Adolescent Health Flashcards
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The dieseases that cause considerable morbdity in adolescents and young adults are
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sexually transmitted diseases
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The transition from adolescence to young adulthood is considered to be a relatively easy transition for most TRUE or FALSE
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FALSE
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The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes has decreased significantly over the past 20 years TRUE or FALSE
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FALSE
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Obesity in the US is considered an epidemic TRUE OR FALSE
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TRUE
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The percentage of children younger than 18 living in a single parents family has been decreasing ever since 1965 TRUE or FALSE
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FALSE
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Statistics indicate that the more eduation a person has, the more likely he or she is to use tobacco TRUE or FALSE
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FALSE
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Adults (25-64) 15-64 some of the most productive, or most productive, years of people's lives Most enjoy the best health of their lives Shape health through lifestyle and health behavior for later years
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Introduction
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Adolescents and Young Adults
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Represent the future of the nation Adolescence is difficult stage; period of transition from childhood to adulthood Comfort and security to complex and challenging situations Young adults complete physical growth; experience significant life changes Leave home, join military, begin careers, etc. Many health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and consolidated
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1/3 live in single parent families
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Living arrangements
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Employment status
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Participation in labor force has remained fairly constant in recent decades Disparities by race
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leading causes of death adolscents 15-24
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unintentional injureies, homicide, suicide, cancer, heart disease
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Mortality
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1/4 of all deaths in age group from motor vehicle injuries; alcohol contributing factor Homicide and suicide rates up 200-300% over last 50 years Significant racial disparities among race and leading causes of death
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Morbidity
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Communicable diseases Measles immunizations important Sexually transmitted diseases This age group acquires nearly half of all new STDs in the U.S. Some effects can last a lifetime
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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of High School Students
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Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors - unintended pregnancies and STDs Physical activity Overweight and weight control
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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of College Students
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Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors - unintended pregnancies and STDs
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Community Health Strategies
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Main factors affecting community health with age group are social and cultural factors and community organizing Alcohol use a main problem
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Adults
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Ages 25-64 Represent more than half of U.S. population
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Health Profile
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Mortality mainly from chronic diseases Many associated with unhealthy behaviors and poor lifestyle choices Lifestyle improvements and public health advances have led to decline in death rate for adults
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Cancer
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#1 cause of death for adult age group in recent decades Males - lung, prostate, and colorectal Females - lung, breast, and colorectal (lung cancer is leadin cause of death men and women)
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Age-adjusted mortality rates dropped over past 60 years Mainly due to public health efforts related to smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and nutrition
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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices
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Risk factors for chronic disease Most significant for adults - smoking, lack of exercise, BMI, alcohol Risk factors for personal injury Motor vehicle safety - seatbelts and alcohol use Awareness and screening of certain conditions Hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol
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Community Health Strategies
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Emphasis on individual responsibility for health Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts for adults Primary - exercise and nutrition programs Secondary - self and clinical screenings to identify and control disease processes Tertiary - medication compliance
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smokeless tobacco
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or spit tobacco include and snuff loose leaf chewing tobacco plug chewing tobacco and nasal snuff
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intensity
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cardiovascular workload measured by heart rate
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body mass index
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the ratio of weight in kilogras to heaigh in meters squared
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hypertension
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systalic pressure equal to or greater than 140 mm of mercury an or distalic pressr equal to or greaer than 90 mm Hg for extended periods of time
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hypercholestrlemia
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high levels of cholesterol in the blood
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aged
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the state of bein old a person may be defined a aged onthe basis of havin reached a spcific age; for example , 65 is ofen used for socail or legislative policies, while 75 is uded fr physiological evauluations by geriatricians.
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aging
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the changes that occur normally in plants and animal as they grow older. Some age changes begin t birth an contnue until death; oter changes begin at matruty and end at death.
