Worlds of Medieval Europe [by Backman] – Flashcards
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What does A.D. mean?
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Anno Domini "In the year of our Lord" Year of Christ's Birth
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What does B.C. mean?
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Before Christ
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[INTRO]
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[INTRO]
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Why ppl fascinated with Medieval?
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Their life is strange to us
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Examples of Medieval Influence on modern world?
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Universities having own police force - When started were meant to govern themselves Priests raising communion above heads - Medieval belief that only seeing communion was good enough.
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What cultures did Medieval Civilization consist of?
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Classic Rome Latin Christianity Early Germanic Society
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Principal Thrust of Medieval Civilization?
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Connect disparate things - Find stability in those things
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Disparate??
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Things unlike each other No way to compare things
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Multifarious??
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Many types
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John of Salisbury?
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Political figure of 12th Century Compared the Political State --->Human Body -Was not meant to separate, but to unite society
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Where did Medieval Europe come from?
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Rubble of Roman Empire Taken over by Carolingian
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[CHAPTER I] [INTRO]
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[CHAPTER I] [INTRO]
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What was the largest wealthiest, most diverse, and most stable society of ancient world?
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Roman Empire
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What is Pax Romana?
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"the Roman Peace" 1st and 2nd Cent. A.D. of Roman Empire Strong Central Gov. = Ppl prospering -Thru social stability
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How big was the Roman Empire?
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From Straight of Gibraltar ---->>Source of Tigris and Euphrates ---->>Hadrian's Wall --down to--Sahara
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What was the population of the Roman Empire?
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Abut 50 or 60 mill
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What were the Punic Wars?
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3rd Cent. B.C. Defeat of Carthage by Rome -They were main rivals -Done for west and cntrl. control of Mediterranean
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Who was Julius Caesar?
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Led faction that wanted strong central authority -3rd Cent. B.C.
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How was the Roman Empire set up in Pax Romana period?
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Centralized State -Hierarchical -Day to day authoity---->>Local Officials
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What two factors did most to shape Roman World?
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Mediterranean Sea Roman Army
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[CHAPTER I ] [GEOGRAPHY OF ROMAN EMPIRE]
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[CHAPTER I ] [GEOGRAPHY OF ROMAN EMPIRE]
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What will chapter talk about?
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Geography of Roman Empire How the geography made the Roman Empire become so great Possibly some of the downfalls of the geography of the Roman Empire
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Why was it good for Rome to be centered on the Mediterranean?
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Sea Food Transportation and Communication -People from far away could still keep contact -Some coast societies had to trade to survive -Roman law could be enforced quickly Mediterranean protected from bad storms -Not lots of tide variations from Straight of Gibraltar
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What is Mare Nostrum?
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How Romans called Mediterranean ''Our Sea' -Water controlled by Romans -Water controlling Roman lives
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How should culture of Mediterranean be viewed ?
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All linked by -sea -similar agriculture [terracing and complex irrigation] -diet [olive oil, wine, hard grain, and fish] -social org. [indepen. coastal cities dominated by trade]
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What happened when Rome began to move from the sea basin?
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Immediately got in conflict -Parthian Empire -Germanic and Slavic people threaten Rome +Causes Caesar to push north
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Why was Continental Europe important?
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Vast, untapped resources -Building material [hardwood] Could support large population
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Why could other cultures like the Helvetii set off unrest?
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Ppl in north didn't contact each other much -Clannish and conservative cultures
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Sedentary??
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Life with not much physical activity
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How did rural and sedentary culture of north stay in Rome?
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Military force
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[CHAPTER I ] [ROLE OF MILITARY]
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[CHAPTER I ] [ROLE OF MILITARY]
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What was the 2nd Chief Structure on which Roman Empire was built?
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Army
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Why was Army significant in Roman Empire?
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High degree of org. and profession
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How was the Army successful in pushing Roman Frontier forward and what was the result?
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1] Natural Wealth -Continental Europe -Inland Egypt -Near East 2] Brought in lots of money for warfare
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Why didn't the Army permanently occupy lands it conquered?
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Could have prolonged resentments Was unnecessary Would Instead -Conquer -Make local admin. more Roman -Leave
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Why was Continental Europe such a problem for Rome?
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So much land Had largest, most permanent garrison network Ppl resisting "Romanization"
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What was the most important tool for Romanization?
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Army -Did this thru social engineering +All ethnic groups enlisted >Taught Roman customs > Served 20 years then encouraged to marry locals >Good severance payments of cash/land
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What was the result of the Army being used for Romanization?
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Many recruits came for the benefits Took away soldiers identity of native land
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How did Roman civilization come to be?
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Intentional mix of culture and race
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[ROMAN SOCIETY] [ROMAN SOCIETY]
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[ROMAN SOCIETY] [ROMAN SOCIETY]
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How was Roman Society in 1st and 2nd Cent. A.D.?
