World history: World war I + Russian revolution – Flashcards
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Entente
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an arrangement or understanding between two or more nations agreeing to follow a particular policy with regard to affairs of international concern; a friendly understanding or informal alliance between states or factions.
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militarism
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the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
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Alsace and Lorraine
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a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War.
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Ultimatum
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a final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation or a breakdown in relations. (Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum)
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Mobilize
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(of a country or its government) prepare and organize troops for active service.
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Neutrality
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the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, disagreement, etc.
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Nationalism
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a strong sense of pride in one's country; patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.
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Alliances
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a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations.
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Triple alliance
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a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed on in 1882 and renewed periodically until World War I.
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Triple entente
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the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.
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Gavrilo Princip
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a Serbian nationalist who became the catalyst for World War I when he assassinated Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
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Black hand
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a secret criminal and terrorist society in New York during the early 20th century.
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Francis Ferdinand
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An Austrian prince, heir to the throne, whose assassination in 1914 set off World War I.
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Stalemate
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any position or situation in which no action can be taken or progress made; deadlock.
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Trench Warfare
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a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.
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2 front war
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a war in which fighting takes place on two geographically separate fronts.
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Total war
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a war in which every available weapon is used and the nation's full financial resources are devoted; effects not only the lives of soldiers but of all civilians in that country
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Propaganda
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information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
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Atrocity
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propaganda that focused on the most violent acts committed by the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, emphasising their barbarity and providing justification for the conflict.
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Fourteen points
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a statement of principles for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.
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Armistice
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an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.
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Reparation
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the compensation for war damage paid by a defeated state.
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Mandate
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an official order or commission to do something.
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Treaty of Versailles
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one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
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Proletariat
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workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism/communism)
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Bolsheviks
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a member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October Revolution of 1917.
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Cheka
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An organization under the Soviet regime for the investigation of counter-revolutionary activities. It executed many real and alleged enemies of Lenin's regime from its formation in 1917 until 1922. (secret police that created a "red terror" among Russians)
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Lenin
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The leader of Russia's 1917 Bolshevik revolution and the first leader of the USSR.
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Trotsky
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a Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founding leader of the Red Army.
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Czar Nicholas II
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the last tsar of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of Imperial Russia from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse.
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"Reds vs. Whites"
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Whites: anti-communist Reds: communist/pro Lenin
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Soviets
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political organizations and governmental bodies, primarily associated with the Russian Revolutions and the history of the Soviet Union, and which gave the name to the latter state.
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War communism
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the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War
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Treaty of Brest-Lotovsk
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a peace treaty signed in 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. Lenin was forced to sign this treaty and forfeit some of Russia's land because he had come into power partly by guaranteeing the Russian people an end to the war.
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TRIPLE ALLIANCE
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"central"; 1882; Italy, Austria, Germany
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TRIPLE ENTENTE
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"allies"; 1904; Russia, France, Britain
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MAIN causes of WWI
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militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism
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Powder keg
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Balkan wars; tensions between ethnic groups in Balkan states
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Series of events that begin the war:
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1. Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist in capital of Bosnia 2. Serbia does not meet the demands of Austria 3. Austria declares war on Serbia 4. Germany declares war on Russia and France 5. Germany invades Belgium, causing Britain to declare war on Germany
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How did militarism lead to WWI?
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Increases in military power (building armies, mobilizing) threatened countries and pushed them to attack. For reasons of prestige and self-defense, the more one nation built up its army and navy, the more other nations felt they had to do the same.
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How did alliances lead to WWI?
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More countries were involved; when one country declared war/was attacked, its alliances were dragged into the conflict. It was thought the alliances would promote peace. Each country would be protected by others in case of war, making it foolish for one country to wage war on another. The danger of these alliances was that an argument between two countries could draw all the other nations allied with them into a fight. This is just what happened when a conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia led to World War I.
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How did imperialism lead to WWI?
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The desire for new territories and stronger empires began to increase. European nations ruled smaller countries, called colonies, and competed with each other to amass more colonies. The purpose of imperialism was and is to build up national wealth and influence by owning colonies. Both France and Britain had many colonies in Africa and Asia. Soon, Germany and Italy decided they wanted a colonial empire too. This global competition for land caused confrontations and conflicts in many places.
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How did nationalism lead to WWI?
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The belief that one's own nation or culture is superior to all others, nationalism led European nations to compete to build the largest army and navy. It also gave groups of subject peoples the idea of forming independent nations of their own. Serbians, Czechs, Slovaks, Bosnians and many other peoples living under the rule of the Ottoman or Austro-Hungarian Empires wanted freedom from "foreign" rule.
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How was imperialism a cause of World War I? A. Rivalry over overseas territories increased tensions in Europe. B. Colonies' efforts to gain independence increased tensions in Europe. C. Alliances among overseas territories increased tensions in Europe. D. Efforts to stimulate trade increased tensions in European colonies.
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A. Rivalry over overseas territories increased tensions in Europe.
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How did French nationalism increase tensions in Europe? A. France was a strong supporter of pan-Slavism. B. France considered Alsace and Lorraine to belong to France, rather than Germany. C. France and Britain clashed over control of Morocco. D. France and Germany became rivals in a race for naval superiority.
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B. France considered Alsace and Lorraine to belong to France, rather than Germany.
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What is one way in which militarism influenced the nations of Europe prior to World War I? A. Militarism threatened the imperial system. B. Militarism caused the alliance system to break down. C. Militarism contributed to a European arms race. D. Militarism discouraged nations from foreign trade.
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C. Militarism contributed to a European arms race.
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Why was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand important? A. It created an alliance between Russia and Germany. B. It encouraged the growth of Serbian nationalism. C. It caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. D. It led to the formation of the Triple Alliance.
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C. It caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia.
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Germany, France, and Russia were drawn into the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia as a result of the A. alliance system. B. Schlieffen plan. C. naval arms race. D. second Balkan War.
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A. alliance system.
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Trench warfare led to a stalemate on the Western Front because A. it was difficult for either side to launch an offensive. B. the high casualty rate brought an end to battles quickly. C. the Central Powers were unable to advance into France. D. both sides suffered from a shortage of weapons and soldiers.
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A. it was difficult for either side to launch an offensive.
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How did new military technology influence the fighting in World War I? A. It allowed battle fronts to move widely. B. It shortened the length of the war. C. It increased the number of casualties. D. It brought the European colonies into the war.
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C. It increased the number of casualties.
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What is one way Russia's lack of industrialization impacted the war? A. Russia quickly surrendered and removed itself from the war. B. Trench warfare did not develop on the Eastern Front. C. The Ottomans were prompted to join the war. D. The Eastern Front turned into a stalemate.
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B. Trench warfare did not develop on the Eastern Front.
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How did the entrance of the Ottoman empire on the side of the Central Powers affect the war? A. The Allies lost a valuable supply line to Russia. B. The Arabs gained access to desperately needed supplies. C. The war ended more quickly. D. The Arabs went to war against the Allies.
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A. The Allies lost a valuable supply line to Russia.
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How were European colonies involved in the war? A. They provided the European powers with manpower and materials. B. They refused to help the war effort unless they were granted independence. C. They served as neutral safe havens for European troops from both sides. D. They joined the Central Powers to win freedom from their colonial rulers.
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A. They provided the European powers with manpower and materials.
