World Region Exam 2 – Flashcards
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In addition to industrial sites, cities, and transport spaces, what is the dominant land cover throughout Europe?
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North European Plain.
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What climate type dominates Eastern Europe and consists of hot summers and long, cold winters?
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Cool humid continental climate
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The practices of agriculture and animal husbandry spread to Europe from what pair of world regions?
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Tigris and Euphrates rivers valleys in southwest Asia and From farther east in Central Asia and beyond North Africa and Southwest Asia.
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What defines a feudal social system?
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A sufficient number of heavily armed, professional fighting men, knights, to defend a much larger group of serfs who were legally bound to live on and cultivate plots of land for the knights. Stiff hierarchy were the ruling class has monopoly on land.
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During late Roman times, what religion dominated politics and daily life in general across Europe? What movement arose to challenge the elitist practices of the Catholic Church?
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The Catholic Church dominated the politics and daily life in general across Europe. The Protestant Reformation arose to challenge Catholicism.
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What occurred during the Age of Exploration?
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Many European countries explored and conquered the world. This caused colonies to be formed and wealth to increase in Europe.
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What was the defining feature of Europe's industrial revolution?
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Sprang from the wealth of the nation, necessity to manufacture sugar, and spread all over the world. Brought many people to the cities. The factory
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What is nationalism? When did this form of public involvement in governing first emerge?
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Nationalism is the allegiance to a state. Throughout the 19th and 20th century
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What were the processes that the textbook says led to Europe's "difficult" 20th century?
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1. World War I & II 2. Cold War 3. Decolonization
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Why was Europe's dominant position among world regions reduced?
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The two world wars left the country in ruins and destroyed a large percent to the populace Divided in haft
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What explains the high standard of living maintained by Europe's densely populated states?
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Because welfare states help provide this higher standard of living.
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What process does the creation of the EU formalize?
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An attempt to unite Europe economically, socially, and to a certain point politically
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What are among the core ideas of the EU?
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Universal values of human dignity, freedom, equality, and solidarity (Rule of Law, human rights, and Respect for minorities) Economic interdependence
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What is a strategy that the EU employs in an effort to reduce costs of production in the wealthiest EU member countries?
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The countries eliminated tariffs on each other goods allowing them to produced at a lower cost. A common currency and reduced border restrictions also help. A large economy, an economy of scale. Agricultural subsidies.
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What are the prerequisites for joining the EU?
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A country must achieve financial stability and have a democratically elected government. Must have a functioning market economy that is open to foreign investment and well controlled banks. Farms and industries must comply with strict regulations.
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In Europe, we see many of the same concerns regarding immigration as in the United States. What group is represented by the term guest worker?
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Turks and North Africans that are expected to only stay for a few years and work in sectors where Europe in under employed.
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social democratic welfare systems
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aim for class and gender equality (Scandinavia). Very generous system. People from the cradle to the grade can get money. You must stay in good standing and the goal is to make you a working member of the population.
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conservative welfare system
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provide a minimum standard of living (West Europe). Fairly generous system but not made to move up social rank. Women are expected to take care of sick, children, and elderly.
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modest welfare systems
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encouraged individual responsibility (United Kingdom). Much like the conservative system but a little less generous
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rudimentary welfare systems
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burden falls on local government (South Europe & Ireland). Do not accept it as a right for the government to support individuals. Relies on local government and family and relatives to provide for their own and can vary widely.
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post-communist welfare systems
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Social Democracy with collapse in funding (East Europe). During communism people lived in a way for free but women were expected to work outside the home. Now many of these systems are cutting benefits.
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What year was the Euro launched?
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1998
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Why was the 60% debt ratio waived?
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They want Italy and southern Europe to be included.
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What was the name of precursor to monetary union? What was it? Why didn't it work?
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Exchange Rate Mechanism Prevented currencies from deviating too far, interest rates for Britain were set by Germany
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Which country was forced to withdraw from the ERM?
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Britain
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How did the French president propose to constrain the power of unified Germany?
