question

Adolescents an young adults clasified as those ages

answer

15-24

question

Exercise and nutrition programs that help reduce the risk of cancer and cradiovascular disease for adults are examples of

answer

primary prevention

question

The best single behavorial changes Amerians can make to reduce morbidity and mortality is to

answer

Stop smoking

question

The highest rates of smokeless tobacco use in his high school students is in

answer

white males

question

The dieseases that cause considerable morbdity in adolescents and young adults are

answer

sexually transmitted diseases

question

The transition from adolescence to young adulthood is considered to be a relatively easy transition for most TRUE or FALSE

answer

FALSE

question

The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes has decreased significantly over the past 20 years TRUE or FALSE

answer

FALSE

question

Obesity in the US is considered an epidemic TRUE OR FALSE

answer

TRUE

question

The percentage of children younger than 18 living in a single parents family has been decreasing ever since 1965 TRUE or FALSE

answer

FALSE

question

Statistics indicate that the more eduation a person has, the more likely he or she is to use tobacco TRUE or FALSE

answer

FALSE

question

Adults (25-64) 15-64 some of the most productive, or most productive, years of people's lives Most enjoy the best health of their lives Shape health through lifestyle and health behavior for later years

answer

Introduction

question

Adolescents and Young Adults

answer

Represent the future of the nation Adolescence is difficult stage; period of transition from childhood to adulthood Comfort and security to complex and challenging situations Young adults complete physical growth; experience significant life changes Leave home, join military, begin careers, etc. Many health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and consolidated

question

1/3 live in single parent families

answer

Living arrangements

question

Employment status

answer

Participation in labor force has remained fairly constant in recent decades Disparities by race

question

leading causes of death adolscents 15-24

answer

unintentional injureies, homicide, suicide, cancer, heart disease

question

Mortality

answer

1/4 of all deaths in age group from motor vehicle injuries; alcohol contributing factor Homicide and suicide rates up 200-300% over last 50 years Significant racial disparities among race and leading causes of death

question

Morbidity

answer

Communicable diseases Measles immunizations important Sexually transmitted diseases This age group acquires nearly half of all new STDs in the U.S. Some effects can last a lifetime

question

Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of High School Students

answer

Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors - unintended pregnancies and STDs Physical activity Overweight and weight control

question

Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of College Students

answer

Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors - unintended pregnancies and STDs

question

Community Health Strategies

answer

Main factors affecting community health with age group are social and cultural factors and community organizing Alcohol use a main problem

question

Adults

answer

Ages 25-64 Represent more than half of U.S. population

question

Health Profile

answer

Mortality mainly from chronic diseases Many associated with unhealthy behaviors and poor lifestyle choices Lifestyle improvements and public health advances have led to decline in death rate for adults

question

Cancer

answer

#1 cause of death for adult age group in recent decades Males - lung, prostate, and colorectal Females - lung, breast, and colorectal (lung cancer is leadin cause of death men and women)

question

Cardiovascular Disease

answer

Age-adjusted mortality rates dropped over past 60 years Mainly due to public health efforts related to smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and nutrition

question

Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices

answer

Risk factors for chronic disease Most significant for adults - smoking, lack of exercise, BMI, alcohol Risk factors for personal injury Motor vehicle safety - seatbelts and alcohol use Awareness and screening of certain conditions Hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol

question

Community Health Strategies

answer

Emphasis on individual responsibility for health Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts for adults Primary - exercise and nutrition programs Secondary - self and clinical screenings to identify and control disease processes Tertiary - medication compliance

question

smokeless tobacco

answer

or spit tobacco include and snuff loose leaf chewing tobacco plug chewing tobacco and nasal snuff

question

intensity

answer

cardiovascular workload measured by heart rate

question

body mass index

answer

the ratio of weight in kilogras to heaigh in meters squared

question

hypertension

answer

systalic pressure equal to or greater than 140 mm of mercury an or distalic pressr equal to or greaer than 90 mm Hg for extended periods of time

question

hypercholestrlemia

answer

high levels of cholesterol in the blood

question

aged

answer

the state of bein old a person may be defined a aged onthe basis of havin reached a spcific age; for example , 65 is ofen used for socail or legislative policies, while 75 is uded fr physiological evauluations by geriatricians.

