9.3 CHANGING ATTITUDES AND VALUES
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Who made up the middle class?
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business people and professionals, as well as teachers, office workers, shopkeepers, and clerks
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How did the division of labor in middle-class households change?
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Most husbands went to work in an office or shop, while most wives stayed at home to raise their children.
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Did the same division of labor happen in the working class?
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No, working-class men and women both had to work in order to earn a living.
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cult of domesticity
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Books, magazines, and popular songs supported a cult of domesticity that idealized women and the home.
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How had the social order changed by the late 1800s?
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Three distinct social classes emerged—upper, middle, and working class—and middle-class values and tastes were idealized.
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Temperance movement
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A campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages. Argued not only that drinking threatened family life, but that banning it was important for a productive and efficient workforce.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Crusaded against slavery before organizing a movement for women's rights.
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women's suffrage
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women's right to vote, emerged in the later 1800s
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Sojourner Truth
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an African American suffragist, is believed to have replied, \"Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mudpuddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman?\"
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What were the arguments against women's suffrage?
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Women were too emotional to be allowed to vote; women needed to be protected from politics; a woman's place was traditionally at home and not out in society.
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What rights had women won by the late 1800s?
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the right to attend universities and to control their own property
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How did women's involvement in the abolition movement lead to some women campaigning for voting rights?
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While campaigning for the rights of others, some women realized that they, too, were lacking political rights, such as the right to vote.
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Why did more children attend school in the late 1800s than before?
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Fewer children were needed to work on farms or in their parents' shops; the growing number of middle-class families could afford to send their children to school.
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What basic education did schools teach by the late 1800s?
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Teachers taught reading, writing, math, education, and the importance of being disciplined, punctual, obedient, and patriotic.
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Why had colleges and universities changed their curriculums by the late 1800s?
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The Industrial Revolution brought about a need for many people to be prepared to work in industries that required science and engineering knowledge and skills.
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What do John Dalton, Charles Lyell, and Charles Darwin have in common?
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They all advanced startling scientific theories about the natural world.
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Why was Darwin's idea controversial?
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It contradicted the Bible.
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How did Darwin's ideas become connected with racist ideas?
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Some thinkers applied his theory of natural selection to human society in an unscientific way, with the belief that some races are superior to others.
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What was the purpose of the social gospel?
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It encouraged Christians to do social service.
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Why did living conditions in industrialized nations encourage compassionate and charitable feelings?
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Industrialization created harsh living and working conditions for many people. People felt the need to push for reforms for the working poor, and religious organizations were one way to do that.
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racism
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The unscientific belief that one racial group is superior to another.
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How did science begin to challenge existing beliefs in the late 1800s?
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The research of Lyell and Darwin challenged traditional and biblical views.
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How did religious groups respond to the challenges of industrialization?
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They worked for reform and social services.
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How did the Industrial Revolution change the old social order and long-held traditions in the Western world?
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Three distinct social classes emerged (upper, middle, and working); middle class tastes and values became a measuring stick for the working classes; women sought a political voice, the right to vote, and the chance to attend universities; scientists shook long held religious beliefs.
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What are three values associated with the middle class?
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luxury, respectability, and a strict etiquette
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Why did the women's movement face strong opposition?
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Men believed that women belonged in the home; they also thought that women were too emotional to vote.
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Why do you think reformers pushed for free public education?
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It would improve opportunities for working class children.
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Why did the ideas of Charles Darwin cause controversy?
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Darwin's ideas contradicted the widely accepted biblical account of creation.
