6th Grade Mexico, Caribbean and Latin American Revolutions – Flashcards
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Mexico's war for independence began
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Sept 16, 1810
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Who started the Mexican Revolution
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A group of men calling themselves the Literary and Social Club of Queretaro
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Why did the Literary and Social Club of Queretaro start the Mexican Revolution
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They were unhappy with Spanish rule
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Why were the Indians unhappy
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-Not enough land -Forced to live and work on haciendas for little or no pay
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Why were the Mestizos unhappy
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-Did not have good jobs -Were looked down on
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Why were the Creoles unhappy
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-Shut out of the most powerful positions in Mexico -Owned haciendas but the Spaniards held the real power
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Who was Padre Miguel Hidalgo
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-Priest in the village of Dolores who was a leading member of the Literary and Social Club of Queretaro -A Creole who lived his first 12 years on a hacienda
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What did Padre Miguel Hidalgo do to start the stirrings of the revolution
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Began to question authority and talking of improving the government
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By 1810, how long had Mexico been under Spanish rule
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almost 300 years
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What does Grito de Dolores mean
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Cry of Dolores
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What did Hidalgo do to start the revolution
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Went to the church tower in Dolores and began to ring the bell
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Instead of Mexico City, Hidalgo led his army toward
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Guadaljara, in Western Mexico
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The battle was even for 6 hours - what turned the tide
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A lucky shot from a Spanish cannon hit Hidalgo's wagon causing the rebels to flee to a Satillo, a city to the north
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What was Hidalgo's fate
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He was captured, along with other leaders, and executed on July 31, 1811
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What happened after the large rebel army broke up
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the revolution was fought in small battles using guerilla warfare
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Who was Morelos
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main leader of the guerilla warfare who knew Hidalgo
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How many men fought for Morelos
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about 9,000 well equipped and disciplined men
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What area of Mexico did Morelos control
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southern Mexico
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Who were Morelos' allies
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Native Americans and Mestizos
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What did Morelos promise the Native Americans and Mestizos
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He would take the haciendas away from the Creoles and give the land to the workers
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Who defeated Morelos
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Creoles - who did not like his promise to the give the land to the workers
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When was Morelos captured and executed
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November 15, 1815
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By November 15, 1815 how long had the country been at war
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5 years
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What turned the war in favor of the rebels
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A Spanish army officer named Iturbide turned and joined the rebels in 1821
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When did the war arrive in Mexico City
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September 27, 1821
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After how many years of fighting did the independence movement finally win the war
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11 years
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Maroon
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Escaped slave
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Who led the uprising in the north of Haiti on Hispanola
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Boukman
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What happened on August 22, 1791
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the Night of Fire
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What happened during the Night of Fire
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-50,000 slaves used machetes and scythes to destroy crops and kill plantation owners -they ruined the countryside
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What was Haiti called when it was a French Colony
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St. Domingue
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What country took over the western third of the island of Haiti
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French
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Why were thousands of African slaves brought to Haiti in the 18th century
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-Clear forests -Plant sugar, coffee, indigo
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Why did French landowners want more slaves
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-Sold crops for high prices to Europe -Became wealthy
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What was the ratio of Frenchmen to slaves
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1 Frenchmen for every 20 slaves
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Mulatto
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-Mixed race (French & African)
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Who controlled what areas of Haiti during the uprising
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-French soldiers controlled coastal areas -Former slaves held the mountains
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Who replaced Boukman after he was killed in battle
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Ex slaves Biassou and Jean Francois (both were poor leaders)
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Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture
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-Doctor and new military leader of the uprising
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What was Toussaint L'Ouverture able to convince the slaves to do
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-Able to get slaves to stop destroying crops
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Who became the leaders of the conspiritors
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Bolitar and the Creoles
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Why did Toussaint add L'Ouverture to his name
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-Said he could always find an opening in their defenses
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What did Biassou and Jean Francois do to gain their own freedom
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Turned slaves over to the French
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How did Toussaint L'Ouverture lead the uprising
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-Created a guerilla army -Used surprise attacks -Didn't destroy French villages who didn't resist
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Who did Toussaint L'Ouverture feel could help win his freedom from slavery
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Spain and Great Britain (who were also at war with France)
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What caused Toussaint L'Ouverture to switch his loyalty back to France in 1794
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-Passed laws freeing slaves
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Who was the most important man in St. Domingue in 1795
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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What did Toussaint L'Ouverture do after the uprising was over
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-Created a separate government -Wrote a constitution -Negotiated treaties with U.S. and Great Britain to trade sugar for arms
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What happened to Toussaint L'Ouverture in 1801
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He became the ruler of the island of Hispanola
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What was happening in Europe during this time
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Napoleon's War - was conquering much of Europe and battling Great Britain
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What did Napoleon need from St. Domingue
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its wealth
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Who was General Leclerc
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Napoleon's brother in law who led 43,000 French soldiers in the largest invasion in French history
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How was Toussaint L'Ouverture captured
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-Leclerc tricked him into a meeting
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New leader after Toussaint L'Ouverture captured
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Dessalines - who was not loyal to France
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What contributed to the fall of the French
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French soldiers caught yellow fever
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Dessalines declared St. Domingue independent and renamed it Haiti on what date?