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gerontology
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te multidisciplinary study ofthe biological, psychological, and social processes of agingand the elderly. Ellie MEtchnikoff, of the Pasteu Istitute in Pari, fisrt used the term in 1903 to describethe biological study of senescence (aging)
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geriatrics
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the branch of medicine concerned with medical problems and care of the elderly.
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geriatrician
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a physician specializing inthe care of patients with multiple chronic diseases who may not be able to be cured but whose care ca be managed.
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ageism
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is the result of ignornance, prejudice and dscrimination against the aged
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elders
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those of 65 yrs of age a older
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exploritas
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education programs specifically for elders, hold on college campuses or at a variety of sites around the world
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demography
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the study of a population and those variables bringing about change in that population
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median age
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the age at which half of the population is older and half is younger
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net migraton
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the population gain or last resulting from migration
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dependency ratio
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a ratio tt compares the number of individuas whom soceity considers economically unproductiveto the number it considers economically productive.
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total dependency ratio
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the dependency ratn that includes both youth and old
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youth dependency ratio
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the dependency ration thatinculde youth only
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old age dependency ratio
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the dependency ratio that includes only the old
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encore careers
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when individuals tasition out of their work careers and int jobs and volunteer opportunities in nonprofit ad publi sector. Encore careers have a positive impact on society's greatest problems.
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labor-force ratio
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a ratio of the total number of those individuals who ar not working to the number of those who are
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assisted- living facility
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a special combination of housing personalized supportive services, and health care designed to meet te needs-both secheduled an unscheduled- of those who need hep with activities of daily living
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retirement communities
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residential communities that have been specifically developed for those in their retirement years,
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continuing- care retirement communities (CCRCs)
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planned communities for seniors that guarntee a lifelong residence and health care
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activities of daily living
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eating, toiltng,dressing, bathing,walking, getting in and out of a bed or chair, an getting outside
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functional limitations
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difficulty in performing personal care and home management tasks
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instrumental activities of daily living
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more complex task such as handling persoal finances, preparing meals, shopping, doing house work, traveling, using the telephone, and taking medications
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informal caregiver
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one who provides unpaid assistance to one who has some physical, mental, emotional, or financial nee limiting his o her independence.
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care provider
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one who helps identfy the health care needs of an individual ad also personally performs th caregiving service
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care manager
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one who help idetify the health care needs of an individual but does not actualy provide the health care service
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Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA)
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federal legislation to improve the lives of elders
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Meals on Wheels
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a community supported nutrition program in which prepared meals are delivered to elders in their homes, usually by volunteers.
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congregate meal programs
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community sponsored nutrition programs that provide meals at a central site, such as a senior center
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visitor services
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one individual taking time to visit with another who is uable to leave his or her residence.
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homebound
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a person unable to leave home for normal activities
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adult day care programs
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daytime care provided to elders who are unable to be left alone.
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respite care
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planned short term care usually for the purpose of relieving a full time informal caregiver.
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home health care services
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health care services provided in the patient's place of residience.
