psych 203 chapter 15 – Flashcards
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psychotherapies
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a helping relationship between the professional and the person in need of help
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categories of therapy
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1. insight therapy 2. behavior therapy 3. biomedical therapy
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types of clients
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-dont all necessarily have identifiable psychological disorder - most common is excessive anxiety and depression -women, people with insurance, and people with more education are more likely to seek treatment
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barriers to seeking treatment
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lack of health insurance, stigma associated with mental health services
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Therapists
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-most commonly psychologists and psychiatrists -psychiatric social workers - psychiatric nurses - counselors
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clinical and counseling psychologists
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specialize in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and behavioral problems -require doctoral degree
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characteristics of psychologists
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more likely to use behavioral methods over psychoanalysis - conduct psych testing and carry out research
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psychiatrists
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physicians who specialize in treatment of psychological disorders -focus on more severe disorders (schizophrenia) -earn MD and emphasize drug therapies -more likely to use psychoanalysis
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psychiatric social workers
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work as part of treatment team with psychologists/psychiatrists -have masters degree, help with community integration
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psychiatric nurses
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earn bachelor or masters degree working with hospitalized patients
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insight therapies
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involve verbal interactions intended to enhance client's self knowledge, promoting healthy change in personality and behavior
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types of insight therapies
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1. psychoanalysis 2. client centered therapy 3. positive psychology 4. group therapy
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psychoanalysis founder
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Sigmund Freud
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psychoanalysis
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emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association, dream analysis, transference
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probing the unconscious
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using two techniques to probe unconscious in attempt to identify unresolved conflicts causing neurotic behavior -free association -dream analysis
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free association
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part of psychoanalysis, clients spontaneously express thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur with as little censorship as possible
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dream analysis
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therapists interprets symbolic meaning of client's dreams
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interpretation
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involves the therapists attempts to explain the inner significance of the client's thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors
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resistance
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involves largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder progress of therapy
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transference
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occurs when clients start relating to therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
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client centered therapy
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an insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy
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creator of client centered therapy
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Carl Rogers - help clients build self-concepts more congruent with reality
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therapeutic climate
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Rogers believed 3 elements necessary for positive change 1. genuineness 2. unconditional positive regard from therapist (no judgement) 3. empathy from therapist
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therapeutic process
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client and therapist work as equals -therapist role is to clarify, reflect client's statement with enhanced clarity
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main goal of therapy
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help clients become more aware of and comfortable with genuine selves
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therapies inspired by positive psychology
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1. well being therapy 2. positive psychotherapy
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well-being therapy creator
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Giovanni Fava
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well being therapy
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focuses on self-acceptance, purpose in life, autonomy, and personal growth
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positive psychotherapy
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attempts to get clients to recognize strengths, appreciate blessings, savor positive experiences, forgive those who have wronged them, and find meaning
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group therapy
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simultaneous treatment of several or more clients (5-10) -participants function like therapists for eachother -focus is on emotional support
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advantages of group therapy
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1. clients realize problems are not unique 2. provides opportunity to practice and enhance social skills 3. certain problems well suited to group therapy (AA)
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couple therapy
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involves treatment of both partners in committed intimate relationship
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family therapy
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treatment of a family unit, main focus is on family dynamics and communication
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evaluating insight therapies
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1. hard to compare effectiveness of one type to another due to allegiance effect: researchers find most support for therapeutic approach they use 2. most people find it superior to placebo and produces lasting effects
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factors making insight therapies effective
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1. developing alliance with professional 2. emotional support/empathy from professional 3. cultivation of hope and positive expectations 4. provision of rationale for ones problems and methods for alleviations 5. opportunity to express feelings, gain insight, learn new patterns of behavior
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controversy of therapy and recovered memories
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- not possible to be certain if memories are real -false memories can be implanted in experimental conditions -clients confused by source of troubles can be persuaded by therapists
