World History Chapter 4 Test – Flashcards
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The first Greek state was developed by who?
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The Mycenaeans.
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According to Homer the Mycenaean Greeks conquered Troy around what year, and do all scholars agree that this event was factual?
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1250 B.C. and No.
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Following the collapse of the Mycenaean Empire what age did Greece enter?
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Dark Age.
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Homer wrote two Epic Poems, what was one of them?
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The Iliad or The Odyssey.
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What were the two main values taught by Homer?
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Courage and Honor.
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The polis had become a central focus for Greek life, what three activities would people do there?
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Political, Social, and Religious activities.
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Ancient Greeks sought more farmland and trade bases, so they established colonies at what sea and what was the most notable of these colonies.
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Mediterranean Sea and Byzantium.
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The Greeks grew wealthy trading what three items?
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Pottery, Wine, and Olive Oil.
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The expansion of trade and industry gave a rise to a new group of men who used _____ to seize power?
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Wealth.
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The age of Tyrants didn't last, what happened as a result?
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More people became involved in politics.
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Beginning around what year did the city-state Sparta become a dominant military state and conquered several of its neighbors?
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730 B.C.
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All males in Sparta spent their childhood learning about what?
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The Military.
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At what age were all Spartan males required to enter the military?
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20.
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What did Sparta and its citizens think about philosophy, literature, and travel?
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They were discouraged.
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In Sparta ephors (Spartan kings) were elected how often.
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Annually (Every Year).
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What where the ephors two main responsibilities?
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Education and the Conduct of Citizens.
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Around 700 B.C., Athens had become an unified polis on the peninsula of Attica. Who owned the best land and headed the government as an oligarchy.
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A small number of Aristocrats.
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Solon solved the economic problems of Athens by doing what?
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Canceling land debts and freeing those enslaved due to debt.
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Another reformer named Cleisthenes created a council of 500 men to oversee government affairs. What this assembly create?
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It Created the Foundation of Athenian Democracy.
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Who captured the Ionian Greek cities in western Asia Minor during the mid-6th century B.C.?
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The Persians.
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Why did the Persian ruler Darius want revenge against Athens?
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Athens assisted a failed rebellion by the Ionian Cities.
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In 490 B.C. the Persian army led by Darius was defeated by whom?
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The Athenians.
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In 480 B.C., who led another Persian invasion into Greece?
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Xerxes.
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What groups of people united and defeated the Persian invaders in 479 B.C.?
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Athenians, Spartans, and Other Greeks.
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During the age of Pericles where was the center of Greek culture?
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Athens.
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In 478 B.C., the Athenians created a defensive alliance against the Persians known as the _______.
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Dalian League.
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Pericles became a prominent leader in Athenian politics between 461 and 429 B.C. He expanded the democracy to enable what group of people to paly a role in government?
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All MALE Citizens.
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Historians consider what period of classical Athenian and Greek history as the height of Athenian power and brilliance.
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Age of Pericles.
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What would happen to anyone who under the practice of ostracism who had their name written by at least 6000 members of the assembly?
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The Person Would be Banned from the City for 10 Years.
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The Athenian economy was largely based on what two things?
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Farming and Trade.
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In the Athenian empire what was the primary function of a family?
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To produce new citizens by having children.
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In 431 B.C. the Great Peloponneasian War began, how long did this war last and who was ultimately victorious.
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25 Years and Sparta.
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In ancient Greece the gods and goddesses were thought to live where?
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Mount Olympus.
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What was the most important form of Greek architecture and why was it important?
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Temples and it was dedicated to gods and goddesses.
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What were the first Greek dramas?
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Tragedies.
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Greek comedies used puns and satires to criticize what two groups?
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Politicians and Intellectuals.
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What is often seen as the first real history text in western civilization.
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The History of the Persian Wars, written by Herodotus.
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Who is often considered the greatest historian of the ancient world, and why is he considered to be this?
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Thucydides and He Attempted to Portray History Fairly and Accurately with No Bias.
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Many philosophers in Ancient Greece sought answers to questions of the natural universe through ________
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Rational Thought.
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Pythagoras thought that the essence of the universe could be found in _______
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Music and Numbers.
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What did the traveling group of teachers called the Sophists believe?
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They did not Believe it was Possible to Understand the Universe and They Believed it was more Important for Individuals to Improve Themselves.
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What did Socrates believe the goal of education was?
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To Improve the Individual.
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Please describe and define the Socratic Method.
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A Question and Answer Form of Teaching that Leads Students to Find Their Own Answers.
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Plato was a student of Socrates and was fascinated with what?
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The Question of Reality.
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He wrote his ideas of government in a work entitled what?
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The Republic.
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Aristotle was a student of Plato who believed that _______ was tied to people's behavior.
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Happiness.
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Aristotle studied natural science by making and recording observations, laying the foundations of what?
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Scientific Method.
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Aristotle did not seek an ideal state but rather studied existing government and favored what type of government?
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Constitutional Government.
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Alexander the Great continued the plan of his deceased father Philip the 2 and conquered ______, after he took the thrown when he was 20.
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Persia.
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Alexander's unified kingdom did not last, and Four Hellenistic Kingdoms arose. What were three of them?
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Macedonia, Syria, Egypt, and Peragmum.
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Aristarchus developed a famous theory that stated what?
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Earth Revolves Around the Sun.
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What did Eratosthenes determine about the earth?
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That It was Round.
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Euclid wrote Elements, a textbook on _______ that is still studied today.
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Geometry.
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Archimedes established what mathematical value?
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Pi.
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What did Epicureanism teach?
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People had to Free Themselves From Public Activity in Order to Follow Their Own Self Interest to Find Happiness.
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What did followers of Stoicism believe?
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That by Living in Harmony with the Will of God the could Bear whatever Life Offered.
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In early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to achieve in a struggle or contest.
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Arete.
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The early Greek city-state consisting of a city or town and its surrounding countryside.
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Polis.
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In early Greek city-states a fortified gathering place at the top of the hill that was sometimes used as place for a temple.
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Acropolis.
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In early Greek city-states an open area that served as a market.
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Agora.
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In the Greek military system a heavily armed foot solider.
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Hoplite.
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A wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation.
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Phalanx.
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A ruler who seized power from the aristocrats and gained support from the newly rich and poor and kept power by using hired soldiers.
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Tyrants.
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A government by the people or rule of the many direct or through election by their representatives.
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Democracy.
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The rule of the few, a form of government by a selected group of people who exercise control.
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Oligarchy.
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In ancient Sparta a captive person who was forced to work for the captor.
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Helots.
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In ancient Greece a sacred shrine where god or goddesses was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestess.
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Oracle.
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Aiding or promoting with public money.
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Subsidizing.
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