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Number of elders and the proportion to the total population increased significantly in the 20th century Represent 12.8% of population 1 in every 8 Americans age 65+ Young old - 65-74 Middle old - 75-84 Old old - 85+
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Introduction
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Common myths not accurate representation of elders
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Majority of elders today are active and well Many still working Many strongly engaged in community, volunteer, and advocacy programs
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Demography of Aging
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Size and growth of the elder population Population pyramids describe aging of populations America's pyramid shape has drastically shifted Other countries have had shifts as well 85+ fastest growing segment of older population Growth in median age
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Factors Affecting Population Size and Age
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Fertility rates Baby boomers - 1946-1964 Mortality rates Life expectancy has continued to increase; significant increase in 20th century Migration Movement of people from one country to another can affect population size
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Dependency and Labor Force Ratios
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Dependency ratio - economically unproductive to economically productive Traditionally defined by age Can be used for social policy decision making Labor force ratio - number of people actually working and those who are not, independent of their ages Ratio of workers to dependants will be lower in the future than today
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Other Demographic Variables
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Affect community health programs for older Americans Marital status Living arrangements Racial and ethnic composition Geographic distribution Economic status Housing
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Marital Status
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¾ of elder men are married; just over half of elder women are married Elder women 3x's more likely to be widowed Men have shorter life expectancies Men tend to marry women younger than selves Men more likely to remarry after loss of spouse Number of divorced elders continues to rise New concerns: lack of retirement benefits, insurance, lower net worth assets
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Living Arrangements
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Closely linked to income, health status, and availability of caregivers 2/3 of noninstitutionalized elders live with someone else Women more likely to live alone Only 5% of elders live in nursing homes ¾ of nursing home residents are women More than half of nursing home residents are 85+
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Racial and Ethnic Composition
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U.S. older population growing more diverse 2010 elders: 80% white, 9% black, 7% of Hispanic origin, 3% Asian 2050 projection of elders: White 58%, Hispanic origin 15%, black 11%, Asian 8%
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Geographic Distribution
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2/5 live in southern states More than half live in 10 states: CA, FL, IL, MI, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, TX California greatest number; Florida greatest proportion Reasons some states "age" Inward migration (FL), young people leave (farm belt states)
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Economic Status
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1970 - 25% of elders lived in poverty 2006 - less than 9% lived in poverty Income 37% of elder income from Social Security 15% asset income 18% pension income 28% earnings
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Housing
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Most live in adequate, affordable housing 80% own, 20% rent Elder homes are more likely to be older, more likely to have lower value, in great need for repairs, less likely to have central heat/air 30% of elders pay more for housing than they can afford
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Health Profile
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Health status of elders has improved over the years (living longer and functional health) Chronically disabled has been decreasing Health status usually not as good as younger counterparts
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Mortality
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Top causes of death for elders (responsible for 2/3 of deaths) Heart disease Cancer Stroke CLRD Alzheimer's Disease
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Morbidity
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Activity limitations increase with age Chronic conditions Substantial burden on health and economic status of individuals, families, and nation 1/3 report limitation of activity due to chronic conditions Impairments Very prevalent in older adults May be sensory, physical, memory
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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices
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Generally have more favorable health behaviors than younger counterparts Less likely to consume large amounts of alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or be overweight Areas for improvement Physical activity, immunizations
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Elder Abuse and Neglect
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Reports have increased greatly in recent years All states have set up reporting systems Special problem for elders May be frail Unable to defend themselves Vulnerable to telemarketing and mail scams Most common victims of theft of benefit checks
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Instrumental Needs of Elders
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Six instrumental needs that determine lifestyle for people of all ages; aging process can alter needs in unpredictable ways Income Housing Personal care Health care Transportation Community facilities and services
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Income
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Change in types of expenses in elder years Social Security is major source of income for ~2/3 of recipients; 90% of income for 1/3 Nonmarried women and minorities have highest rates of poverty
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Housing
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Major needs: appropriateness, accessibility, adequacy, affordability Needs are intertwined Changing place of residence can have negative effect on elder and family members Group housing Nursing homes, Eden Alternative facilities, Green Houses, retirement communities, CCRCs, assisted-living
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Personal Care
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Four levels of tasks that may need assistance: Instrumental tasks, expressive tasks, cognitive tasks, tasks of daily living Activities of daily living (ADLs) to measure functional limitations Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) to measure more complex tasks Caregiver issues Caregiver services
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Health Care
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Elders heaviest users of health care services Use of health care services increases with age Most money spent on health care is in last years of life Medicare primary source of payment for health care services of elders Will see major changes in future years
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Transportation
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Transportation allows elders to remain independent On average, elders live 10 year after they stop driving Greatest influence on transportation needs: income and health status Many public transportation challenges Solutions for transportation needs of elders
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Community Facilities and Services