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January 1, 1804
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What was the state of the new Haiti
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-In ruins from 13 years of war -Wanted slaves to return to farms and work
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What did Dessalines proclaim in October 1804
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Proclaimed himself Emperor, Jacques I
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Haiti since 1806
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-Never recovered -200 years of dictators -now one of the poorest countries in the world
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Latin America
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Includes Central and South America
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Where does Latin America get its name
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from the countries there that speak languages derived from Latin, the ancient Roman language
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Most countries in North and South America were once ______________ who declared their independence from Spain, France, Portugal
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colonies
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In the 1700s, Latin America was divided into rigid _____________
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social classes
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What were the classes in Latin America from highest to lowest
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-born in Spain -Creoles (born in America/part Spanish) -Mestizos (part Native American/part Spanish) -Native Americans -Africans
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How was social class determined
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you were born into it
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2 facts about Creoles in Latin America
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-were sometimes rich and well educated -could not hold government jobs
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2 facts about Mestizos in Latin America
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-held minor jobs such as crafts people or shop owners -managers in mines or plantations
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2 facts about Natives in Latin America
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-Made up the majority of the Latin American population -some lived in forests, jungles -others lived on plantations founded by priests -worked as servants, laborers, mine workers
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2 facts about Africans in Latin America
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-Spanish brought them as slaves since 1500's -by 1800 only 800,000 -lived in the Caribbean
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What was life like for the lowest 3 classes in Latin America
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-poor -few rights -little education -little hope for a better life
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What foreign influences inspired the Latin American revolution
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Enlightenment thinkers contributed to the American and French Revolutions - these gave Latin Americans inspiration for thier own revolution
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Latin American revolution broke out in
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1810
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What European activities helped prime the Latin American revolution
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-Napoleon came to power in France -took Portugal and Spain which allowed colonies to revolt without being disloyal to their king
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Francisco de Miranda
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-talked of equality -seen as a troublemaker by the Creoles -brought into the rebellion by Bolitar to lead rebels
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Who was Bolivar
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Venezuelan born who read important Enlightenment thinkers and declared he would help free Venezuela from Spain
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What was Bolivar named
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The Liberator
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Independence for Venezuela
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June 28, 1821
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What was Bolivar's dream
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Unite South America as 1 country
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Gran Columbia
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Bolivar merged New Granada and Venezuela
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Illanero chieftan who marched with Bolivar
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Paez
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What area was named in honor of Bolivar
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Bolivia (Sucre was first president)
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Who was Sucre
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-Defeated Spanish and liberated Ecuador -Lead fight against Spanish for Peru
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In 1830, Gran Columbia broke into what countries
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Ecuador, Columbia, Venezuela
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alliance
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a group of countries that join together to accomplish some goal
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cabildo
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the government of a city in Latin America; the city council
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campaign
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a series of military operations
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caudillo
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a military dictator in Latin American countries
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conspiritor
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someone who secretly plans an unlawful action such as overthrowing a government
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export
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something that is sent out of a country
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guerilla army
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a group of soldiers who usually are volunteers and not highly trained professional soldiers
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hacienda
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a large ranch or plantation in Latin America
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import
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something that is brought into a country
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liberator
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a person who frees a country from an enemy
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machete
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a large heavy knife used for cutting down sugar cane and brush
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militia
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an army made up of civilians rather than professional soldiers
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mural
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a large picture that is usually painted directly on the wall of a building
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padre
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the Spanish word for father; the traditional form of address for a Roman Catholic priest
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pension
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money that is not salary that is regularly paid to a person who has performed some service or work
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plantation
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a large farm
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republic
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a nation without a king where elected officials govern
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royalist
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someone who supports the rule of a king or queen
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scythe
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a long curving blade used for cutting grain and long grasses
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viceroy
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a ruler of a colony or territory
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volunteer
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someone who chooses freely to do something, such as joining an army
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Cinco de Mayo
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5th of May - One of Mexico's most festive holidays
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Creole
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Social class where you have mixed Spanish heritage or Spanish ancestors
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Mestizo
