World History Chapter 5 Flashcards
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What are the two distinct cultures that developed in early Greece?
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the Minoans and the Mycenaeans
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When was Minoan developed?
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3000 BC
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How long did the Minoan civilization last?
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2000 Years
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What main sea was used by the Minoans for trade?
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Aegean Sea
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Exacavations that have revealed lots about Minoan life were located where?
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Crete or Knossos
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Where were Minoan colonies located?
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Aegean Islands
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What did the Minoan buildings contain?
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Artwork, Plumbing, and Private Rooms
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What was life for the Minaons tied to?
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The sea
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How was life tied to the sea for the Minoans?
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They had sailing, trading, fishing, and entertainment
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In the Minoan civilization, did women have a major role?
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Yes
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What kind of role did the women have in the Minoan civilization?
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Priesteses
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What is the most popular Minoan game?
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Leaping over charging bulls
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During what event did the Minoans leap over the bulls?
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during festivals
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What was the Minoan language called?
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Linear A
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How is Linear A discrete?
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Different from mainland of Greece
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Why cant historians read and understand Linear A?
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It was untranslateable and different from any other language
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How did they know that the Minoans lived where they did?
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From artifacts and art left behind
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What caused the main destruction of Minoan?
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A volcanic island in Crete erupted
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What did the eruption of the volcano on Crete cause?
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Farming to weaken, and had an effect everywhere
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Who were the group of people that conquered Minoan?
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Mycenaeans
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What happened betwen the small kingdoms of the Mycenaeans
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They fought each other
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Where does the name Mycenaeans come from?
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The fortress Mycenae
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What are the Mycenaeans considered as?
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The first Greeks
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Who do the Mycenaeans owe?
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Minoans
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Why do Mycenaeans owe the Minoans?
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Because of trading, and they copied their writing to create their own system
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What's the difference between the Minoans writing and the Mycenaean's writing?
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The Mycenaeans could be translated while the Minoan's couldn't
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Like the Minoans what did the Mycenaeans become?
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Great Traders
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What happened to the Mycenaean's trade after they conquered Crete?
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Trade increased
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The Mycenaean society was dominated by what?
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Intense competition, frequent warefare, and powerful kings
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What did the Mycenaeans build to show off their strength?
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Great monuments
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What was one of the Mycenaean's great monuments?
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Lion's Gate
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Where was the Lion's Gate located?
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Mycenae
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What did the kings of the Mycenaeans do to be able to build palaces and high walls?
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Taxed trade and farming
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What act of the kings of the Mycenaeans inspired many later legends?
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Kings constant quest for power and glory
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Who were invloved in the Trojan War?
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the early greeks
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Who were the early Greeks led by?
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Mycenaeans
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Who did the early Greeks fight aginst?
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the city of Troy
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Where is the city of Troy located?
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in modern day Turkey
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Who is the God of all gods?
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Zeus
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Zeus was also the god of what and what is his symbol?
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the sky and lightning
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Who was the queen of the gods?
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Hera
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Hera was also the goddess of what two things?
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marriage and women
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Who was the god of the sea and earthquakes?
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Poseidon
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Who was the god of the underworld?
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Hades
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Who was the goddess of agriculture?
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Demeter
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Who was the goddess of hearth and family?
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Hestia
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Who was the goddess of wisdom?
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Athena
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Who was the god of prophecy?
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Apollo
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Apollo was also the god of what?
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Healing, poetry, music, and the sun
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Who was the goddess of hunting and the moon?
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Artemis
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Who was the god of war?
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Ares
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Who was the goddess of love?
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Aphrodite
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Who was the god of metalworking?
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Hepshaestus
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Who was the god of wine?
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Dionysus
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Who was known as the messenger god and was the god of trade?
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Hermes
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How historians guess that the Trojan war happened?
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They have found ruins in Troy
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What event did the Trojan war play a part in?
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helping to cause the end of the Mycenaean Civilization
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The polis was the center of what two things?
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center of daily life and culture
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What did the acropolis house?
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temple to the gods
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What did people do at the agora?
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they did business, they gossiped, and they discussed politics
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What 3 things surrounded the agora?
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shops, houses, and temples
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What was the name of the mightiest city-state?
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Sparta
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Where was Sparta located?
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it was located on the Peloponnesus peninsula of southern greece
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Who did the Spartans make into helots or state slaves?
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the Messenians
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What did the Spartans demand from their army?
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strength and toughness
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Who were examined for their strength?
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Boys, girls, and babies
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Who was Lycurgus?
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he was a legendary king whose goal was to toughen boys
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What did boys become when they reached the age of 20?
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Hoplites
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What are hoplites?