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Creating a more powerful EU with a unified currency
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What country set the interest rate for the Euro?
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Germany
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How did Greece get into the Euro Zone?
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Manipulating their debt numbers to quality. Lied their debt.
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According to one speaker, what is the essence of currency?
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You can print it and devalue - adjust it to inflation so it works for all countries. Can changed by countries
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If you cannot devalue your currency, the only solution is to: ______________
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cut wages
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How much of Spain's workforce is unemployed?
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1/4
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What landforms serves as the border between Asia and Europe?
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Ural Mountains and Caucasus Mountains
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What are the five major landforms in the region (described in lecture) moving from west to east?
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North European Plain, Ural Mountains, West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau, Pacific Mountain Zone
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What part of the region is the most heavily settled?
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European Russia
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What term is used to represent Russia's semiarid grasslands? What term refers to the coniferous forests found in northern Russia?
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Steppes and Taiga
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The Russian Empire initially arose from the north-central region of European Russia after the arrival of what ethnic group from Eastern Europe?
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Slavs - maybe Russian
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What was the name of the army of nomadic warriors who conquered Russia in the twelfth century?
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Mongols
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What was the name of the faction of Communist revolutionaries who came to power in the Russian Revolution in 1917?
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Bolsheviks
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What man was the leader of the Bolshevik revolutionaries when they came to power in Russia in 1917?
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Vladimir Lenin 列寧
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What leader of the Soviet Union exalted heavy industry and the collectivization of agriculture over 31 years of rule?
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Joseph Stalin
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What term refers to the open discussion of political and social problems initiated near the end of the Soviet Union? What term refers to the restructuring of the economy initiated near the end of the Soviet Union?
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Glasnost(公開性), perestroika(改革)
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In what type of economy, such as that of the Soviet Union, are resources, production, and distribution allocated and managed entirely by state planners?
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A command economy - An economy where supply and price are regulated by the government rather than market forces.
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What is the name for the process whereby industries owned by the government are sold to private companies or individuals?
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Privatization 私有權
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What is the name for the people who have gotten wealthy through their acquisition of discounted government assets, such as factories and resources?
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Oligarchs
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In what industries did the new oligarchs make their fortunes?
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Oil and Natural Gas
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What resources make up the primary exports of Russia's economy?
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Oil and Natural Gas
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Rich in Russia
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Politics and Big Business are trying to be separated as much as possible. Politics are not helping the economy they only provide the illusion they are blaming big business and making them the fall. Successes in Russia's transition are the completeness of it. Politics have been completely separated from business where they were once the same things. A huge downfall is the way it distributed. Only the rich got richer. Huge companies were practically given away leaving the wealth in still a very small % of Russian population.
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What Russian are two of Russia's largest exports?
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1st in world for natural gas 2nd in world for oil
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What region is Russia's largest trading partner, making up roughly 50% if foreign commerce?
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EU: over 50% of Russia's foreign trade; USA
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Who are the new oligarchs in Russia?
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the people who were able to profit from that sale of state assets (1900)
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After the sudden end of Soviet Union, we witnessed an:
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Increase in: Self-expression and individual initiative Political participation Cultural and religious revival Decrease in: Employment Housing, food, and health care Civil order
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Has the end of the Soviet Union caused and increase or decrease in employment?
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Decrease
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How has corruption led to social instability in Russia?
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Gangsters took over vast swathes
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Russia and the independent state are considered, worldwide, to have the worst of which type of pollution?
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Nuclear Pollution
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What large Central Asian lake shrunk during the Soviet era because the rivers feeding it were diverted to irrigate cotton crops? (see text)
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Aral Sea
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Where is Sakhalin Island?
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North Pacific of Russia, North of Japan
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What natural resources lie beneath and surround this island?
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Oil and gas
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What energy companies invested in Sakhalin following the fall of the Soviet Union?
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Exxon, Shell
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Why were there local protests over energy extraction in Sakhalin?
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Local people concern about the negative effects of oil and gas production.
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What company maneuvered to take over the oil and gas project in 2006?
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Gazgrom