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Social class where you have mixed American Indian and European descent
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Voodoo
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Haitian religion combining Catholicism and West African-influenced animist beliefs
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Buenos Aires
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Busy port and city in Argentina
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What happened in 1806 in Buenos Aires
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British sent 10 ships to invade the colony
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What prompted the Buenos Aires locals to organize a militia and resist the invasion
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The British invaders stole colony's treasury and sent it back to Britain
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Who led the militia for Buenos Aires
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Santiago de Liniers
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Who made up the militia for Buenos Aires
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8000 Creoles who lived near the city and 1000 Spanish officers from over the Rio la Plata
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What happened after the Buenos Aires militia's initial victory against the British
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British sent a new fleet of 12,000 All citizens fought and drove British away again
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What did the 2nd victory against the British cause the citizens of Buenos Aires to wonder
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They wondered why they needed the Spanish government if they protected themselves
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Who was Mariano Moreno
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Creole lawyer and leader of cabildo who wanted La Plata to be indenpendent
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Who was San Martin
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Creole and ex-Spanish soldier who became the main leader of the revolution in South America
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What 2 countries worried about being controlled by Buenos Aires
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Uraguay and Paraguay
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What did San Martin suggest to the La Plata rebels to help them take Lima, Peru from the Spanish
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He suggested they take Chile first and then sail into Peru
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What did San Martin do to prepare to take Chile
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He obtained a governor position in nearby Cuyo where he prepared his attack plan He sent spies into Chile to learn about the troops Fed the Pehuenche Indians false information as a decoy
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What did San Martin's attack involve
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Made it over the 22,000 ft Andes mountains in 21 days with enough supplies to attack
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When did Chile declare its independence
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February 12, 1818
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Who wanted to make Brazil the capitol of the Portuguese empire
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Joao, the prince of Portugal
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What was significant about Bahia
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Joao landed here on his way to Brazil were guests in locals homes Opened ports to international trade and increased imports and exports
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Why did Brazil flourish economically
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The empire's colonies, Africa and Asia, paid taxes to Brazil
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Because the government offices were in their country, Brazilians were
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heard quickly watched very closely
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Who was Pedro I
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Joao's son - who he left behind to rule Brazil
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Why did Joao need to leave Brazil
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Portugal was going through a revolution and if he didn't go back, he could lose his crown
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What did Pedro do when Brazil demanded its independence
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He declared Brazil independent and appointed himself Emperor Tore the Portuguese flag from his uniform and said "independence or death"
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When did Brazil become a republic
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In 1889
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Why didn't the winning of independence for most Latin America countries solve all their problems
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No unity - split into a number of independent countries No stable govt - caudillos competed for power Class issues - Creoles ran countries and didn't want equality
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Who was Iturbide
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Secured Mexico's independence Declared himself Emperor of Mexico Overthrown by Creoles
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Who took over the govt of Mexico after Iturbide's exile
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Creoles - tried to make Mexico a republic but failed
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What was the result of Mexico's partially complete revolution
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Brought them independence but no equal rights or justice
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Who was Santa Anna
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Most notorious caudillo President of Mexico 11 different times
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What happened at the Alamo
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Santa Anna sent 4000 troops to crush a small Texan force who rebelled against Mexican govt Won the battle but lost the war
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A decade later, Mexico lost another war with the U.S. that resulted in
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them losing half its territory
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Who was Juarez
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Indian lawyer who was the minister of justice in the govt Famous for honesty and compassion for the poor He opposed Santa Anna and led political reform to make equal rights for all Mexicans
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What happened on May 5, 1862
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Small Mexican force beat a larger French Army
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Maximillion
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Prince of Austria who was named Emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III
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What happened after the defeat of Maximillion
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Juarez named president of Mexico where he worked to rebuild the country
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Who was Diaz
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Modernized Mexico
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What happened to bring about another wave of revolution in Mexico, in 1810
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Foreigners and wealthy Mexicans benefited from the modernization of Mexico, but not the poor
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Who was Villa
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Was a violent, but brave cattle rustler and bandit who joined the revolution against Diaz
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Why did Villa succeed
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his knowledge of the land - could disappear into the hills guerilla tactics - staged lightening raids
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Who backed the Mexican govt against Villa
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The U.S. - president Wilson sent search to find Villa after his troops killed 16 Americans
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Who was Zapata
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Mestizo guerilla leader from South Mexico who called for the revolutionary govt to take land from the wealthy and give it to the poor landless Indians
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What did Zapata accomplish
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distributed land to the people established Mexico's first bank
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What were the effects of the 1910-1920 Mexican revolution
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2 million Mexicans died Deadliest war fought on North American Continent More deadly than Civil War
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Sup
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BUBBBBBBBBBYYYYYY!