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foot soldiers
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What kind of roles did women have in Sparta?
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they were trained gymnasts, they were required to be strong, and they had the right property
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Who were believed to be the ones who could protect people and city-states in exchange for rituals and sacrifices?
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the Gods and Goddesses
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Where did the Gods supposedly live?
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Mount Olympus
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What are the names of thw two famous cities of greece?
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Delphi and Olympia
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What happened in the city of Delphi?
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the priestesses of Apollo received visions of the future
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What happened in the city of Olympia?
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That was where the olympic games were held every 4 years
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In what areas were heroes famously known?
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in their hometowns
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Who did Hubris bring to their tragic ends?
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the Heroestos
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What did the hero's deaths serve as towards the Greeks?
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they served as lessons
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Where is the birthplace of democracy?
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Athens
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Was Athens always a democratic city?
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No.
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How long did it take for Athens to become a democracy?
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Several centuries
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What kind of leaders ruled Athens before it become democratic?
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kings
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What type of people replaced the kings of Athens?
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Aristocrats
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Describe the Athenian subjects.
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they were poor and had little power and control of their lives
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What was the conflict in Athens caused by?
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differences between the rich and poor
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Who was Draco?
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an official
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What did Draco do for athens?
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he fixed the conflict, and reformed city laws
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What negative things did Draco do to Athens?
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he believed in harsh punishment which caused things to get worse and his laws made things even worse for Athens
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Who was Solomon?
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he was a lawmaker
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What things did Solomon do?
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he revised Draco's laws in 590s BC, he outlawed slavery and reduced poverty
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What did Solomon encourage?
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trade
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Who were the only people allowed to hold office in Athenian culture?
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wealthy men
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What type of person was Peisistratus?
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he was a tyrant
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What did Peisistratus do to trade and to the aristocrats?
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he increased trade and pushed the aristocrats out of office
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Who took over after Peisistratus died?
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Cleisthenes
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What 2 things did Cleisthenes do to athens?
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1. he set the stage for democracy 2. divided athens into 10 tribes
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What were the requirements to be able to rule in the Athenian democracy?
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you must have been a male, above the age of 20, and had military training
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What were the 4 things the eligible rulers of Athens must do?
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1. vote in all elections 2. serve in office if elected 3. serve on juries 4. serve in the military during war
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What were the 3 main bodies of the government in Athens?
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the assembly, Council of 500, and the complex series of courts
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What were the roles of the assembly of Athens?
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make all the laws and decisions
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Where did the assembly of Athens meet and what was that type of democracy called?
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on a particular hill and it was called a direct democracy
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What did the Council of 500 in Athens do?
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they heard trials that were voted on by the assembly
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What did the complex series of courts in Athens do?
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they heard trials and sentenced criminals
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Who were the archons in Athens?
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they served as the chief of state and they acted like head of the assembly
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Where was Ionia?
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in what is now known as Turkey
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Ionia was one of the _______ and ______ city-states of Greece.
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largest, wealthiest
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When did Ionia fall into Persian rule?
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500s BC
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What kind of problems did the Ionians and the Persians have?
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the Ionians were unhappy with the Persian rule, the Ionians rebelled in 499 BC, and the Persian emperor wanted revenge
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What did the Persians set out to do?
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fulfill Darius's plan of revenge
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Where did the Persians end up at while trying to fulfill Darius's plan of revenge?
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the phalanx beach
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Why did the Persians retreat from the Phalanx beach?
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the were suprised by the Athenians into an unexpected battle
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Why was the Athenian messenger famous?
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he ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek's victory
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How did the Athenian messenger die and what did he inspire today?
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he died from exhaustion because of the running and he inspired the modern day marathon races
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When did Darius die?
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486 BC
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Who was Xeres and what did he do?
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he was Daruis's son and he planned more revenge for Greece
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How long did it take for the Persian army to cross the bridge?
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a week
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Who helped the Greeks fight the Persians?
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Sparta
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Who gathered in the Thermopylae mountain?
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the Spartans and their allies
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How long did the Spartans hold back the Persians?
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several days
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What happened to the Persians when the Athenian commander led themdown the narrow path?
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the Greeks wiped out the Persians
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Who finally won the Perisan Wars?
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The Greeks
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What did the Greek city-states do when they were banded together?
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they defended one another and they punished the Persians
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What bond controlled all of Athens?
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alliance
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What was the alliance of Athens known as?
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The Delian League
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The Delian League grew _____ and _____.
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wealthier, stronger
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What did league members of The Delian Leagus start to do and what did the league eventually turn into?
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resent and an Athenian Empire
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Why did the people want to rebuild Athens?