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Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA) to increase services and protect rights of elders National nutrition programs for elders State and Area Agencies on Aging Other programs Services can vary greatly across the country
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Community Facilities and Services
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Meal service Homemaker service Chore and home maintenance Visitor service Adult day care Respite care Home health care Senior centers
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Minority Introduction
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Strength of America lies in diversity of people Race remains an issue in U.S. U.S. population Majority - white, non-Hispanic (66%) Racial or ethnic minorities (34%) Minority health - morbidity and mortality of ethnic minorities Advances in health gains are not equal in U.S. Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health (Race and Health Initiative)
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Racial and Ethnic Classifications
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Classifications used to operationalize race and ethnicity Challenges with classifications representing diversity of population Categories of race are more social than biological Self-reported data can be unreliable Many nonfederal systems do not collect racial and ethnic data
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Health Data Sources and Their Limitations
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Challenges in complete and accurate collection of racial and ethnic data Bias analysis HHS has long-term strategy for improving collection and use of racial and ethnic data Important to understand health beliefs of various groups Heterogeneity within groups
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Americans of Hispanic Origin
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Hispanic origin is an ethnicity, not a race Persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, or South American descent, or some other Spanish origin Nearly all Hispanics (96%) in the U.S. are classified by race as white Educational attainment Income Health beliefs
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Black Americans
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Black or African Americans People having origins in any of the black racial groups from Africa More than ½ live in southern regions of U.S. Educational attainment Income Health beliefs and culture
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Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
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Now two separate racial groups Generally concentrated in the western states Educational attainment Income Health beliefs Variations among the many groups Generational differences
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American Indians and Alaska Natives
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Original inhabitants of America Economically and socially disadvantaged Relatively poor health status Education Income Health beliefs Various tribal groups have distinct customs, languages, and beliefs Many share the same cultural values
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Native Americans and Health Care
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Many tribes are sovereign nations Tribes transferred land in U.S. to federal government in return for provision of certain services Indian Health Services (IHS) within HHS Responsible for federal health services to Native Americans and Alaska Natives Goal to raise health status to highest possible level
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Refugees
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Refugees Immigrants Aliens Illegal aliens Can be classified into existing racial/ethnic groups; as a single group, present special concerns Education, health problems, injuries, employment, etc.
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Race and Health Initiative
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Goal to eliminate disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations in six areas of health while maintaining progress of overall health of American people Infant mortality Cancer screening and management Cardiovascular disease Diabetes HIV/AIDS Adult and child immunization
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Infant Mortality
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Serious disparity in U.S. among racial and ethnic minorities Black Americans infant death rate more than two times that of white Americans Lack of prenatal care and low-birth-weight babies
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Cancer Screening and Management
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Incidence and death rates highest among black Americans for various types of cancer Many disparities attributed to lifestyle factors, late diagnosis, access to health care Less primary and secondary prevention in various minority groups
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Cardiovascular Diseases
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Death rates vary widely among racial and ethnic groups Black Americans have higher rates from CHD and stroke Hypertension prevalence as a risk factor varies according to race/ethnicity Black American tend to develop hypertension earlier in life than whites; unknown reason
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Diabetes
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Overall prevalence has risen in U.S. in recent years Prevalence in those 20 and older varies in minority groups Increase in age-adjusted death rates in all racial and ethnic groups Significantly higher in minority groups
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HIV Infection/AIDS
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Proportional distribution of AIDS cases has increased in black Americans and Hispanics and decreased in white Americans Attributed to higher prevalence of unsafe or risky health behaviors, and lack of access to health care to provide early diagnosis and treatment
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Child and Adult Immunization Rates
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Early childhood immunizations do not vary significantly by race or ethnicity Older adult immunization rates are substantially lower in minority groups, even though an overall increase has occurred
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Socioeconomic Status and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health
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Many factors contribute to health disparities - economic, educational, behavioral, cultural, legal, and political Socioeconomic status (SES) considered the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality Association between SES and race/ethnicity is complicated and cannot fully explain all disparity
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Equity in Minority Health
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Simple solutions unlikely Solutions to problems for one group may not work for another Solutions must be culturally sensitive
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Cultural Competence
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A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations Culture is vital in how community health professionals deliver services and how community members respond to programs and interventions
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Empowering the Self and the Community
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To enable people to solve their community health problems Three kinds of power associated with empowerment Social - access to "bases"; needed to gain political power Political - power of voice and collective action Psychological - individual sense of potency To enable people to solve their community health problems Three kinds of power associated with empowerment Social - access to "bases"; needed to gain political power Political - power of voice and collective action Psychological - individual sense of potency
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Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
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What was the system initiated in 1990 by the CDC to better track selected health behaviors among young people?