question

aging

answer

the changes that occur normally in plants and animal as they grow older. Some age changes begin t birth an contnue until death; oter changes begin at matruty and end at death.

question

gerontology

answer

te multidisciplinary study ofthe biological, psychological, and social processes of agingand the elderly. Ellie MEtchnikoff, of the Pasteu Istitute in Pari, fisrt used the term in 1903 to describethe biological study of senescence (aging)

question

geriatrics

answer

the branch of medicine concerned with medical problems and care of the elderly.

question

geriatrician

answer

a physician specializing inthe care of patients with multiple chronic diseases who may not be able to be cured but whose care ca be managed.

question

ageism

answer

is the result of ignornance, prejudice and dscrimination against the aged

question

elders

answer

those of 65 yrs of age a older

question

exploritas

answer

education programs specifically for elders, hold on college campuses or at a variety of sites around the world

question

demography

answer

the study of a population and those variables bringing about change in that population

question

median age

answer

the age at which half of the population is older and half is younger

question

net migraton

answer

the population gain or last resulting from migration

question

dependency ratio

answer

a ratio tt compares the number of individuas whom soceity considers economically unproductiveto the number it considers economically productive.

question

total dependency ratio

answer

the dependency ratn that includes both youth and old

question

youth dependency ratio

answer

the dependency ration thatinculde youth only

question

old age dependency ratio

answer

the dependency ratio that includes only the old

question

encore careers

answer

when individuals tasition out of their work careers and int jobs and volunteer opportunities in nonprofit ad publi sector. Encore careers have a positive impact on society's greatest problems.

question

labor-force ratio

answer

a ratio of the total number of those individuals who ar not working to the number of those who are

question

assisted- living facility

answer

a special combination of housing personalized supportive services, and health care designed to meet te needs-both secheduled an unscheduled- of those who need hep with activities of daily living

question

retirement communities

answer

residential communities that have been specifically developed for those in their retirement years,

question

continuing- care retirement communities (CCRCs)

answer

planned communities for seniors that guarntee a lifelong residence and health care

question

activities of daily living

answer

eating, toiltng,dressing, bathing,walking, getting in and out of a bed or chair, an getting outside

question

functional limitations

answer

difficulty in performing personal care and home management tasks

question

instrumental activities of daily living

answer

more complex task such as handling persoal finances, preparing meals, shopping, doing house work, traveling, using the telephone, and taking medications

question

informal caregiver

answer

one who provides unpaid assistance to one who has some physical, mental, emotional, or financial nee limiting his o her independence.

question

care provider

answer

one who helps identfy the health care needs of an individual ad also personally performs th caregiving service

question

care manager

answer

one who help idetify the health care needs of an individual but does not actualy provide the health care service

question

Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA)

answer

federal legislation to improve the lives of elders

question

Meals on Wheels

answer

a community supported nutrition program in which prepared meals are delivered to elders in their homes, usually by volunteers.

question

congregate meal programs

answer

community sponsored nutrition programs that provide meals at a central site, such as a senior center

question

visitor services

answer

one individual taking time to visit with another who is uable to leave his or her residence.

question

homebound

answer

a person unable to leave home for normal activities

question

adult day care programs

answer

daytime care provided to elders who are unable to be left alone.

question

respite care

answer

planned short term care usually for the purpose of relieving a full time informal caregiver.

question

home health care services

answer

health care services provided in the patient's place of residience.

question

Number of elders and the proportion to the total population increased significantly in the 20th century Represent 12.8% of population 1 in every 8 Americans age 65+ Young old - 65-74 Middle old - 75-84 Old old - 85+

answer

Introduction

question

Common myths not accurate representation of elders

answer

Majority of elders today are active and well Many still working Many strongly engaged in community, volunteer, and advocacy programs

question

Demography of Aging

answer

Size and growth of the elder population Population pyramids describe aging of populations America's pyramid shape has drastically shifted Other countries have had shifts as well 85+ fastest growing segment of older population Growth in median age

