifferentiated schizophrenia d.disorganized schizophrenia
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a. catatonic schizophrenia
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Jana has almost completely withdrawn from all social interactions. When she talks she is incoherent, and she no longer attends to her own personal care. Jana's symptoms are most consistent with those seen in a.disorganized schizophrenia b.catatonic schizophrenia c.undifferentiated schizophrenia d.paranoid schizophrenia
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a. disorganized schizophrenia
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Psychoanalysis is based on the assumption psychological problems are caused by a.unconscious conflicts left over from early childhood b.incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality c.environmental conditions that support maladaptive behaviors d.imbalances among key neurotransmitters in the brain
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a. unconscious conflicts left over from early childhood
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During free association, clients are encouraged to a.remember and describe the content of any dreams they have recently had b.spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings with as little censorship as possible c.relate to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives d.actively confront irrational beliefs and negative thoughts
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b. spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings with as little censorship as possible
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Clifford has been in psychoanalysis for several months but lately he has been late for most of his appointments, and in some cases has simply not shown up for appointments. Clifford's behavior is hindering the progress of his therapy. According to Freud, Clifford's behavior may be evidence of a.insight b.incongruence c.resistance d.transference
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c. resistance
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Transference refers to a.unconscious attempts to subvert or hinder the therapeutic process b.relating to the therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in the client's life c.conscious attempts to extend therapy once insight has been achieved d.active confrontation of irrational beliefs and negative thoughts
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b. relating to the therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in the client's life
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Modern therapies based on Freud's principles of psychoanalysis are known collectively as a.client-centered approaches to therapy b.behavioral approaches to therapy c.free-ranging approaches to therapy d.psychodynamic approaches to therapy
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d. psychodynamic approaches to therapy
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Carl Rogers maintained that most personal distress is due to a.incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality b.unconscious conflicts left over from early childhood c.environmental conditions that support maladaptive behaviors d.imbalances among key neurotransmitters in the brain
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a. incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality
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According to Carl Rogers, the three critical components in therapy are a.incongruence, transference, and resistance b.free association, empathy, and directive feedback c.genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy d.clarification, unconditional positive regard, and social reinforcement
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c. genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy
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Dr. Quimby is a psychotherapist who is nonjudgmental and who communicates honestly and spontaneously with her clients. She encourages them to talk openly about their concerns but she keeps her interpretation and advice to a minimum. She feels her job is to provide feedback that helps her clients sort out their own feelings. Dr. Quimby is most likely a.a psychodynamic therapist b.a behavioral therapist c.an unsuccessful psychotherapist d.a client-centered therapist
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d. a client-centered therapist
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The basic idea behind various forms of behavior therapy is that problem behaviors a.have been learned, and can therefore be "unlearned" b.result from unresolved unconscious conflicts c.can be traced to problems in the individual's self-concept d.stem from a lack of personal responsibility
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a. have been learned and can therefore be "unlearned"
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The goal of systematic desensitization is to a.weaken the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus b.strengthen the association between the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response c.strengthen the association between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response d.weaken the association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response
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d. weaken the association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response
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The behavioral therapy which attempts to replace learned anxiety with learned relaxation is a.systematic desensitization b.aversion therapy c.insight therapy d.operant conditioning
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a. systematic desensitization
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Aversion therapy is a behavioral therapy in which a.an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an desirable response b.a pleasant stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response c.an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response d.a pleasant stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response
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c. an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response
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Which of the following concepts or people asserts that abnormal behavior is best thought of as an illness? a.the behavioral model b.the medical model c.Carl Rogers d.Abraham Maslow
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b. the medical model
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An individual gets sudden, paralyzing attacks of anxiety and fears going out in public away from her house. Which anxiety disorder does this describe? a.generalized anxiety disorder b.phobic disorder c.obsessive-compulsive disorder d.agoraphobia
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d. agoraphobia
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Paralysis or loss of feeling that does not match underlying anatomical organization or appear to have a biological cause is a symptom of a.somatization disorder b.conversion disorder c.hypochondriasis d.malingering
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b. conversion disorder
