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An infectious disease that spreads globally.

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Pandemic

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Why are pandemics more dangerous to developing nations?

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Developing nations gave added risk of spreading disease due to poor sanitation and crowding that often exists in the cities of the developing world. In areas where the population is dense, disease can spread rapidly. In addition, may of the world's poorest nations do not have the money or medical supplies to stop or slow down pandemics.

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How did the bubonic plague reach Europe?

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Black rats, first caught the black death circa 2000 years ago from another species of rates that were infested with plague-carrying fleas. When the infected rats died, the fleas would start drinking the blood of other rats- or nearby people. The rats were originally from Asia, however, with trade between the Europeans, Africans, and Asia increasing, the rats would hitch rides on trade ships. Every ship was infested with rats and when the traders would make land, the rats would jump off. The plague then moved inland and across the continent on people carrying infected fleas.

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When did the Black Death begin spreadin Europe and what affect did it have on the population?

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This plague spread around 1348 and killed about 50% of the European population.

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How did the Medieval Europeans react to the plague?

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The medieval Europeans were terrified of the plague and knew little about how it was spread. If one person in a family got the bubonic plague, the entire family was sealed into their home with their dying relative, and no one was allowed to enter or leave

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What was the affects of the Black Death in Europe?

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The population had vastly declined and there were more jobs than people. The social order began to change as workers quickly realized the value of their labor. They demanded and received, much higher pay than they had before the plague. The remnants of feudalism and serfdom that remained in Europe were largely undone by the economic power that laborers and artisans assumed once the plague had passed.

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Before modern science, what did many people say was the cause for pandemics?

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God was angry at the people about the great Schism and some Christians even believed it was because they had committed great sin.

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What impacts did climate change have on Europe during the 14th century (1300s)?

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The climate changed in Europe when a great downpour flooded farms and rotted crops in the fields. This lead to the Great Famine of 1315-1322 which mainly affected northern Europe and left millions of people and animals to die of starvation.

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A type of plague that mutated from the bubonic plague and afflicts humans; it does not cause buboes (the swellings) to form but instead infects the lungs; the death from this plague may ensure within hours of the first symptoms appearing

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Pneumonic Plague

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Also known as the Dance of Death, were paintings prompted by the Black Death. The paintings showed Death leading people to their graves.

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Danse Macabre

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Was a book of stories written between 1348 and 1358 by Boccaccio, an Italian writer. They are about ten young people fleeing Florence from the plague.

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Decameron

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Medieval Christians who sought to repent of their sins and thus curb the plague by going from town to town while whipping themselves until they bled; they believed that if they and those who saw them mortifying their flesh, repent of their sins, the plague sent by God would disappear

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The Flagellants

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A dispute over taxes between the French king and the pope in Rome fractured the church. King Philip of France established in Avignon, France a pope. Of course there was already a pope in Rome.

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Great (Western) Schism

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What economic & political advantages contributed to the rise of the Italian city-states?

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New ideas flowed through Italy beginning a new era in Europe thanks to the Chrisitians, who during the Crusades had come into contact with the Muslim and Byzantine Empires. Italy location made it a natural travel route between Europe, northern Africa, and the Far East, therefore becoming an important trade center. Feudalism had never been firmly established in Italy, this allowed growing cities to expand their lands into the surrounding areas by taking land away from nobles.

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What impacts did these Italian city-states have on the rest of Europe?

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The Italian city states because of their location were able to pass on new ideas to Europe and thus beginning the Renaissance.

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At first this city-state was largely governed by guilds of wealthy citizens, but later powerful individuals or families took control. These families often fought with each other over land and wealth. This city-state played a major role in the development of the city-states as independent governments. Rome itself became a center for artists and scholars because it had no major industries or trade, it relied on religious pilgrims and church business for its income

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The Papal States

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When did Rome begin to see rebirth and who promoted this rebirth?

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Rome began to see rebirth under Pope Nicholas V, who promoted learning and the arts as well as the influence of Greek and Roman culture.

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Was the first city-state and had already developed a strong economy by carrying goods by ship between Europe and the Byzantine Empire in 1000 AD. It was an important center of trade during the Renaissance due to its strategic location on the Adriatic Sea. It was a very important powerful trading city. Venice grew with the Crusades as Venetian ships carried crusaders east and brought back riches from those countries. It is also home to many different cultures, which aided in the spread of ideas into Europe, which then fueled the Renaissance.

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The Republic of Venice

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Was a center for art, culture, and banking. It is still known for the beautiful art that was commissioned during the Renaissance. It was known specifically for banking and its trade in woolen cloth. It had the strongest tradition of rule by a democracy.

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The Republic of Florence

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Ruled by the Sforza family, was one of the most aggressive and wealthiest city-states conquering much of northern Italy. The Sforza family formed this city-state into one of the most powerful and wealthy of the city-states, but they were often cruel rulers. The army conquered most of northern Italy and nearly conquered Florence as well. However, under the ruler of Francesco Sforza, it and Florence joined together against the expansion of Venice. Sforza and Cosimo de Medici established a friendship that would maintain a balance of power between them in the north and keep the mountain passes open for trade use.