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assumptions of behavior therapy
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1. behavior is a product of learning 2. what has been learned can be unlearned
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systematic desensitization
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a behavior therapy used to reduce client's anxiety responses through counterconditioning -goal is to break down association between conditioned stimulus and conditioning response of anxiety
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anxiety hierarchy
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a list of progressively more frightening versions of the conditioned stimulus
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progression of systematic desensitization
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1. anxiety hierarchy 2. client trained in deep muscle relaxation 3. client pairs techniques
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aversion therapy
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a behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a undesirable response (nausea inducing drug with alcohol) -used with gambling, shoplifting, smoking
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social skills training
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a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills emphasizing modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping
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progression of social skills training
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1. client watches socially skilled people demonstrate successful interactions 2. client practices techniques in role play exercises (behavioral rehearsal) 3. shaping is used to get clients to handle gradually more difficult situations
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cognitive therapy
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a treatment that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
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creators of cognitive therapy
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Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
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Beck's cognitive therapy theories
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-depression is caused by errors in thinking, people with depression likely to: 1. blame setbacks on personal inadequacies 2. focus selectively on negative events 3. make overly pessimistic projections about the future 4. draw negative conclusions about self-worth
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goals of cognitive therapy
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to change the way clients think, therapists goal is to help detect automatic negative thoughts and use more reasonable standards of evaluation
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evaluating behavior/cognitive therapies
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these therapies are generally very effective especially for depression, phobias, OCD, schizophrenia, sexual dysfunction, drug problems, hyperactivity, autism
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biomedical therapies
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psychological interventions intended to reduce symptoms of psychological disorders 1. drug therapy 2. electroconvulsive
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psychopharmacotherapy
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treatment of mental disorders with medication 4 categories: 1. antianxiety 2. antipsychotic 3. antidepressant 4. mood stabilizers
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antianxiety drugs
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relieve tension, apprehension, nervousness -valium and Xanax -risk of abuse, withdrawal, dependancy
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antipsychotic drugs
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used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms: hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, delusions
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types of antipsychotic drugs
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Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol
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treatment with anti-psychotics
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work over 1-3 weeks, reduce symptoms in 70% of patients -side effects include dry mouth, constipation, drowsiness, tremors, muscular rigidity, impaired coordination
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tardive dyskinesia
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a neurological disorder marked by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movement, is irreversible
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atypical antipsychotics
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new drug class, lower risk of side effects, increased risk of CVD and diabetes
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antidepressant drugs
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gradually elevate mood and bring people out of a depression -increased societal reliance last 15 yrs
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types of antidepressants
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SSRIs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, affecting serotonin (Zoloft)
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SSRIs
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-work on some anxiety disorders - cause weight gain, sleep problems, sexual dysfunction -may possibly increase risk of suicide in adolescents
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mood stabilizers
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drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders -lithium
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side effects of lithium
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toxicity or death at high concentrations, kidney and thyroid gland problems
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pros and cons of drug therapies
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pro: drugs can provide relief for severe disorders not possible with other therapies cons: drugs only treat symptoms, not causes -overprescribed/overmedication -side effects may be worse than treated symptoms
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electroconvulsive therapy
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biomedical treatment where electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions
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characteristics of ECT
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-used primarily for depression - patients given light anesthetic and muscle relaxers to prevent spinal fractures -applied for 1 sec - typically 3 treatments a week for 2-7 wks
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effectiveness of ECT
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-relapse rates high, 64% patients in 1 study relapsed in 6 mos -some say it is effective for those who do not respond to meds -
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risks of ECT
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-memory loss and impaired attention can be mild temporary side effects -critics say these can be more serious and sometimes permanent
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eclectic therapists
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borrow insights, ideas and techniques from a variety of sources, tailoring intervention strategy to each client -common when treatment team is used
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multicultural sensitivity barriers and treatment
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1. cultural barriers: some cultures emphasize family or clergy help over professional help -difficulty trusting medical communities 2. language barriers: effective communication is critical, this can be a significant barrier to treatment 3. institutional barriers: most therapists only trained to interact with white middle class clients
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ways to improve multicultural sensitivity
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recruit and train minority therapists, train in how to work with culturally diverse clientele, research how to modify approaches to increase compatibility