question

Factors Affecting Population Size and Age

answer

Fertility rates Baby boomers - 1946-1964 Mortality rates Life expectancy has continued to increase; significant increase in 20th century Migration Movement of people from one country to another can affect population size

question

Dependency and Labor Force Ratios

answer

Dependency ratio - economically unproductive to economically productive Traditionally defined by age Can be used for social policy decision making Labor force ratio - number of people actually working and those who are not, independent of their ages Ratio of workers to dependants will be lower in the future than today

question

Other Demographic Variables

answer

Affect community health programs for older Americans Marital status Living arrangements Racial and ethnic composition Geographic distribution Economic status Housing

question

Marital Status

answer

¾ of elder men are married; just over half of elder women are married Elder women 3x's more likely to be widowed Men have shorter life expectancies Men tend to marry women younger than selves Men more likely to remarry after loss of spouse Number of divorced elders continues to rise New concerns: lack of retirement benefits, insurance, lower net worth assets

question

Living Arrangements

answer

Closely linked to income, health status, and availability of caregivers 2/3 of noninstitutionalized elders live with someone else Women more likely to live alone Only 5% of elders live in nursing homes ¾ of nursing home residents are women More than half of nursing home residents are 85+

question

Racial and Ethnic Composition

answer

U.S. older population growing more diverse 2010 elders: 80% white, 9% black, 7% of Hispanic origin, 3% Asian 2050 projection of elders: White 58%, Hispanic origin 15%, black 11%, Asian 8%

question

Geographic Distribution

answer

2/5 live in southern states More than half live in 10 states: CA, FL, IL, MI, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, TX California greatest number; Florida greatest proportion Reasons some states "age" Inward migration (FL), young people leave (farm belt states)

question

Economic Status

answer

1970 - 25% of elders lived in poverty 2006 - less than 9% lived in poverty Income 37% of elder income from Social Security 15% asset income 18% pension income 28% earnings

question

Housing

answer

Most live in adequate, affordable housing 80% own, 20% rent Elder homes are more likely to be older, more likely to have lower value, in great need for repairs, less likely to have central heat/air 30% of elders pay more for housing than they can afford

question

Health Profile

answer

Health status of elders has improved over the years (living longer and functional health) Chronically disabled has been decreasing Health status usually not as good as younger counterparts

question

Mortality

answer

Top causes of death for elders (responsible for 2/3 of deaths) Heart disease Cancer Stroke CLRD Alzheimer's Disease

question

Morbidity

answer

Activity limitations increase with age Chronic conditions Substantial burden on health and economic status of individuals, families, and nation 1/3 report limitation of activity due to chronic conditions Impairments Very prevalent in older adults May be sensory, physical, memory

question

Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices

answer

Generally have more favorable health behaviors than younger counterparts Less likely to consume large amounts of alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or be overweight Areas for improvement Physical activity, immunizations

question

Elder Abuse and Neglect

answer

Reports have increased greatly in recent years All states have set up reporting systems Special problem for elders May be frail Unable to defend themselves Vulnerable to telemarketing and mail scams Most common victims of theft of benefit checks

question

Instrumental Needs of Elders

answer

Six instrumental needs that determine lifestyle for people of all ages; aging process can alter needs in unpredictable ways Income Housing Personal care Health care Transportation Community facilities and services

question

Income

answer

Change in types of expenses in elder years Social Security is major source of income for ~2/3 of recipients; 90% of income for 1/3 Nonmarried women and minorities have highest rates of poverty

question

Housing

answer

Major needs: appropriateness, accessibility, adequacy, affordability Needs are intertwined Changing place of residence can have negative effect on elder and family members Group housing Nursing homes, Eden Alternative facilities, Green Houses, retirement communities, CCRCs, assisted-living

question

Personal Care

answer

Four levels of tasks that may need assistance: Instrumental tasks, expressive tasks, cognitive tasks, tasks of daily living Activities of daily living (ADLs) to measure functional limitations Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) to measure more complex tasks Caregiver issues Caregiver services

question

Health Care

answer

Elders heaviest users of health care services Use of health care services increases with age Most money spent on health care is in last years of life Medicare primary source of payment for health care services of elders Will see major changes in future years