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The Duchy of Milan

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Sforza and Cosimo de Medici established a friendship that would maintain a balance of power between them in the north and keep the mountain passes open for trade use. The two leaders signed the ------ which established their borders.

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Peace of Lodi in 1452 AD

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Ruled Milan in 1480 AD, supported the artist Leonardo da Vinci for almost 20 years. He also created ambitious building plans for canals and irrigation and encouraged farmers to grow new crops such as rice. One of the most famous buildings in Milan is the Piazza del Duomo.

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Ludovico il Moro

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Was an important area for trade in southern Italy, but was less urban than some of the northern city-states. It was the farthest south and while it relied completely on agriculture, its farmland was poor. It had never really moved out of the feudal system. Most of the finance and commerce of this city-state was actually handled by men in cities like Florence, so this city-state did not have professional middle class that the other city-states had.

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The Kingdom of Naples

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A time of transition in Europe between the medieval and modern ear from the 14th century and 17th century, marked by a revival of art, sciences, and classical thinking

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Renaissance

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a city that is also an independent state, or self-governing, with its own system of governance

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City-State

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A ruling social class made up of former members of nobility

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Grandi

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A social class made up of regular citizens

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Popolo

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A form of democratic government developed in medieval Italy

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Commune

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What are the three cultures that influenced the Renaissance the most?

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The rediscovery of the ancient classical cultures of Greece and Rome and the ideas that came from the Middle East

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A system of thought that gives the most importance to human rather than divine matters.

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Humanism

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How did humanism lead to change?

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Created the belief that ideas, art, and inventions were valuable in themselves, not just for the glorification God, and that there could be less emphasis on religion.

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Depended on creating a 'vanishing point' that all the lines in the picture seemed to converge on or go into. Things in the painting were farther away would seem smaller and things that were closer seemed bigger.

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Perspective

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An artistic effect used in painting, contrasting light and shade.

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Chiaroscuro

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A painting created by using watercolors on fresh plaster so that the clolo becomes part of the plaster as it dries.

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Fresco

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Was a ruling family in the city-state of Florence, known for their patronage of the arts. This family set the stage for patron system. The family was responsible for the founding of many libraries and sponsoring artists such as Donatello and Botticelli. They treated their artists with respect for their talent and individuality.

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The Medici Family

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Who specifically set the stage for the patron system in Italy?

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Cosimo Medici

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the craft of stonework or brickwork

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Masonry

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A system of printing in which small pieces of metal are created to represent each character, letters. Punctuation marks, these metal pieces can be rearranged and reproduced as needed, making the printing process more efficient

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Movable Type

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a person with many talents and interest, especially in the humanities

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Renaissance Man

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The Protestant reform movement that split the Roman Catholic Church.

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The Reformation

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The Roman Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation.

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The Counter-Reformation

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How did the printing press affect Reformation?

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The press made it possible for the mass circulation of the Bible in many different languages. This allowed for educated members of the community to read the Bible and interpret it for themselves.

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What was the main compliants of John Wycliffe?

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He objected to the wealth of many clergy members, arguing that the Church, led by the pope, should give up worldly possessions. He believed the Bible, not the pope, was the highest source of religious authority; people should be able to read the Bible for themselves. He attacked the Church's teaching of transubstantiation.

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Began to question the wealth of the Church and the authority of the pope in the fourteenth century.

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John Wycliffe

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Also, began to question the wealth of the Church and the authority of the pope in the fourteenth century. He was strongly influenced by Wycliffe, but he also raised some other important issues himself.

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Jan Hus

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What was the main compliants of Jan Hus?

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He criticized the practice of simony or the sale of church offices. He attacked the sale of indulgences as a sinful practice.

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Was a very learned man, became the first editor of the Greek New Testament. In his theological works, he criticized the papacy and singled out corruption in the Church. He corresponded with Martin Luther, and many contemporaries and later historians believed that Erasmus inspired Luther.

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Desiderius Erasmus

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A German monk became frustrated with the Roman Catholic Church. He felt that the Church had become corrupt and decided to take action by compiling a list of complaints and nailing it the door of the German church. He was appalled by the Church's great wealth and its sale of indulgences. He was also convinced that humans gained salvation through faith alone, rather than through faith and good works, such as pray and charity. His actions are acknowledged as the official beginning of the Reformation.

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Martin Luther

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Was another major leader of the Protestant Reformation. Like Luther before him, he believed in the supreme authority of the Bible. He published his most important work in 1536 called 'Institutes of the Christian Religion' in which he explained his religious beliefs. Unlike Luther, he believed in the idea of predestination. Also unlike Luther, he believed that there should be NO separation between religion and politics and that Christians should build an ideal state.

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John Calvin

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What English Protestant group did John Calvin heavily influence?

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Purtians

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He attacked corruption in the Catholic Church and developed a new liturgy to replace the Catholic mass. His followers are called the Anabaptists. Unlike the Calvinists, the Anabaptists believed the church should be separate from the state. Most of them are pacifists and they were persecuted for their unpopular views.