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smoking
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To what can 87% of all lung cancer deaths be attributed?
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What activity do less than 10% of American adults engage in enough of to achieve cardiovascular fitness
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Exercise
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most americans who live in poverty are white because total number of american more whites.
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1 and 4 black are in poverty
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What is the most widely used illicit drug in America?
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Marijuana
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What is the single best behavioral change Americans can make to reduce morbidity and mortality?
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Stop smoking
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Three quarters of all unintentional deaths are the result of what?
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Motor vehicle crashes
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Homicides and suicides are great concerns in which cohort?
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Adolescents and young adults
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What was racial/ethnic high school group was most likely to report they were current smokers in 2009?
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White students
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What are the five behaviors of high school students that relate to unintentional injuries monitored by the YRBSS?
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Seat belt use, motorcycle helmet use, bicycle helmet use, riding with a driver who has been drinking alcohol, and driving after alcohol use
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What is another name for smokeless tobacco?
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Spit tobacco
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What are the two currently available national data sources for health behaviors of college students?
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National College Health Assessment (NCHA) and Monitoring the Future
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What is the leading cause of death among college students?
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Unintentional Injury
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What is the common definition of binge drinking?
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Consuming 5 or more drinks in a row
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What drug is a contributing factor in many episodes of sexual abuse/assault among college women?
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Alcohol
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low instences and higher death because less often so take longer them to realization mortality low and morbidity low and it high on both besides white americans.
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...
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heart disease in men and women.
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...
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What is the approach to alcohol education that focuses on the idea that "not as many of your peers drink alcohol as you think?"
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Social Norming
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What is the leading cause of death for the adult age group 45-64?
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Malignant Neoplasms (cancer)
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Many of the risk factors associated with the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in American adults are associated with what?
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Health behavior and lifestyle choices
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At what age should women be told about the benefits and limitations of breast self-examination (BSE)
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Early 20's
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What is the leading cause of congenital malformations in children?
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
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At what age should average risk men and women have their first flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy?
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Age 50
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Your socialeconomic is the first thing for you to be able to tell how long someone lives.
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...
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describe one or two social competence of the ten then comparing them to the two movies
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...
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10 principle for cultural competence
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1.have a self- understanding of race, ethnicity, and power. 2. Understand historical factors that impact the health of minority populations (e.g. racism, immigration patterns) 3. understand the psychosocial stressors relevant to minority participants (e.g. socioeconomic status migration) 4. Understand cultural differences within groups 5. Understand the minority client within a family life cycle and in an intergeenrational conceptual framework.
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you need social power to get political power to get social power
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...
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majority
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those with characteristics that are found in more than fifty percent of a population
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minority groups
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subgroups of the population that consist of fewer than fifty percent of the population
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minority health
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refer to the morbidity and mortality of American Indian/ Alaska Natives, Americans of Hispanic origiin asian and pacificic islanders and black americans in the US
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ope rationalize
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operational definition provide working definitions
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acculturated
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cultural modification of an individual or group by adopting to or borrowing traits from another culture
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refugee
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a person who flees one area or country to seek shelter or protection from danger in another
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immigrant
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individuals who migrate form on country to another for the purpose of seeking permanent residence
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alien
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a person born in and owing allegiance to a country other than the one in which he/ she lives
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illegal alien
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an individual who entered this country without permission
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socioeconomic status
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relating to a combination of social and economic factors
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cultural and linguistic competence
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a set of congruent behaviors attitudes and policies that came together in a system agency or among professionals that enables effective work in a cross cultural situations
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In the United States and other developed countries, people are considered old once they reach the age of _____
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65
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What are the three terms that old has been subdivided into?
