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Industrial Revolution

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The era when the use of power-driven machinery was devoloped. (1700's)

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Origin of the Industrial Revolution

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Great Britain

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Factors of the Industrial Revolution

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Exploration and Colonialism, Seapower, Political Stability, Governement Support and Growth of Private Investment.

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"Research and Devolopment"

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Experiments funded by private businesses for creating better products.

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Jethro Tull

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Invented the seed drill, a machine that made planting grain more efficient. (1701)

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Enclosure Movement

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The process by which British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops. The Enclosure Acts led to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners. Threw many farmers off the land→Went to the city, looking for jobs.

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Factors of Production

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The essential elements that a nation needs to achieve economic sucess.

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3 Factors of Production

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Land-natural resource, Labor-growing population, and Capital- funds for investment in business.

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"Human Capital"

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People with abilities and skills needed in industry.

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Cotton Industry

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A craft occupation performed in the home.

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Industrialization

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The process of changing to power driven machinery.

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Eli Whitney

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American inventor of the cotton gin, a machine that removed the seeds more efficiently. (1793)

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James Hargreaves

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English inventor of the spinning jenny. (1764)

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Richard Arkwright

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Inventor of the water/spinning frame, spun stronger and thinner thread. (1768)

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John Kay

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Inventor of the flying shuttle, doubled weaving speed. This invention made many people lose their job. John Kay end up dying in poverty. (1733)

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Edmund Cartwright

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Inventor of the power loom, a larger and faster weaving system. (1785)

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Samuel Crompton

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Inventor of the spinning mule, a combination of the spinning jenny and water frame. It produced stronger thread in less time. (1779)

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James Wyatt

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Inventor of the first sucessful steam engine. (1769)

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Richard Trevithick

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Used a steam engine to power the 1st locomotive; steam powered trains.

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Robert Fulton

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American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship called the Clermont.

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Great Britain

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Outlawed the export of certain machines and didn't allow some skilled craftmen from leaving the country.→ Result: 1760-1830 Industrial Revolution took mainly in Great Britain.

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Alexander Hamilton

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U.S Treasury Secretary, wrote "Report on Manufactures". Argued that industrialization would help the United States gain economic indpendence from Great Britain. (1791)

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Samuel Slater

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He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine. Known as the "Father of American Industry"

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Francis Cabot Lowell

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Founder of the Mill in Lowell, Massuchusetts, used the power of the waterfall to run his machinery. Often hired young and single women, and provided them with good wages and clean housing.

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William Cockerill

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A british engineer, who brought industry to continental Europe. Founded a textile factory in Belgium in 1807.

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Belgium

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2nd most industrialized european country after Great Britain.

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Benefits of weavers working @ home

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Weavers controlled their schedule and product quality. Able to make decisions on when to work and when to rest.

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Disadvantages of weavers working @ home

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Fire or flood that destroyed the homes equipment could ruin a family. Demand of technical skills, took long to learn. Required strength.

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Working Conditions

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Long work hours, lack of ventilation, poor sanitation, noisy, and inadequate food. Common throughout the ate 1700s and into the 1800s.

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Northwestern Region of England

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Nicknamed the "black country". An American visitor called the region "black by day and red by night".

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Manchester

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British city, symbolized the problems of Inudstrialization. City was unsanitary, some neighborhoods had only 2 toilets for ever 250 residents; disese spread rapidly. 6 out of 10 children died before the age of 5.

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Luddite Movement

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A movement by a group called the Luddites, named after General Ned Ludd, a figure who likely did not exist. The movement started in 1811 when masked workers attack a textile factory in Nottingham, England. The Luddites opposed machines that were "hurtful to the commonality," (put them out of work) and burned factories in protest. By 1812 the movement had spread beyond Britain, but ended after several Luddites were hanged.

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Labor Unions

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Organizations representing worker's interest. They would organize strikes, or work soppages to urge employers to raise wages and improve conditions. Later, Parliament banned Unions and strikes UNTIL 1871; legalized again.

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Laws passed by Parliament

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1. Limited hours for adults and children. 2. Child workers had to be atleast 9 years old.

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Middle Class

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Groups or types of workers that were in the middle income range, between rich factory ownders and poor factory workers. Includes managers, accountants, engineers, and mechanics.

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Mass Production

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The system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items.

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American System

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Elements of mass productin including interchangeable parts and assembly line.

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Interchangeable Parts

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Identical machin-made parts.

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Assembly Line

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Mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it

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Mercantilism

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An economic system, a nation's strength dpended on it's wealth; restricted trade to acquire wealth.

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Laissez-Faire Economics

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The idea that governments should not interefere in business. French phrase "free to do"

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Adam Smith

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Scottish professor, leading advocate of Laissez-Faire ecnomics (Against mercantilism) Published " The Wealth of Nations" in 1776, wrote that markets free from government interference benefited all. Known as the "Father of Capitalism".