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An individual thinks he is Jesus Christ. He also believes that, because he is Christ, people are tying to kill him. Assume that this individual is not correct - he is not Christ, and people are not trying to kill him. Which of the following would be the most likely diagnosis? a.multiple personality disorder b.paranoid schizophrenia c.obsessive-compulsive disorder d.catatonic schizophrenia
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b. paranoid schizophrenia
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The disorder marked by striking motor disturbances ranging from rigidity to random motor activity and incoherence is termed a.catatonic schizophrenia b.multiple personality c.dissociative disorder d.paranoid schizophrenia
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a. catatonic schizophrenia
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A court declares that because of a mental illness, an individual is not responsible for his criminal actions. The individual is a.insane b.psychopathic c.psychotic d.schizophrenic
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a. insane
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Prior to the 18th century, people who exhibited abnormal behavior were thought to be __________ and were treated through __________. a.possessed by evil spirits; exorcism b.mentally ill; exorcism c.mentally ill; verbal psychotherapy d.possessed by evil spirits; drug therapy
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a. possessed by evil spirits; exorcism
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The DSM classification system is said to be "multiaxial." This means that the system a.permits multiple diagnoses of a single individual b.asks for judgments about individuals on numerous separate dimensions c.allows many different potential methods of diagnosing people d.is characterized by poor reliability
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b. asks for judgements about individuals on numerous separate dimensions
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Dave washes his hands at least 50 times per day, even though his hands are rarely dirty. Dave's behavior is an example of a.an obsession b.a phobia c.a compulsion d.a delusion
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c. a compulsion
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Conversion reactions involve a.the deliberate faking of physical illness b.apparent physical illness caused by psychological factors c.genuine physical illness caused in part by psychological factors d.psychological disorders that respond to medical intervention
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b. apparent physical illness caused by psychological factors
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Most authentic cases of multiple-personality disorder have in common a background of a.extremely overprotective parents b.a traumatic childhood characterized by physical, emotional, or sexual abuse c.extremely distorted communication patterns in the family d.having been reinforced for "crazy" behavior
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b. a traumatic childhood characterized by physical, emotional or sexual abuse
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Inflated self-esteem, distractibility, heightened emotionality, and grandiose planning are all symptoms associated with a.fugue states b.the manic phase of bipolar disorders c.dissociative disorders d.obsessive-compulsive disorders
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b. the manic phase of bipolar disorders
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When a client begins relating to his psychoanalyst as though she were his mother, we have an example of a.transference b.free association c.catharsis d.restructuring
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a. transference
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The major emphasis in client-centered therapy is to provide the client with a.interpretation of unconscious thinking b.cognitive restructuring c.feedback and clarification d.good advice
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c. feedback and clarification
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Which of the following behavior therapy techniques would most likely be used to treat a fear of flying? a.systematic desensitization b.aversive conditioning c.modeling d.biofeedback
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a. systematic desensitization
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Which of the following therapies would be most likely to employ aversive conditioning? a.psychoanalysis b.behavior therapy c.biomedical therapies d.client-centered therapy
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b. behavior therapy
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Compared to psychologists, in their provision of therapy psychiatrists tend to a.emphasize biomedical treatments more b.use group therapies more often c.use behavior therapies more often d.spend less time working with severely disturbed patients
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a. emphasize biomedical treatments more
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Rogers believed that client-centered therapists must provide unconditional positive regard for their clients. In other words, they must a.provide warmth and caring only when clients' behavior is appropriate b.communicate with clients in an honest and spontaneous manner c.understand the client's world from the client's point of view, and be able to communicate this d.show complete, nonjudgmental acceptance of the client as a person
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d. show complete, nonjudgmental acceptance of the client as a person
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Therapists who tend to see symptoms as the problem rather than as signs of more internal, underlying problems are a.cognitive therapists b.behavior therapists c.psychodynamic therapists d.humanists
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b. behavior therapists
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Eclectic therapists a.commit themselves to just one theoretical approach b.utilize only the insight approaches to therapy c.use ideas and techniques from a variety of therapeutic approaches d.refuse to adjust their techniques to the unique needs of each client
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c. use ideas and techniques from a variety of therapeutic approaches
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The Rorschach test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are both examples of a.aptitude tests b.projective tests c.self-report inventories d.achievement tests
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b. projective tests
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In psychological testing the most appropriate synonym for reliability would be a.comprehensiveness b.consistency c.accuracy d.validity
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b. consistency
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Dr. Tremblay has had 17 students repeat his advanced Calculus class over the past five years. Each time, the student's grade for the second attempt in the course was nearly identical to the grade received on the first attempt. This leads Dr. Tremblay to conclude that his testing procedures a.provide valid measures of student ability b.are well standardized c.successfully measure abstract reasoning skills d.provide reliable measures of student ability
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d. provide reliable measures of student ability