question

Transportation

answer

Transportation allows elders to remain independent On average, elders live 10 year after they stop driving Greatest influence on transportation needs: income and health status Many public transportation challenges Solutions for transportation needs of elders

question

Community Facilities and Services

answer

Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA) to increase services and protect rights of elders National nutrition programs for elders State and Area Agencies on Aging Other programs Services can vary greatly across the country

question

Community Facilities and Services

answer

Meal service Homemaker service Chore and home maintenance Visitor service Adult day care Respite care Home health care Senior centers

question

Minority Introduction

answer

Strength of America lies in diversity of people Race remains an issue in U.S. U.S. population Majority - white, non-Hispanic (66%) Racial or ethnic minorities (34%) Minority health - morbidity and mortality of ethnic minorities Advances in health gains are not equal in U.S. Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health (Race and Health Initiative)

question

Racial and Ethnic Classifications

answer

Classifications used to operationalize race and ethnicity Challenges with classifications representing diversity of population Categories of race are more social than biological Self-reported data can be unreliable Many nonfederal systems do not collect racial and ethnic data

question

Health Data Sources and Their Limitations

answer

Challenges in complete and accurate collection of racial and ethnic data Bias analysis HHS has long-term strategy for improving collection and use of racial and ethnic data Important to understand health beliefs of various groups Heterogeneity within groups

question

Americans of Hispanic Origin

answer

Hispanic origin is an ethnicity, not a race Persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, or South American descent, or some other Spanish origin Nearly all Hispanics (96%) in the U.S. are classified by race as white Educational attainment Income Health beliefs

question

Black Americans

answer

Black or African Americans People having origins in any of the black racial groups from Africa More than ½ live in southern regions of U.S. Educational attainment Income Health beliefs and culture

question

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders

answer

Now two separate racial groups Generally concentrated in the western states Educational attainment Income Health beliefs Variations among the many groups Generational differences

question

American Indians and Alaska Natives

answer

Original inhabitants of America Economically and socially disadvantaged Relatively poor health status Education Income Health beliefs Various tribal groups have distinct customs, languages, and beliefs Many share the same cultural values

question

Native Americans and Health Care

answer

Many tribes are sovereign nations Tribes transferred land in U.S. to federal government in return for provision of certain services Indian Health Services (IHS) within HHS Responsible for federal health services to Native Americans and Alaska Natives Goal to raise health status to highest possible level

question

Refugees

answer

Refugees Immigrants Aliens Illegal aliens Can be classified into existing racial/ethnic groups; as a single group, present special concerns Education, health problems, injuries, employment, etc.

question

Race and Health Initiative

answer

Goal to eliminate disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations in six areas of health while maintaining progress of overall health of American people Infant mortality Cancer screening and management Cardiovascular disease Diabetes HIV/AIDS Adult and child immunization

question

Infant Mortality

answer

Serious disparity in U.S. among racial and ethnic minorities Black Americans infant death rate more than two times that of white Americans Lack of prenatal care and low-birth-weight babies

question

Cancer Screening and Management

answer

Incidence and death rates highest among black Americans for various types of cancer Many disparities attributed to lifestyle factors, late diagnosis, access to health care Less primary and secondary prevention in various minority groups

question

Cardiovascular Diseases

answer

Death rates vary widely among racial and ethnic groups Black Americans have higher rates from CHD and stroke Hypertension prevalence as a risk factor varies according to race/ethnicity Black American tend to develop hypertension earlier in life than whites; unknown reason

question

Diabetes

answer

Overall prevalence has risen in U.S. in recent years Prevalence in those 20 and older varies in minority groups Increase in age-adjusted death rates in all racial and ethnic groups Significantly higher in minority groups

question

HIV Infection/AIDS

answer

Proportional distribution of AIDS cases has increased in black Americans and Hispanics and decreased in white Americans Attributed to higher prevalence of unsafe or risky health behaviors, and lack of access to health care to provide early diagnosis and treatment

question

Child and Adult Immunization Rates

answer

Early childhood immunizations do not vary significantly by race or ethnicity Older adult immunization rates are substantially lower in minority groups, even though an overall increase has occurred

question

Socioeconomic Status and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health

