World History EOC Review – Flashcards
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Persian War
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Greek city-states vs. the Persians. Persians wanted to control territory to expand their empire. 490-479 BC
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Peloponnesian War
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Athens vs. Sparta for dominance in the Greek city-states. 431-404 BC
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Punic Wars
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Roman wars to conquer western Mediterranean. 265-146 BC
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Mongol Invasions
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Led by Genghis Khan, Empire from CHina to Russia, largest empire in history.
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The Reconquista
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Christians in Spain led by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pushed the Moors (Muslims out of Europe. 1492
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English Civil War
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Oliver Cromwell leads parliamentary forces to defeat King Charles, created republic but Cromwell becomes dictator. 1642-1651
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The French Revolution
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Inequality in class systems (all three estates), abuses by the nobility and the king, state debt and high taxes, starving peasants from crop failures. Influenced by the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. 1789-1795
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Napoleonic Wars
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Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1802 and began attempts to conquer Europe. Succeeded in conquering significant portions but was unable to conquer Russia. 1803-1815
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Latin American Revolutions
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Seeing the success of the American Revolution, many colonies began to break away from European mother countries.
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Russian Revolution
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Series of revolutions in 1917. Caused by widespread discontent in all classes of Russia, revolutionaries agitating for change, weak leadership by Czar Nicholas II, heavy losses in WWI, food and fuel shortages during WWI.
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Free Enterprise
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Consumer demands drives production. ex. US
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Communism
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Strong government planning and control of the production and distribution of goods and services. ex. China
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Socialism
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Collective social control of production planned by group. ex. Switzerland
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Traditional Economy
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Production of just enough to live on, subsistence level agriculture. Use of trading instead of money. ex. some third world countries
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Democracy
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Government controlled by its citizens
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Totalitarianism
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Government controls every aspect of public and private life.
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Absolute Monarchy
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King and or Queen have absolute power.
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Limited Monarchy
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King and or Queen have limited power.
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Theocracy
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Ruler controls both religious and political affairs and is seen as divine.
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Oligarchy
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Rule by a few, based on wealth.
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Hinduism
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Originated in India, believes in reincarnation, karma, believes Ganges River washes away all sin, and cow is considered sacred.
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Buddhism
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Buddha taught the 4 Noble Truths, the 8-Fold Path, and nirvana or bliss.
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Judaism
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Monotheistic based on the teaching of Jesus out of the Torah, only the Old Testament.
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Confucianism
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Confucius taught relationships have obligations such as filial piety, love shown to parents, to get you to the Mandate of Heaven.
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Islam
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Muhammad, Five Pillars of Islam, pilgrimage to Mecca, use of the Quran.
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Sikhism
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Combination of Islamic and Hindu beliefs.
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Al-Qaeda
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Terrorist Organization found be Osama bin Laden
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Archimedes
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Greek mathematician who studied density, levers, pulleys, and invented a screw water pump device
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Thomas Aquinas
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Christian philosopher whose thoughts influenced politics; believed that truth is known through faith and reason, people have right to challenge unjust laws.
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William Blackstone
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English judge whose writing helped explained the common law and defined rights of individuals.
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Siman Bollvar
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Independence leader in South America against the Spanish
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Napoleon
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Emperor of France who conquered much of Europe, sparking the Napoleonic Wars; his law code became foundation of many modern European laws.
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Robert Boyle
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Father of Chemistry
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John Calvin
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Began Protestant religion in Geneva; taught predestination, faith is key to salvation, strict moral code; established theocracy.
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Churchill
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British Prime Minister during WWII
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Copernicus
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Proposed heliocentricity (Sun is center of solar system)
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Marie Curie
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First woman to win Nobel Prize for radioactive studies
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Thomas Edison
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invented light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures
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Einstein
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Discovered space and time are relative; contributed to the development of atomic bomb
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Queen Elizabeth I
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Created a strong, centralized monarchy based on national unity and sharing powers between monarchy and Parliament; Golden Age of England, supported by arts
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Eratosthenes
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Greek geographer who showed that Earth was round and also calculated the circumference
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Galileo
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Studied motion; telescope observations confirmed Copernican theory; tried and convicted of heresy by the Catholic Church
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India Gandhi
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First female Prime Minister of India
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Mohandas Gandhi
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Leader of Indian independence movements, non-violent resistance
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Reformed USSR, leading to the election of non-Communistic governments in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union
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Hammurabi
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Creator of the first written law code in history
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Thomas Hobbes
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Enlightenment philosipher
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Thomas Jefferson
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Author of Declaration of Independence
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Justinian
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Byzantine leader, Justinian Code of Laws
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John Locke
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Believed people should be able to through over the government
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Golda Meir
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First Prime Minister of Israel
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Montesquieu
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Believed in separation of powers
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Louis Pasteur
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Diseases are caused by germs, developed vaccines
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Oscar Romero
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Catholic Archbishop, spoke out against poverty