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Instructors who are creating classroom exams should be especially concerned with a.criterion-related validity b.construct validity c.content validity d.test-retest reliability
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c. content validity
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A test that can be used to accurately estimate future performance in a given area is said to have high a.content-validity b.test-retest reliability c.test norms d.criterion-related validity
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d. criterion-related validity
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Twelve-year-old Rita received an IQ score of 75 on the original Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age would be a.9 b.16 c.12 d.impossible to determine without more information
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a. 9
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When Jacob was five he was burned quite badly while he was playing in the kitchen. Jacob is now 30 years old, and he has no memory of the accident or the hospital stay. When his parents talk to him about it he is convinced they are confused and that the accident must have happened to one of his brothers. According to Freud, the memory of the accident is in Jacob's a.preconscious b.unconscious c.conscious d.subconscious
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b. unconscious
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According to Freud, the id is the portion of our personality that a.operates according to the reality principle and makes decisions b.incorporates social standards of right and wrong c.houses raw biological urges and operates according to the pleasure principle d.houses material which is not in current awareness, but which can be easily retrieved
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c. houses raw biological urges and operates according to the pleasure principle
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According to Freud, the portion of our personality which seeks to delay gratification until appropriate outlets and situations can be found is the a.the preconscious b.the id c.the superego d.the ego
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d. the ego
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Roland has extremely strong moral standards. However, whenever he fails to live up to the high standards he sets for himself, Roland becomes overwhelmed by feelings of guilt and anxiety. Freud would most likely suggest that Roland's personality is dominated by a.feelings of incongruence b.his superego c.his id d.his ego
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b. his superego
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Donavon hates his boss. To deal with the anxiety of working for someone he dislikes intensely Donavon has convinced himself that his boss can't stand him, and that his boss purposely gives Donavon all the bad assignments in the company. According to Freud, Donavon may be unconsciously dealing with the anxiety caused by his feelings toward his boss by using the defense mechanism of a.reaction formation b.projection c.displacement d.denial
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b. projection
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Rationalization is a defense mechanism in which a.false but plausible excuses are created to justify unacceptable behavior b.distressing thoughts and feelings are buried in the unconscious c.an individual reverts to immature pattern of behavior d.a person refuses to face up to unpleasant realities
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a. false but plausible excuses are created to justify unacceptable behavior
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The defense mechanism that is at work when a person diverts emotional feelings (such as anger) from their original source to a substitute target is a.projection b.denial c.reaction formation d.displacement
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d. displacement
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According to Freud, the handling of a child's feeding experiences is crucial to subsequent development during the a.anal stage b.phallic stage c.oral stage d.latency stage
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c. oral stage
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Garth has just turned four, and he has starting acting with hostility toward his father. At the same time, he wants his mother's undivided attention all the time. According to Freud, Garth would currently be in the a.genital stage of personality development b.latency stage of personality development c.phallic stage of personality development d.anal stage of personality development
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c. phallic stage of personality
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In Skinner's view, personality is a.a product of unconscious motivation and conflict b.a collection of response tendencies that are tied to one's reinforcement history c.the result of observational learning and role models d.a function of internal biological processes
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b. a collection of response tendencies that are tied to one's reinforcement history
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Dr. Que believes that early childhood experiences have no more influence on personality than later experiences have, and she thinks that our personality is simply a collection of response tendencies that have been learned and are emitted in different situations. Dr. Que's views most closely mirror those of a.Sigmund Freud b.Carl Rogersr c.B.F. Skinner d.Sidney Sheldon
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c. B.F. Skinner
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Alex is a shy person who seldom socializes with other people. He has found that if he keeps to himself he seldom feels anxious or worried about what other people might be thinking. Based on principles of operant conditioning, Alex's shyness is most likely a result of a.positive reinforcement b.punishment c.negative reinforcement d.extinction
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c. negative reinforcement
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Sara is a dishonest individual who has a tendency to lie. She has found that when she lies she is usually able to get what she wants from other people. Based on principles of operant conditioning, the dishonest aspect of Sara's personality is most likely a result of a.negative reinforcement b.punishment c.extinction d.positive reinforcement
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d. positive reinforcement
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Kermit used to be a fairly generous individual, but it seemed that whenever he would loan money to one of his friends he was never repaid. Consequently, Kermit is no longer a generous individual. Based on principles of operant conditioning, Kermit's lack of generosity is most likely a result of a.punishment b.positive reinforcement c.negative reinforcement d.extinction
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a. punishment
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The theoretical orientation to personality that emphasizes humans' unique potential for personal growth is a.the psychodynamic approach b.the behavioral approach c.the biological approach d.the humanistic approach