answer

Many factors contribute to health disparities - economic, educational, behavioral, cultural, legal, and political Socioeconomic status (SES) considered the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality Association between SES and race/ethnicity is complicated and cannot fully explain all disparity

question

Equity in Minority Health

answer

Simple solutions unlikely Solutions to problems for one group may not work for another Solutions must be culturally sensitive

question

Cultural Competence

answer

A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations Culture is vital in how community health professionals deliver services and how community members respond to programs and interventions

question

Empowering the Self and the Community

answer

To enable people to solve their community health problems Three kinds of power associated with empowerment Social - access to "bases"; needed to gain political power Political - power of voice and collective action Psychological - individual sense of potency To enable people to solve their community health problems Three kinds of power associated with empowerment Social - access to "bases"; needed to gain political power Political - power of voice and collective action Psychological - individual sense of potency

question

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)

answer

What was the system initiated in 1990 by the CDC to better track selected health behaviors among young people?

question

smoking

answer

To what can 87% of all lung cancer deaths be attributed?

question

What activity do less than 10% of American adults engage in enough of to achieve cardiovascular fitness

answer

Exercise

question

most americans who live in poverty are white because total number of american more whites.

answer

1 and 4 black are in poverty

question

What is the most widely used illicit drug in America?

answer

Marijuana

question

What is the single best behavioral change Americans can make to reduce morbidity and mortality?

answer

Stop smoking

question

Three quarters of all unintentional deaths are the result of what?

answer

Motor vehicle crashes

question

Homicides and suicides are great concerns in which cohort?

answer

Adolescents and young adults

question

What was racial/ethnic high school group was most likely to report they were current smokers in 2009?

answer

White students

question

What are the five behaviors of high school students that relate to unintentional injuries monitored by the YRBSS?

answer

Seat belt use, motorcycle helmet use, bicycle helmet use, riding with a driver who has been drinking alcohol, and driving after alcohol use

question

What is another name for smokeless tobacco?

answer

Spit tobacco

question

What are the two currently available national data sources for health behaviors of college students?

answer

National College Health Assessment (NCHA) and Monitoring the Future

question

What is the leading cause of death among college students?

answer

Unintentional Injury

question

What is the common definition of binge drinking?

answer

Consuming 5 or more drinks in a row

question

What drug is a contributing factor in many episodes of sexual abuse/assault among college women?

answer

Alcohol

question

low instences and higher death because less often so take longer them to realization mortality low and morbidity low and it high on both besides white americans.

answer

...

question

heart disease in men and women.

answer

...

question

What is the approach to alcohol education that focuses on the idea that "not as many of your peers drink alcohol as you think?"

answer

Social Norming

question

What is the leading cause of death for the adult age group 45-64?

answer

Malignant Neoplasms (cancer)

question

Many of the risk factors associated with the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in American adults are associated with what?

answer

Health behavior and lifestyle choices

question

At what age should women be told about the benefits and limitations of breast self-examination (BSE)

answer

Early 20's

question

What is the leading cause of congenital malformations in children?

answer

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

question

At what age should average risk men and women have their first flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy?

answer

Age 50

question

Your socialeconomic is the first thing for you to be able to tell how long someone lives.

answer

...

question

describe one or two social competence of the ten then comparing them to the two movies

answer

...

question

10 principle for cultural competence

answer

1.have a self- understanding of race, ethnicity, and power. 2. Understand historical factors that impact the health of minority populations (e.g. racism, immigration patterns) 3. understand the psychosocial stressors relevant to minority participants (e.g. socioeconomic status migration) 4. Understand cultural differences within groups 5. Understand the minority client within a family life cycle and in an intergeenrational conceptual framework.

question

you need social power to get political power to get social power

answer

...