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because a lot of things burnt down during the fighting
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Who gave the people of Athens a large amount of money to help rebuild?
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The Delian League
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What is an acropolis?
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fortified hil
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What 3 things were built in Athens during remodeling?
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expanded ports, roads, and high walls
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The rebuilding of Athens considered the height of what?
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the height of Greek culture and sophistication
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Who was Pericles and how did he die?
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a city general and he died from the plague
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What did the Golden age bring?
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great wealth
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Who moved to Athens during the Golden Age?
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merchants
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What things did Athens have during the Golden Age?
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grande festivals, public celebrations, and public events
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Where was the heart of Greeks culture?
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Athens
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When did the Peloponnesian League form?
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500s BC
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Between the Peloponnesian League and the _____ League were tensions.
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Delian
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What event did the the Delian League stealing money lead to?
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the declaration of war between Sparta and the Athenians in 431 BC
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What did the Spartans domminate during the war?
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the land
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What did the Athenians dominate during the war?
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the sea
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When did the plague during the Athenian and Spartan war break out?
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430 and 429 BC
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When did the Spartan and Athenian war end?
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421 BC
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How many years went by before the war between the Spartans and the Athenians start back up again?
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6 years
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When did the Athenians finally surrender to the Spartans?
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404 BC
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What 4 things did the Athenians lose thousands of due to the war?
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1. soldiers 2. ships 3. money 4. allies
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Who finally took over Greece after the Spartans lost control of Greece?
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the Macedonians
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Despite their condemnation of Socrates, the people of Greece were great believers of what?
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philosophy
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What does the word philosophy mean?
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the search for wisdom and knowledge
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When did philosophy reach its height in Athens?
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during the 400s and 300s BC
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Who was the Golden Age of philosophy inspired by?
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Socrates, Plato, and Aristolte
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Who was the first of the three great philosophers?
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Socrates
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How do we know about the ideas of Socrates?
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by the writings of his students
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What was the basic question that Socrates started with to learn things?
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''What is truth?''
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What do we call the method of learning by using questioning?
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the Socratic method
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Who was Socrates's most famous student who someday became a philosopher himself?
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Plato
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Who wrote the Republic?
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Plato
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Who was considered the \"Father of History\"?
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Herodotus
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Who was the \"Father of Scientific Medicine\"?
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Hippocrates
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What is the Hippocratic Oath?
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An oath that a doctor takes: 1. His/her knowledge will be used to help someone and not harm them 2. Doctor/patient confidentiality
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Who was the scientist who explained the principle of the lever?
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Archimedes
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Who came up with the theorem that helps architects find the hypotenuse of a triangle
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Pythagoras
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Who started The Academy?
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Plato
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Who came up with the idea that earth was the center of the universe?
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Ptolemy
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Who was the famous orator who tried to help warn Greece about Philip II?
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Demosthenes
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Who was the great Greek writer of comedies?
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Aristophanes
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What was the most famous building in Ancient greece?
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Parthenon
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Who was the historian who used primary sources when writing his history?
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Thucydides
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Who wrote the great work \"Oedipus Rex\"?
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Sophocles
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Which Hellenistic philosophy believes in pleasure for the greater good?
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Epicureanism
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What is a philosophy that believes you should abstain from worldly pleasures, and always do what is right?
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Stoicism
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Who wrote the book \"The Dialogues\"?
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Plato
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Who used the \"question-answer\" technique to seek the understanding of concepts such as social justice?
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Socrates
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Whose philosophy suggests that pain and suffering can actually make you stronger?
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Sophocles
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Who said that you cause your own pain and suffering?
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Euripides
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Who was the father of geometry?
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Euclid
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Which philosopher was famous for his classification of species?
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Aristotle
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The great sculptor who helped rebuild Greece.
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Phidias
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The written conversations made by Plato about the philosophies of Socrates.
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The Dialogues
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What was the technique of questioning all beliefs and assumptions in attempt to come to a larger or more general truth or conception of reality?
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Didectic
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Who was Plato's teacher?
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Socrates
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Who was Plato's best student?
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Aristotle
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Who was the world's first political scientist?
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Plato
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What was the first book of political science called?
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the Republic
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Who thought only educated people (philosophers) should be able to participate in government?
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Plato
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What was Plato's greatest philosophy?
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the quest for the Idea of Good
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What was the name of the school started by Aristotle?
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Lyceum
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Who was the most famous student of Aristotle?
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Alexander the Great
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Whose work stressed the importance of observation, the necessary correlation of theory to fact, and the value of logic?
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Aristotle
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What is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true? (A=B, B=C therefore A=C.)
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Syllogism
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Who uses syllogisms to prove their logic?
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Aristotle
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Who was the Macedonian king?