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Huldrych Zwingli

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Was a general council called by the Roman Catholic Church in 1545 to formulate a response to the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

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The Council of Trent

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the priests who joined the Society of Jesus

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Jesuits

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Pope Paul III granted permission to a Spanish priest to organize a new society in the priesthood.

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Ignatius Loyola

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Were required to follow a strict code of discipline, received a religious training, and took a special oath of obedience to the pope. Their goal was to spread the Catholic faith as missionaries and to educate the young.

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The Society of Jesus

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An institution of the Catholic Church focused on identifying and punished heresy.

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The Inquisition

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How did the Church view the printing-press?

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The Church saw the printing press as a double-edged sword that could lead the faithful into sin and error.

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A European war of 1618-48 that broke out between the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and some of his German Protestant states and developed into a struggle for continental hegemony with France, Sweden, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire as the major protagonists; it was ended by the Peace of Westphalia.

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Thirty Years War

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The idea that individualism and human freedoms are linked to Christian teachings and religion.

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Christian humanism

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The changing of the elements of the bread and wine, into the body of Christ during a mass

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Transubstantiation

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Special grants that released Catholics from the obligation to pray or perform good works as penance for their sins

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Indulgences

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Statements critical of the church, nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517 by Martin Luther

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95 Theses

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Doctrine associated with John Calvin, whereby God has chosen in advance those who are eligible for eternal salvation

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Predestination

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The economic system where a nation's wealth is controlled by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests. The idea is that the more gold or silver a nation has the more powerful that nation is.

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Mercantile system

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How did untification of Spain contribute to the Age of Discovery?

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It caused a resurgence of nationalism springing from the fact that Christian armies had united the country under the united Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. Second, there was a surplus of well-trained soldiers with years of experience with nothing left to conquer in Spain. Thus, this energy and spirit was transferred to the exploration of new places.

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sent ships on diplomatic missions to bring more communities under the Chinese tributary system. Between the years 1405 and 1433, seven major naval expeditions sailed around the Indian Ocean to India, Africa, and Arabia.

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Emperor Zhu Di

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He is credited with funding expeditions and encouraging the development of navigation technologies. Under his leadership, Portuguese sailors managed to make it as far south as Senegal on the African coast.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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Achieved a remarkable breakthrough when in 1488, guided his ship into what he dubbed the 'Cape of Storm' (now known as the Cape of Good Hope). This revealed that it was possible to take a sea route from Europe to India.

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Bartolomeu Dias

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Portuguese explorer who discovered a sea route to India around Africa. He also negotiated a good trade deal between India and Portugal.

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Vasco da Gama

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Portuguese explorer who sailed from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, He was the first person to make a round-the world voyage.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Was an Italian explorer, but was commissioned by England to explore areas for the crown. He and his son's expeditions furthered the English interest in profiting from exploration.

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John Cabot

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Discovered America in 1492, though he and the rest of Spain believed it to be India for quite some time. He also began trade in the Americas exchanging glass beads and hawk's bells for native ornaments.

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Christopher Columbus

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Spanish explorer and conqueror who conquered the Aztec Empire and established a Spanish colony in Mesoamerica during the early 1500s.

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Hernán Cortéz

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Was a Spanish explorer and conqueror who conquered the Inca Empire and established a Spanish colony in South America in the early 1500s

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Francisco Pizarro

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Was a Portuguese explorer who landed in present-day Brazil in 1500 on his way to India.

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Pedro Álvares Cabral

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French explorer who established the colony of Quebec in the early 1600s.

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Samuel de Champlain

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Was the exchange of plants, animals, goods, ideas, and also diseases across the Atlantic.

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Columbian Exchange

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Were colonies where groups of settlers were given the right to form a government under the British crown

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Charter Colonies

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Were colonies where an individual was granted the right to establish a colony

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Proprietary Colonies

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Were colonies established by the Crown and ruled by a governor appointed by the king

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Royal Colonies

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Why did Europeans start to use so many Africans as slaves?

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Europeans realized that Africans were more resistant to disease and, because of this, better workers on European colonial plantations and mines than Native Africans.

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What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?

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The force movement of enslaved Africans from Africa to the America's for profit; it lasted from the early 1500s to the mid-1800s.

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Why were kingdoms in West Africa willing to sell slaves to Europeans?

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This trade also benefited the Africans because the Europeans were looking for mostly male slaves. The Africans viewed male slaves as expendable, since they most used enslaved women and children.

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The route taken in the triangular slave trade from West Africa to the Caribbean, which involved the abusive transport of enslaved Africans.

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Middle Passage

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How did the Altantic Slave Trade influence trade in Africa?

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Trade introduced new crops to Africa which helped improve the diets and health of the African population

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How did the Altantic Slave Trade influence war in Africa?

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The Africans were able to gain access to guns, which allowed them to wage war on neighboring tribes. They would then limit their rivals by either killing them or selling them to Europeans as slaves.

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