question

majority

answer

those with characteristics that are found in more than fifty percent of a population

question

minority groups

answer

subgroups of the population that consist of fewer than fifty percent of the population

question

minority health

answer

refer to the morbidity and mortality of American Indian/ Alaska Natives, Americans of Hispanic origiin asian and pacificic islanders and black americans in the US

question

ope rationalize

answer

operational definition provide working definitions

question

acculturated

answer

cultural modification of an individual or group by adopting to or borrowing traits from another culture

question

refugee

answer

a person who flees one area or country to seek shelter or protection from danger in another

question

immigrant

answer

individuals who migrate form on country to another for the purpose of seeking permanent residence

question

alien

answer

a person born in and owing allegiance to a country other than the one in which he/ she lives

question

illegal alien

answer

an individual who entered this country without permission

question

socioeconomic status

answer

relating to a combination of social and economic factors

question

cultural and linguistic competence

answer

a set of congruent behaviors attitudes and policies that came together in a system agency or among professionals that enables effective work in a cross cultural situations

question

In the United States and other developed countries, people are considered old once they reach the age of _____

answer

65

question

What are the three terms that old has been subdivided into?

answer

Young old, middle old, & old old

question

What is the term for the changes that occur normally in plants and animals as they grow older?

answer

Aging

question

What is the term for the multidisciplinary study of the biological, psychological, and social processes of aging and the elderly?

answer

Gerontology

question

What is the term for the branch of medicine concerned with the medical problems and care of the elderly?

answer

Geriatrics

question

In a symbolic age pyramid, what is the largest segment of the population?

answer

The youngest (the base)

question

What is the period of consistently high fertility rates immediately following World War 2 known as?

answer

"Baby boom years

question

While the mortality rate in the United States has been fairly consistent for 20+ years, what other demographic variable continues to increase?

answer

Life expectancy

question

Approximately three-fourths of elder ______ are married

answer

Men

question

What percentage of people aged 65 or older live in nursing homes?

answer

About 5%

question

What are the two causes of activity limitations?

answer

Chronic conditions & impairments

question

What are the 3 primary impairments that affect elders?

answer

Sensory impairments, physical limitations, and memory impairments

question

What are the top 5 causes of death for elders?

answer

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD), & Alzheimer's disease

question

Two-thirds of the perpetrators of elder abuse and neglect are ________

answer

Adult children & spouses

question

What are 3 health behaviors that elders are less likely to do compared to their younger counterparts?

answer

Less likely to: 1) consume large amounts of alcohol, 2) smoke cigarettes, 3) be overweight or obese

question

What are the 6 instrumental needs that determine lifestyle for people of all ages?

answer

Income, housing, personal care, health care, transportation, & community facilities and services

question

What are two housing options available to elders, not including nursing homes?

answer

Continuing-care retirement communities & assisted-living residences

question

Who provides unpaid care of assistance to one who has some physical, mental, emotional, or financial need that limits his or her independence?

answer

Informal caregiver

question

What private insurance helps to fill the gaps in health care cost that Medicare leaves?

answer

Medigap

question

What is the term for "an important alternative to traditional institutional care" that includes services such as medical treatment, physical therapy, and homemaker services that allow patients to be cared for at lower cost than a nursing home and in familiar surroundings of their home?

answer

Home health care

question

What is the term for prejudice and discrimination against the elderly and aging?

answer

Ageism

question

What is the study of a population and those variables bringing about change in that population?

answer

Demography

question

What is the term for the population gain or loss from the movement of migrants in (immigration) and out (emigration) of a country?

answer

Net migration

question

What is a comparison between those individuals whom society considers economically unproductive (the nonworking or dependent population) and those it considers economically productive (the working population)?

answer

Dependency ratio

question

What is the scale called that measures functional limitations?

answer

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

question

The majority of Americans are referred to as _________

answer

"white, non-Hispanic"

question

Why was the 1985 report, The Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health, so important?

answer

It first documented the health status disparities of minority groups

question

What are the 6 causes of death that accounted for more than 80% of the excess mortality among minority groups?

answer

Infant mortality, cancer, cardiovascular disease and stroke, diabetes, homicide and accidents, & chemical dependency

question

What are the 3 goals of the Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health (also known as Race and Health Initiative)?

answer

Prevent disease, promote health, and deliver care to racial and ethnic minority communities

question

In 1977, classification standards expanded race from four to five categories by separating ___________ into two categories

answer

Asian or Pacific Islander

question

What is the largest minority group in the United States?

answer

Americans of Hispanic origin

question

Where are the greatest concentrations of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders located?