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Philip II
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Who was Philip II's son?
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Alexander the Great
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What king brought Macedonian to its rise in power?
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Philip II
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Who took over as king of Masedonia when Philip II was assinated in 336 BC?
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Alexander the Great
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What king used harsh mearsures to show the Greeks that he would not tolerate rebellion?
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Alexander the Great
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Who crushed Thebe's army, sold people into slavery, and burned the city to the ground when Thebes rebelled against him?
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Alexander the Great
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Who made a huge yet disorganized army that eventually took over the Persians?
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Alexander the Great
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In what two places was Alexander the Great praised as a liberator and welcomed him graciously?
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Phoenica and Egypt
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With the defeat of Darius, who was now the essential master of the Persians?
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Alexander the Great
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Who built the biggest empire the world had ever seen so far; however this person did not rule for very long?
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Alexander the Great
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What was the significance behind Antigonus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy?
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they were the three powerful generals who took over after Alexander the Great's death and named themselves the kings
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Who created the Hellenistic culture?
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Alexander the Great
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What group of people believed that people should live accordingly to nature with none of humanity's created institutions?
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Cynics
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What group of people believed upon great uphasis on reason, self-disipline, emotional control, and personal mortality?
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Stoics
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What group of people taught that people should seek out pleasure, and try to avoid pain?
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Epicureans
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Who formulated many of the ideas about geometry that we still use today?
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Euclid
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Who is best known for calculating the size of the world?
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Eratosthenes
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Who was one of the world's greatest inventors, and used his mathematical and physics skills to create devices to make life eaiser?
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Archimedes
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Why did Greek architects lay in subtly altering the porportions of the traditional design?
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So that the increased scale did not become overwhelming
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What three distinct styles of Greek architecture emerged?
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Doric, Ionic and Corinthian
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Which Greek architect style had simple, sturdy columns and capitals, and dominated mainland Greece and is the syle of the Athenian Parthenon?
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Doric
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Which Greek architect style had tall, more slender columns, and captials have scroll design. It also originated in Ionia and spread to the Aegan Islands?
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Ionic
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Which Greek architect that had capitals carved to represent the leaves of an acanthus plant? and is also rare in classical Greece and more common in the Hellenistic era?
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Corinthian
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What idealized figures in stiff poses derived from Egyptian sculpture and whose faces are often emotionless and drapery is crude?
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Archaic
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What kind of sculpture posed figures became more naturalistic, although their bodly perfection and placid faces are in an idealization?
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Classical
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What type of sculpture anatomically accurate human figures in violently active poses?
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Hellenistic
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Who suggests the four element theory of matter?
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Empedocies
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Who speculates that all things are made up of simple elements?
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Thales
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Who invented many ingenious devices, from slot machines dispensing hole water, to hydraulic devices that could automatically open huge temple doors?
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Hero of Alexandria
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Who was the founder of the Stoic school and whose central belief of stoism is that the world is ordered by devine reason and that wise accept their place in this order cheerfully?
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Zeno of Citium
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Who is the founder of Pyrrhonian skepticism?
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Pyrrho of Elis
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Who wrote two didactic poems, Works and Days and Theogony?
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Hesiod
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Who was the female poet from Lesbos that wrote passionate lyrical odes?
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Sappho
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What means clear and ordered thinking?
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Reason
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What is the process of making inferences?
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Logic
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What two books make up Homer's epics?
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the Iliad and the Odyssey
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What story tells the story of the last year of the Trojan War?
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the Iliad
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What story tells the story of heroes from the Trojan War?
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the Odyssey
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What kind of poetry is named after a musical instrument called the lyre?
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lyric poetry
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Who was the leader of the Macedonians?
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Alexander the Great
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What was Philip II's first act as the leader of the Macedonians?
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he reorganized their army
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2/3 of Greece is what?
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rocky/hills
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Greeks grow lots of what?
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citris such as lemons, limes and oranges
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Why did Greek colonies spread?
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to find better farming land
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Out of the three seas used by the Greeks, which one was the most used?
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Aegean
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What peninsula is Athans located on?
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Attica peninsula
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Any public system where you vote people to represent you an doesnt have to be through a democracy is called what?
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Republic
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What is the term that means at least one more then half?
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majority rule
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What term means the most votes wins?
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plurality
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What means ruled by one?
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autocracy
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What means ruled by a king or queen?
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monarchy
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What means ruled by a few?
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oligarchy
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What means ruled by a few rich people?
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aristocracy
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What is the democracy called where every single person votes on every single thing and cannot be a republic?
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direct democracy
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What democracy means you pick people to vote for you and can also be called and representative democracy?
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indirect democracy