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d. the humanistic approach
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If your self-concept is reasonably accurate, it is said to be a.congruent with reality b.incongruent with reality c.conditional on acceptance d.unconditional on acceptance
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a. congruent with reality
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Fourteen-year-old Elsie knows that she has made some bad choices at times, and these choices have gotten her into serious trouble on a number of occasions. However, she is confident that her parents love her, in spite of her mistakes. Based on the theory developed by Carl Rogers, Elsie perceives her parents' affection as __________ and she is likely to develop __________ in her self-concept. a.conditional; incongruence b.unconditional; congruence c.unconditional; incongruence d.conditional; congruence
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b. unconditional; congruence
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According to Carl Rogers, when parents make their affection unconditional and show affection to their children, they are promoting a.observational learning and identification b.congruence between their children's self concept and their actual experiences c.incongruence between their children's self concept and their actual experiences d.the resolution of the Oedipal conflict
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b. congruence between their children's self concept and their actual experiences
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As we move up in Maslow's needs hierarchy, the needs that emerge become a.more social and less biological b.more congruent and less incongruent c.more biological and less social d.more incongruent and less congruent
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a. more social and less biological
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According to Maslow, growth needs such as the need for knowledge, understanding, and aesthetic beauty will not become activated until a.the need for love and belongingness, and esteem needs have been met b.a person's need for self-actualization has been activated c.a person develops a congruent self-concept d.other people begin to provide unconditional love and acceptance
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a. the need for love and belongingness, and esteem needs have been met
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Maslow suggested that the characteristics of self-actualizing individuals include a.total congruence and a strong superego b.extroversion, openness, and agreeableness c.spontaneity and a balance between polarities in personality d.dependence on others and a need to belong
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c. spontaneity and a balance between polarities in personality
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Which of the following statistics is generally used to estimate reliability and validity? a.the correlation coefficient b.the standard deviation c.the percentile score d.the median
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a. the correlation coefficient
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What kind of validity do tests such as the SAT and ACT particularly strive for? a.content validity b.construct validty c.absolute validity d.predictive validity
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d. predictive validity
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Professor Meeny has been known to administer exams that have exam questions on topics not covered in the course. Professor Meeny's students are upset at the fact that his exams are so low in a.reliability b.predictive validity c.content validity d.concept validity
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c. content validity
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In a normal distribution of information, most persons will be found a.in the center of the distribution b.to the far right in the distribution c.to the far left in the distribution d.on both extremes of the distribution
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a. in the center of the distribution
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Someone attributes his thoughts or feelings to someone else. For example, although he chronically interrupts people, he thinks that other people interrupt him. What Freudian defense mechanism is illustrated? a.rationalization b.reaction formation c.regression d.projection
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d. projection
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Although Osmo at an unconscious level has great hatred for Cosmo, he believes that he likes Cosmo and, to the outside world, gives all the appearance of liking him. Which defense mechanism is Osmo using? a.regression b.reaction formation c.projection d.rationalization
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b. reaction formation
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According to Mischel, what is the major factor that predicts human behavior? a.childhood experience b.specifics of the situation c.extraversion and introversion d.central and peripheral traits
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b. specifics of the situation
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Which of the following tends to emphasize freedom and personal growth in its view of human behavior? a.the psychoanalytic approach b.the biological approach c.the behavioral approach d.the humanistic approach
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d. the humanistic approach
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According to Rogers, what causes incongruence? a.an inherited sense of irony b.conditional acceptance or affection c.unconditional acceptance or affection d.unconditioned stimuli
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b. conditional acceptance or affection
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Herb had the desire and potential to be a violinist but became, instead, a trader in hog futures. He decided never to touch the violin again. What is wrong with Herb, according to Maslow? a.He suffers from incongruence. b.He suffers from castration anxiety. c.He has not achieved self-actualization. d.He has an inferiority complex.
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c. he has not achieved self-actualization
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According to the psychoanalytic view, many important life choices and decisions are based on a.rationality and logic b.unconscious urges and mechanisms c.weighing pros and cons of one's actions before behaving d.the distinction between the real self and the ideal self
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b. unconscious urges and mechanisms
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John worries about his tendency toward abusing animals, so he joins the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. John's behavior can be viewed as an example of a.reaction formation b.projection c.regression d.rationalization
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a. reaction formation
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The personality theory of Carl Rogers is known as a.the Gestalt approach b.social comparison theory c.rational-emotive theory d.person-centered theory
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d. person-centered theory