answer

Western mainland states and Hawaii

question

With 12.4% of the population, Black Americans are the ___________ largest minority group in the nation

answer

Second

question

In 2008, what was the average poverty rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives?

answer

25.7%

question

What two racial or ethnic groups have the highest high school completion rate among all other racial and ethnic groups?

answer

Asians and NHOPIs

question

What President said that the United States would continue to commit to a national goal of eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities by the year 2010?

answer

President Clinton

question

Which ethnic group has the highest percentage of vaccination for the 4:3:1:3:3:1 vaccine series among children 19-35 months?

answer

Asian/Pacific Islanders

question

What was the target immunization percentage for Healthy People 2010?

answer

90%

question

What are the two most important factors associated with higher infant mortality rates among Black Americans?

answer

Lack of prenatal care and giving birth to low-birth-weight babies

question

Approximately what percentage of children and adults have diabetes?

answer

8.0% (24 million)

question

Considered by many to be the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality

answer

Socioeconomic status

question

What is the term for a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations?

answer

Cultural and linguistic competence

question

What are three factors that relate to socioeconomic status?

answer

Level of education, level of income, and poverty

question

For what disease are the cause of 90 to 95% of the cases unknown?

answer

Hypertension

question

What does the term culturally sensitive mean?

answer

Knowing and understanding that different ethnic groups each have unique cultural traditions that must be respected.

question

What type of power is described as the power of voice and collective action?

answer

Political power

question

In a community health context, what does the term empower mean?

answer

To enable people to work to solve their community health problems

question

What type of power brings access to "bases" of production such as information, knowledge, and skills, participation in social organizations, and financial resources?

answer

Social power

question

What type of power is best described as an individual sense of potency demonstrated in self-confident behavior?

answer

Psychological power

question

What law requires employers to prove the identity and work authorization for every prospective employee?

answer

The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1968

question

Injury

answer

physical damage to the body resulting from mechanical, chemical, thermal, or other environmental energy.

question

unintentional injury

answer

an injury that occurred without anyone intending that harm be done The cause of nearly two-thirds of all injury-related deaths in the U.S. A major community health problemMotor vehicle crashes Poisoning Falls Other unintentional injuries Motor Vehicle Crashes Leading type of unintentional injury death Leading cause of nonfatal unintentional injury Majority of those killed are Drivers Passengers Motorcycle riders Pedestrians Pedalcyclists Poisonings Second leading cause of unintentional injury death Unintentional ingestion of fatal doses of medicines and drugs Consumption of toxic foods Exposure to toxic substances in the workplace or elsewhere Most occur in the home Falls Third leading cause of unintentional injury death Leading cause of injury-related ED visits Most occur in the home Disproportionately affect elders Epidemiology of Unintentional InjuriesAccount for large number of early deaths in U.S. Incapacitation significant problem High economic impact

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intentional injury

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an injury that is purposely inflicted, either by the victim or by another

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injury prevention (control)

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an organized effort to prevent injuries or to minimize their severity

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unsafe act

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any behavior that would increase the probability of an injury occurring

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unsafe condition

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any environmental factor or set of factors (physical or social) that would increase the probability of an injury occurring

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hazard

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an unsafe act or condition

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fatal injury

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an injury that results in one or more deaths Fifth leading cause of death in U.S.

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disabling injury

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an injury causing any restriction of normal activity beyond the day of the injury's occurrence. Great human burden attributed to injuries Significant economic costs Greatly contribute to premature death

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model for unintentional injuries

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the public health triangle (host, agent, and environment) modified to indicate energy as the causative agent of injuries

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injury prevention education

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the process of changing people's health-directed behavior so as to reduce unintentional injuries

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regulation

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the enactment and enforcement of laws to control conduct

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automatic (passive) protection

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the modification of a product or environment so as to reduce unintentional injuries

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litigation

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the process of seeking justice for injury through courts

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family violence

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the use of physical force by one family member against another, with the intent to hurt, injure, or cause death

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child maltreatment

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an act or failure act by a parent, caretaker, or other person as defined under state law that results in physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, medical neglect, emotional abuse, or an act or failure to act that presents an imminent risk of serious harm to a child.