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Young old, middle old, & old old
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What is the term for the changes that occur normally in plants and animals as they grow older?
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Aging
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What is the term for the multidisciplinary study of the biological, psychological, and social processes of aging and the elderly?
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Gerontology
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What is the term for the branch of medicine concerned with the medical problems and care of the elderly?
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Geriatrics
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In a symbolic age pyramid, what is the largest segment of the population?
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The youngest (the base)
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What is the period of consistently high fertility rates immediately following World War 2 known as?
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"Baby boom years
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While the mortality rate in the United States has been fairly consistent for 20+ years, what other demographic variable continues to increase?
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Life expectancy
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Approximately three-fourths of elder ______ are married
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Men
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What percentage of people aged 65 or older live in nursing homes?
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About 5%
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What are the two causes of activity limitations?
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Chronic conditions & impairments
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What are the 3 primary impairments that affect elders?
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Sensory impairments, physical limitations, and memory impairments
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What are the top 5 causes of death for elders?
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Heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD), & Alzheimer's disease
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Two-thirds of the perpetrators of elder abuse and neglect are ________
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Adult children & spouses
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What are 3 health behaviors that elders are less likely to do compared to their younger counterparts?
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Less likely to: 1) consume large amounts of alcohol, 2) smoke cigarettes, 3) be overweight or obese
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What are the 6 instrumental needs that determine lifestyle for people of all ages?
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Income, housing, personal care, health care, transportation, & community facilities and services
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What are two housing options available to elders, not including nursing homes?
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Continuing-care retirement communities & assisted-living residences
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Who provides unpaid care of assistance to one who has some physical, mental, emotional, or financial need that limits his or her independence?
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Informal caregiver
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What private insurance helps to fill the gaps in health care cost that Medicare leaves?
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Medigap
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What is the term for "an important alternative to traditional institutional care" that includes services such as medical treatment, physical therapy, and homemaker services that allow patients to be cared for at lower cost than a nursing home and in familiar surroundings of their home?
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Home health care
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What is the term for prejudice and discrimination against the elderly and aging?
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Ageism
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What is the study of a population and those variables bringing about change in that population?
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Demography
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What is the term for the population gain or loss from the movement of migrants in (immigration) and out (emigration) of a country?
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Net migration
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What is a comparison between those individuals whom society considers economically unproductive (the nonworking or dependent population) and those it considers economically productive (the working population)?
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Dependency ratio
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What is the scale called that measures functional limitations?
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Activities of daily living (ADLs)
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The majority of Americans are referred to as _________
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"white, non-Hispanic"
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Why was the 1985 report, The Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health, so important?
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It first documented the health status disparities of minority groups
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What are the 6 causes of death that accounted for more than 80% of the excess mortality among minority groups?
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Infant mortality, cancer, cardiovascular disease and stroke, diabetes, homicide and accidents, & chemical dependency
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What are the 3 goals of the Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health (also known as Race and Health Initiative)?
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Prevent disease, promote health, and deliver care to racial and ethnic minority communities
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In 1977, classification standards expanded race from four to five categories by separating ___________ into two categories
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Asian or Pacific Islander
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What is the largest minority group in the United States?
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Americans of Hispanic origin
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Where are the greatest concentrations of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders located?
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Western mainland states and Hawaii
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With 12.4% of the population, Black Americans are the ___________ largest minority group in the nation
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Second
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In 2008, what was the average poverty rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives?
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25.7%
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What two racial or ethnic groups have the highest high school completion rate among all other racial and ethnic groups?
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Asians and NHOPIs
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What President said that the United States would continue to commit to a national goal of eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities by the year 2010?