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Stable Not that static
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Static??
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Social life bound by tradition
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Distinct??
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Different
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Were there different classes of people in the Roman Society?
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Social and Legal Class differences
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Who were the Honestiores?
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Better People Had more legal protection -Crime conviction -Immunity from torture
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Who were the Humiliores?
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Lesser People Had far less legal protection If convicted they would die in worse way
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What 4 groups were at the head of the honestiores?
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Senators Equestrians Curiales All army vets
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What could Senators do?
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They alone could serve in Roman Senate
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How could someone rise from a class?
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Family had to be free-born = 2 Generations
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What did the Curiales do?
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Unpaid magistrates Ran day-to-day admin.
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Who did the Humiliores NOT consist of?
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Slaves -They were seen as property
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How did the economy grow in the Roman Empire?
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Internal peace and order
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How does the military of today differ from ancient military?
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Ancient = Less Supplies
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How did regional trade increase?
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Economies = More sophisticated
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What formed basic unit of society in Rome?
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Family
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Familia?
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Household Could include -Members of direct family -Servants -Concubines
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Patria Potestas
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Legal authority given to fathers -Control of lives and deaths of everyone in home -Father = Sole possessor of property
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How were the daughters treated?
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Had to stay under father until marriage Still had to be under husband unless husband said so
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What was a "free" marriage?
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Husband never got to power fathers had
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What were the father's main duty?
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Taking care of children's needs -Came from only elementary edu.
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What were some occupations single woman could do in Roman Society?
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Priestess Concubine Prostitute Some were in laundry Some in brick making
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[ROMAN GOVERNMENT] [ROMAN GOVERNMENT]
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[ROMAN GOVERNMENT] [ROMAN GOVERNMENT]
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Who was the most powerful in the Roman Government?
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Emperor
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What kind of Government did the Romans have?
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Augustus and his Successors = Dictatorship -Purge of Senate rivals -Put in people they wanted -People prove loyalty = More power
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How big was the Roman Empire at its greatest expanse?
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It extended from the Atlantic Ocean ----> the Persian Gulf
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How was imperial governance directed?
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Pragmatism
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Pragmatism??
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Practical approach
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What did Romans feel they were good at?
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Ruling people
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Who was Augustus?
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Roman Emperor Rule = 27 BC to 14 AD Wanted to reform Roman constitution
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Principate??
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Established by Augustus Emperor = Control of Civil and Military Gov. Senator turns into cipher
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Cipher??
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Something of no importance
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Pretense??
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A claim
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How was it diff. to keep republican gov.?
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Emperors losing their minds -Becoming violent = Undermine of imperial office
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How did the Senate and the Army clash?
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Both of them wanted choose nxt ruler
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How was the imperial cult dev.?
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Thru Vespasian = Emperor = Living god
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Who were Titus and Domitian?
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Sons of Vespasian Kept centralizing imperial admin. Extended Roman citizenship Began work on Roman Colosseum
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What was the highest point of the Roman Empire?
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Age of Five Good Emperors -Nerva -Trajan -Hadrian -Antonius Pius -Marcus Aurelius
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How did Nerva rule Rome?
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Set up precedent for nxt 100 yrs Had the best general and statesman as his heir
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How did the Roman Empire get its greatest geographic expanse?
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Thru Trajan's conquests -Armenia, Assyria, Dacia, and Mesopotamia
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How did emperors try to rule?
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Unify and regularize admin. life Keep local customs
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How large did the Roman population get?
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Big enough where those not slaves were citizens
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Who would control the municipal gov.?
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Local Curiales -Propertied urban elites -Got no pay -Collected more taxes per year -Had surplus of $$$$
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How was the Roman system received?
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Little corruption Little complaint
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Egregious
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Outstandingly bad Shocking
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[THE CHALLENGES OF THE 3RD CENT.] [THE CHALLENGES OF THE 3RD CENT.]
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[THE CHALLENGES OF THE 3RD CENT.] [THE CHALLENGES OF THE 3RD CENT.]
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What were some of the challenges of the 3rd Cent.?
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Agricul. and Industrial Prod. -Decline Inflation Imperial Coinage debased Military aggressively overt Geographic expansion from Trajan and Hadrian
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Overt??
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Done openly
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How did some of the challenges of the 3rd Cent. affect Roman society?
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Other factions rising up -Sassanids came to power (result of conquest Mesopotamia) (ruled Parthian Empire) Unsuccessful campaigns -Emperor Valerian captured by Sassanid Germanic group probs. -Were moving into west and south Rome territory Federati formed -Made of Germanic recruits (1st line defense against Germans advcng.)
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What happened between 239 to 284?