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Market Economy

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Economic system free from regulation.

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Thomas Malthus

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Supporter of Smith. Believed that the poulation will continue to grow and entually outsrip the food supply. Belived that poverty and misery would never go away. He also believed that the population growth coudl only be slowed down by war, faine, and decrease reproduction. His ideas were used to justify low wages and laws that limited charity to the poor.

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Entrepreneur

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Someone who starts a new business.

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David Ricardo

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Theory: Natural Economic forces would keep low wages so low that workers barely had enough to survice.

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Andrew Carnegie

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** Born in Scottland. Best example of "Rags to Riches" sucess. He led the expansion of the American Steel Industry. Often gave money to charity.

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Cornellus Vanderbilt

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Railroads

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John d. Rockefeller

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Oil.

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Robert Owen

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Created the theory of Socialism, believed that for the good of all, socieety or government should own property and control industry. He built a mill complex at New Lanark, Scottland. (Workers earned good pay and etc.)

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Socialism

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State ownership of the means of production. State should control and plan the economy, and distribute wealth more equally.

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Utopia

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An ideal community where poverty and evils of society didn't exist.

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Utopianism

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***Type of Socialism. Devoloped in the early 1800's, the belief that Utopias can solve society's problem.

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Social Democracy

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Movement that believed in Socialism.

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Karl Max

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Wrote "Das Kapital" in 1867, which argued against capitalism. Said that capitalism disrupts the relationship between labor and profit. Thought that there should be a direct connection betweens one's work and one's pay.

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Communism

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The system in which the government owns almost of all the means of production and controsl economic planning.

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Revolutionary

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***Type of Socialism. (Marxist) "Communist Manifesto" 1848, most radical.

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Revisionist

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***Type of Socialism. (Democratic) Developed in the late 19th century.

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Proletariat

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Workers

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Marx's Advice to Workers

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A state of war existed with the bourgeoisie. Government, law, morality, and religion were weapons of the bourgeoise; don't trust. To rise apove the proletariet is is betrayel. Never negotiate for concessions and class conciousness must be developed.

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Meat Packing Industry

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Lured workers to Chicago. Population frw from 30,000 to 1.7 million.

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Steel Industry

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Pittsburg Pennslyvania.

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Urbanization

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The growth in the population of people living in towns and cities.

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Industrial Cities

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Lively, fast-paced, and crowded.

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London

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Had a problem with smog, smoke combined with fog. In 1873 a smog episode caused 268 dealths.

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Migration to the United States

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1870-1900, about 12 million people immigrated to the U.S. Many came from Ireland, England, Germany, Italy, Russia and China. Many poured into Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco. About 42% of New Yorkers were foreign born in 1890.

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Improvements in the cities

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City modernized their water and sewer systems; better plumbing→ Allowed clean drinking water, toilets, and bathtubs→Health and Sanitation improved.

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William Le Baron Jenney

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Architect, designed the first skyscraper in 1883 in Chicago. It was 10 stories tall.

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Subway (London)

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Opened the world's first supway line in 1863.

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Napoleon II

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Created parks in Paris to give working people places for healthy recreation in 1860.

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Suburbs

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Cities crowded→People moved out into the suburbs, less crowded,quieter, and cleaner. Suburbs developed along the railroad and bus lines.

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Romantiscm

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A literary and artisic developement of the early 1800s.

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Themes of Romantism

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Nationalism, Libralism, Nature, Reactionary against the Enlightment and the Industrial Revolution, and Focus on dramatic moments in history.

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Jacques Louis David

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Pieces: Death of Marat, Death of Socrates, and Napoleon.

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Theodore Gericault

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Pieces: Raft of Medusa

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Eugene Delacroix

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Pieces: The Sea of Galilee, Liberty Leading the People, and the Massacre of Chios.

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Francis Goya

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Pieces: Saturn Devouring Children, and the Third of May.

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Joseph Turner

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Pieces: The Fighting Temeraire

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John Constable

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Pieces: Salisbury

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Realism

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Reactionary movement in the mid 1800s to romanticism.

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Themes of Realism

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Realistic point of view and the look at average and ordinary aspects of life.

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Gustave Coubert

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Young Ladies on the Banks of the Seine, The Meeting, Burial at Ornans, and The Stonebreakers.

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Honore Daumier

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The Burden, The Laundress & The Third Class Carriage

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Jean Francois Millet

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The Gleaners

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William Wordworth

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Poet; definition of poetry: " The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility".

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Ludwig Van Beethoven

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German Composer

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William Blake

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English artist, painted scenes of mystical beauty.

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Charlies Dickens

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Englismen, wrote "Hard Times"; about the struggles of London's poor.

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Leo Tolstoy

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Russian writer; "War and Peace"; showed that war is chaotic and horrible.

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Henrik Ibsen

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Norweigen playwright; " A Doll's House"; revealed the unfair treatment of woman within families.

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