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President Clinton
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Which ethnic group has the highest percentage of vaccination for the 4:3:1:3:3:1 vaccine series among children 19-35 months?
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Asian/Pacific Islanders
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What was the target immunization percentage for Healthy People 2010?
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90%
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What are the two most important factors associated with higher infant mortality rates among Black Americans?
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Lack of prenatal care and giving birth to low-birth-weight babies
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Approximately what percentage of children and adults have diabetes?
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8.0% (24 million)
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Considered by many to be the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality
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Socioeconomic status
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What is the term for a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations?
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Cultural and linguistic competence
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What are three factors that relate to socioeconomic status?
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Level of education, level of income, and poverty
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For what disease are the cause of 90 to 95% of the cases unknown?
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Hypertension
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What does the term culturally sensitive mean?
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Knowing and understanding that different ethnic groups each have unique cultural traditions that must be respected.
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What type of power is described as the power of voice and collective action?
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Political power
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In a community health context, what does the term empower mean?
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To enable people to work to solve their community health problems
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What type of power brings access to "bases" of production such as information, knowledge, and skills, participation in social organizations, and financial resources?
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Social power
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What type of power is best described as an individual sense of potency demonstrated in self-confident behavior?
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Psychological power
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What law requires employers to prove the identity and work authorization for every prospective employee?
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The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1968
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Injury
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physical damage to the body resulting from mechanical, chemical, thermal, or other environmental energy.
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unintentional injury
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an injury that occurred without anyone intending that harm be done The cause of nearly two-thirds of all injury-related deaths in the U.S. A major community health problemMotor vehicle crashes Poisoning Falls Other unintentional injuries Motor Vehicle Crashes Leading type of unintentional injury death Leading cause of nonfatal unintentional injury Majority of those killed are Drivers Passengers Motorcycle riders Pedestrians Pedalcyclists Poisonings Second leading cause of unintentional injury death Unintentional ingestion of fatal doses of medicines and drugs Consumption of toxic foods Exposure to toxic substances in the workplace or elsewhere Most occur in the home Falls Third leading cause of unintentional injury death Leading cause of injury-related ED visits Most occur in the home Disproportionately affect elders Epidemiology of Unintentional InjuriesAccount for large number of early deaths in U.S. Incapacitation significant problem High economic impact
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intentional injury
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an injury that is purposely inflicted, either by the victim or by another
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injury prevention (control)
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an organized effort to prevent injuries or to minimize their severity
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unsafe act
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any behavior that would increase the probability of an injury occurring
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unsafe condition
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any environmental factor or set of factors (physical or social) that would increase the probability of an injury occurring
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hazard
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an unsafe act or condition
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fatal injury
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an injury that results in one or more deaths Fifth leading cause of death in U.S.
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disabling injury
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an injury causing any restriction of normal activity beyond the day of the injury's occurrence. Great human burden attributed to injuries Significant economic costs Greatly contribute to premature death
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model for unintentional injuries
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the public health triangle (host, agent, and environment) modified to indicate energy as the causative agent of injuries
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injury prevention education
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the process of changing people's health-directed behavior so as to reduce unintentional injuries
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regulation
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the enactment and enforcement of laws to control conduct
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automatic (passive) protection
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the modification of a product or environment so as to reduce unintentional injuries
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litigation
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the process of seeking justice for injury through courts
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family violence
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the use of physical force by one family member against another, with the intent to hurt, injure, or cause death
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child maltreatment
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an act or failure act by a parent, caretaker, or other person as defined under state law that results in physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, medical neglect, emotional abuse, or an act or failure to act that presents an imminent risk of serious harm to a child.
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child abuse
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the intentional physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual mistreatment of a minor
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child neglect
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the failure of a parent or guardian to care for or otherwise provide the necessary subsistence for a child
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intimate partner violence (IPV)
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rape, physical assault, or stalking perpetrated by current or former dates, spouses, or cohabiting partners
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youth gang
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an association of peers, bound by mutual interests and identifiable line of authority, whose acts generally include illegal activity ad control over a territory or an enterprise.