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Only 26 emperors ruled -Only one died naturally
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How did Dio Cassius describe the Roman Empire?
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Golden Kingdom turned to realm of iron/rust
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How did getting the imperial office change?
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Whoever had most loyal troops
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How was the Roman economy eventually damaged?
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Military setbacks Harsh taxes Earthquakes (250s and 60s) Cities and roads damaged -Less and less $$$$$ Piracy in Mediterranean
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Coloni??
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Indentured farmers
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How was the 3rd Century described?
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Food = Scarce Skilled Labor = Scarce Mines = Tap out
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[REFORM, RECOVERY, PERSECUTION, AND FAVOR] [REFORM, RECOVERY, PERSECUTION, AND FAVOR]
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[REFORM, RECOVERY, PERSECUTION, AND FAVOR] [REFORM, RECOVERY, PERSECUTION, AND FAVOR]
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What causes societies to reform?
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Chaos
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What kind of reform took place in Roman society?
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Administ. Military Taxes
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What did the reform do for Rome?
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Lengthened their survival
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Who were the key figures to Rome's reform?
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Diocletian and Constantine
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How did Diocletian get throne?
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Intimidation Military man w/ little edu. Quick mind/ Strong will Clear/Open mind
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What did Diocletian do to Roman Gov.?
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Radical decentr. of imper. administr. Divided empire - 4 semi-autonomous prefectures (called "tetrarchy") Ppl in military brought up in aristocracy Senate = No role in Gov. Wanted defense and NO conquest -Reduced army costs Taxes in countryside = Paid w/out coin Taxes = Paid with work on public works projects
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Who was being persecuted in Rome?
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Small sect of Christians
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Why were persecution happening in Rome?
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Diocletian using Christians as cause for Rome failing -Called "Great Persecution"
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How did Constantine come to power?
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After civil wars in Rome Diocletian retires
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What did Constantine do while in power?
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Changed title -Princeps (leader) --->>Dominus et deus (lord and god) Built majestic things -Palaces -Arches -Public baths
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How did Constantinople come to be?
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Built by Constantine Built on ancient city Byzantium
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What religion did Constantine convert to?
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Christianity -Had vision of winning battle if he converted -Caused end to Christian persecution (Caused Christianity to begin rising in west)
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[CHATPER II (RISE OF CHRISTIANITY)]
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[CHATPER II (RISE OF CHRISTIANITY)]
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[BEFORE CHRIST] [BEFORE CHRIST] [BEFORE CHRIST] [BEFORE CHRIST]
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[BEFORE CHRIST] [BEFORE CHRIST] [BEFORE CHRIST] [BEFORE CHRIST]
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How has Christianity impacted Western civ.?
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Fundamentally influncd. every aspect of west Undrstnd Christianity = Undrstnd the West
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Principle source of Jesus and his followers?
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New Testament
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Writers of the 4 gospels?
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Matthew, Mark, Luke, John -Goal = Interpretive sketches of Jesus's ministry
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Matthew's writings?
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Audience = Jews -Jesus going by Hebrew law and prophets
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Luke's writings?
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Audience = Gentiles -Twin themes of Christ mercy and forgive -Salvation to poor and low -Tender towards women
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4 Gospels contradict?
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On important things -EX: Last Supper and Jesus's trial and crucifixion +All say that it was: Passover-->Trial-->Crucifix +Scholars don't think Jews mess up Passover for trial
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The rest of the New Testament?
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Disciples acts after Jesus death
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Problem with Christianity in Pax Romana era?
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Little evidence on expansion
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Christian popul. at time Constantine's conversion?
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5%
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Two contexts of Christian Revolution?
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Jewish world it came from Pagan world where blossomed
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Seleucids?
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Persecute Jews -Until 142 BC [Maccabaean]
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Romans in Judea?
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Conquer in 63BC
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Sadducees?
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Small group -Land owners and priests -Dismissed apocalyptic belief Supported Roman puppet-kings
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Pharisees?
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Aligned with Sadducees Wanted strict adhere to Jew law and ritual
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Zealots?
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Wanted direct action -Violent and political to overthrow Romans
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Essenes?
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Opposite of Zealots Wanted intense spiritual reform
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Jesus's teaching in Gospel related to what?
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Essenes
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Some people marginalized from Jewish life?
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Galileans and Samaritans
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Gentiles?
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Those who were non-Jewish
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[THE GROWTH OF THE NEW RELIGION] [THE GROWTH OF THE NEW RELIGION]
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[THE GROWTH OF THE NEW RELIGION] [THE GROWTH OF THE NEW RELIGION]
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The Romans cult?
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Mount Olympus deities
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Polytheism?
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Believing in more than one god
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Greek deities to Roman deities?