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child abuse

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the intentional physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual mistreatment of a minor

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child neglect

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the failure of a parent or guardian to care for or otherwise provide the necessary subsistence for a child

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intimate partner violence (IPV)

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rape, physical assault, or stalking perpetrated by current or former dates, spouses, or cohabiting partners

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youth gang

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an association of peers, bound by mutual interests and identifiable line of authority, whose acts generally include illegal activity ad control over a territory or an enterprise.

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Person

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Age Leading cause of death in children and teenagers Falls leading cause of unintentional injury death for elders Gender Males more likely to be involved in fatal unintentional injuries Minority status

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Place

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Home More occur in the home than anyplace else Highway 2nd leading place for injuries and injury death Recreation/sports area Workplace

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Time

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Seasonal variations in various causes of unintentional injuries Days of week Time of day

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Alcohol and Other Drugs as Risk Factors

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Alcohol may be most important factor contributing to injuries Involved in high amount of motor vehicle crashes Related to speeding, seat belt use, and other behaviors as well as drosiness and caffeine

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Prevention through Epidemiology

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Early contributors for injury prevention and control John Gordon William Haddon, Jr. Model for unintentional injuries - triangle Environment, host, and energy producing agent

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Prevention and Control Tactics

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Prevent accumulation of energy producing agent Reducing speed limits, lowering settings on hot water heaters Prevent inappropriate release of excess energy Flame-retardant fabric, nonslip surfaces Placing barrier between host and agent Sunscreen, non-heat handles on cookware

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Community Approaches to Prevention

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Education - process of changing people's health-directed behavior Regulation - enacting and enforcing laws to control conduct Automatic protection - modifying products or environments to reduce risk Litigation - seeking justice for injury through courts

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Intentional Injuries

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Outcome of self-directed or interpersonal violence Assaults, rapes, suicides, homicides Can be perpetrated against family members, community members, or complete strangers

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Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries

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Interpersonal violence disproportionately affects those frustrated, hopeless, jobless, living in poverty, with low-self esteem More acts committed by males Firearms increasingly involved Alcohol and drug use contributes Perpetrators more likely to have been abused or neglected as children or exposed to violence

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Homicide, Assault, Rape, and Property Crimes

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Homicide victimization rate for blacks significantly higher than whites Most homicides committed with firearms Lower income associated with higher rate of being a victim of violence Except for rape and sexual assault, all violent crime victimization rate higher for males Less than half of all violent crimes committed are reported to police

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Suicide and Attempted Suicide

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Suicide rate for men four times that for women Suicide rate for young people and elderly declined in recent years after significant increase from 1950-1995 Older men eight times more likely to commit suicide than senior women

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Firearm Injuries and Injury Deaths

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Intentional and unintentional acts, firearms third leading cause of injury death Highest risk for homicide and suicide involving firearms are teenage boys and young men Guns on college campuses Absence of detailed federally supported reporting system

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Violence in Our Society and Resources for Prevention

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Individuals and Violence Family Violence and Abuse Child maltreatment Child abuse Child neglect Prevention of child maltreatment Elder maltreatment Intimate partner violence Prevention of intimate partner violence

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Violence in Schools

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Victimization rates have remained steady in recent years Fighting and weapon carrying Zero tolerance policies Bullying and being bullied Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative Youth violence after school

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Violence in Our Communities

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Youth gang violence Costs to the community Community response State response Federal response

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asian most graduated hs in america

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host age tired concentration alcohol how long youve been driving seat belt gender energy physical or chemical environment weather raining visibility level of traffic other cars condition of the rode because pot holes car depending how new it is radio phone etc. Streets which rode you driving on the one way streets flashing read lights

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on test example write each part and the triangle

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when have more attempts use it as signal to need to change or cry for help and males are more successful and some of it not cousious for females. Males have more leathal ways so thats why more successful and females less likely male use firearms femal pills four times as many for men but more attempts for females. Highest is in elderly men. They feel like they are more of a burden and have no indepence would rather be dead then hospitalized. THey have no social support no friends. Women connnects to friends etc so if she has passed then the male has no network for himself bc she is gone and he has to reach out to social support and does know how or doesnt want to.

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