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Person
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Age Leading cause of death in children and teenagers Falls leading cause of unintentional injury death for elders Gender Males more likely to be involved in fatal unintentional injuries Minority status
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Place
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Home More occur in the home than anyplace else Highway 2nd leading place for injuries and injury death Recreation/sports area Workplace
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Time
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Seasonal variations in various causes of unintentional injuries Days of week Time of day
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Alcohol and Other Drugs as Risk Factors
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Alcohol may be most important factor contributing to injuries Involved in high amount of motor vehicle crashes Related to speeding, seat belt use, and other behaviors as well as drosiness and caffeine
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Prevention through Epidemiology
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Early contributors for injury prevention and control John Gordon William Haddon, Jr. Model for unintentional injuries - triangle Environment, host, and energy producing agent
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Prevention and Control Tactics
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Prevent accumulation of energy producing agent Reducing speed limits, lowering settings on hot water heaters Prevent inappropriate release of excess energy Flame-retardant fabric, nonslip surfaces Placing barrier between host and agent Sunscreen, non-heat handles on cookware
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Community Approaches to Prevention
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Education - process of changing people's health-directed behavior Regulation - enacting and enforcing laws to control conduct Automatic protection - modifying products or environments to reduce risk Litigation - seeking justice for injury through courts
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Intentional Injuries
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Outcome of self-directed or interpersonal violence Assaults, rapes, suicides, homicides Can be perpetrated against family members, community members, or complete strangers
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Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries
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Interpersonal violence disproportionately affects those frustrated, hopeless, jobless, living in poverty, with low-self esteem More acts committed by males Firearms increasingly involved Alcohol and drug use contributes Perpetrators more likely to have been abused or neglected as children or exposed to violence
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Homicide, Assault, Rape, and Property Crimes
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Homicide victimization rate for blacks significantly higher than whites Most homicides committed with firearms Lower income associated with higher rate of being a victim of violence Except for rape and sexual assault, all violent crime victimization rate higher for males Less than half of all violent crimes committed are reported to police
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Suicide and Attempted Suicide
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Suicide rate for men four times that for women Suicide rate for young people and elderly declined in recent years after significant increase from 1950-1995 Older men eight times more likely to commit suicide than senior women
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Firearm Injuries and Injury Deaths
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Intentional and unintentional acts, firearms third leading cause of injury death Highest risk for homicide and suicide involving firearms are teenage boys and young men Guns on college campuses Absence of detailed federally supported reporting system
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Violence in Our Society and Resources for Prevention
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Individuals and Violence Family Violence and Abuse Child maltreatment Child abuse Child neglect Prevention of child maltreatment Elder maltreatment Intimate partner violence Prevention of intimate partner violence
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Violence in Schools
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Victimization rates have remained steady in recent years Fighting and weapon carrying Zero tolerance policies Bullying and being bullied Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative Youth violence after school
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Violence in Our Communities
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Youth gang violence Costs to the community Community response State response Federal response
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asian most graduated hs in america
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...
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host age tired concentration alcohol how long youve been driving seat belt gender energy physical or chemical environment weather raining visibility level of traffic other cars condition of the rode because pot holes car depending how new it is radio phone etc. Streets which rode you driving on the one way streets flashing read lights
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on test example write each part and the triangle
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when have more attempts use it as signal to need to change or cry for help and males are more successful and some of it not cousious for females. Males have more leathal ways so thats why more successful and females less likely male use firearms femal pills four times as many for men but more attempts for females. Highest is in elderly men. They feel like they are more of a burden and have no indepence would rather be dead then hospitalized. THey have no social support no friends. Women connnects to friends etc so if she has passed then the male has no network for himself bc she is gone and he has to reach out to social support and does know how or doesnt want to.
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