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Zeus to Jupiter Hera to Juno Aphrodite to Venus Hephaestus to Vulcan Ares to Mars
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Priesthood in Rome?
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Was public profess NOT spiritual calling
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Devine figures of Romans?
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To them covered every aspect of life -Had own domestic spirits [Lares]
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Roman animism?
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Nature spirits
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Mystery Religions?
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Not too diff. from state religion Focused on life outside earthly existence EX: Isis [Egyptian] -Goddess of 10000 names -Husband = Osiris -Son = Horus -Believed they governed and loved world -Deities resurrected = Promise to followers of life after death
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How did Christianity begin to rise?
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Fit into eastern Mediterranean religion
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Apostles?
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Messengers -Greek for
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Paul's contribution to Christianity?
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Greatly expanded it -Thru Palestine, Asia Minor, Greece, Italy -Dozens of Christians in Eastern Mediterranean
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What started the Jewish diaspora?
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Romans quelling Jewish Revolt -Also started Rabbinic Judaism
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What caused distrust and hostility between Christians and Jews?
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Them disassociating from each other
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Bishop?
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Christian community leader Greek = episkopos Latin = episcopus English = episcopal
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Under bishop?
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Priests and deacons -Priests = led worship services -Deacons = community charities / church possessions
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[THE PROBLEM OF PERSECUTION] [THE PROBLEM OF PERSECUTION]
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[THE PROBLEM OF PERSECUTION] [THE PROBLEM OF PERSECUTION]
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Why was persecution becoming a prob.?
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Christians testing policies of Rome -Tolerance
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What groups were being persecuted?
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Christians
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What prob. did Rome have with the Christians?
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NOT their God -They wouldn't recogn other gods Didn't worship same way Romans did -Private worship Rumors spread about Christians -Bad rituals
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AD 64
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1st Christian purge -fire -3/4 city destroyed -Christians used as scapegoat
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AD 68
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Nero's Christian persecution ends
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Septimius Severus
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Starts Christian persec. again -AD 193 -Wants to destroy Christians [burn church,execute,prison]
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Decius
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Rule = 249-251 Tortured Christians until apostatize
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apostatize
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renounce religion
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Diocletian
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Had most bloody/comprehensive persuc. -Christians killed, beaten, fed to beasts, etc. +In Rome amphitheater
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amphitheater
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open-air venue
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[THE PROBLEM OF HERESY] [THE PROBLEM OF HERESY]
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[THE PROBLEM OF HERESY] [THE PROBLEM OF HERESY]
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[CONSTANTINE AND THEODOSIUS: AN IMPERIAL CHURCH]
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[CONSTANTINE AND THEODOSIUS: AN IMPERIAL CHURCH]
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[RESPONSES TO IMPERIALISM]
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[RESPONSES TO IMPERIALISM]
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[]
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[]
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[]
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[]
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[CHAPTER 4] CLOISTER and CULTURE
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[CHAPTER 4] CLOISTER and CULTURE
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ASJKD
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JKASHD
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[RISE OF MONASTICISM IN EAST]
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[RISE OF MONASTICISM IN EAST]
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SKDJDLK J
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KJASLKD
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LKAJSD
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KLAJS DK
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[RISE OF MONASTICISM IN WEST]
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[RISE OF MONASTICISM IN WEST]
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When did monasticism first appear in west?
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late 4th cent.
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How did earliest Mediterranean Europe est.?
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various figures traveling -EX: St. Athanasius +St. Martin of Tours ;convert at 18 ;missionary with Arian Ostrogoths ;monk ;est. community at Liguge (1st monastery )
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hagiography
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sacred writing
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What did the Life of St. Martin do?
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Emphasized power of the saint
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Where did medieval beliefs in miracles come from?
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Told in New Testament Germanic and Classical pagan tradition as well
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Miracles relating to Christians, Muslims, and East Africa?
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Christian Saint common to Muslim Sufis -Sufis = Transcendental Buddhist masters East Africa -Animist holy men +had barakah (spell casters)
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Monasticism for Celts?
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Escape from rural misery and clan war
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St. Patrick
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Famous missionary in Ireland Found that young Christian population wanted to be alone -separate communities
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St. Brigid
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One of Ireland patron saints Daughter of land owner and slave mistress Father dismissed her -Came back when she was beauty +Wanted her to marry but she refused Founded covent at Kildare
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Early monasticism in Western Europe?
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Eclectic Personalities drove movement -NOT programs
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What happened when south and north strains of monasticism made contact?
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Rules
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How were the Rules of establishments made?
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Patch together from other Rules -EX: Rule of St. Pachomius/St. Basil in different places
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What happened when the hybridization of Rules happened?
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Monasteries seen as the sole outpost for authentic Christianity
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How did Germans view divinity?
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Fear not Love Appeasing not Appealing
