World History-Chapter 26 – Flashcards
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Dreyfus Affair
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scandal where a Jewish military officer of the French army was accused of selling military secrets to Germany; sentenced to a life in prison after found guilty based on false evidence; became a battleground for opposing forces in France and divided public opinion on the issue of anti-Semitism
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Anti-Semitism
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prejudice against Jews; played a major role in the Dreyfus Affair as people were split in their view of Dreyfus' innocence
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Zionism
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a movement led by Theodore Herzl of Vienna to work for a homeland in Palestine; forced by the persecution of Jews in Eastern Europe where officials permitted killings
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Dominion
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an area that self-governs in domestic affairs but remains part of an empire; push for colonies to become independent
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Maori
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Polynesian people who had settled in New Zealand around 800 A.D; had an economy based on farming, hunting, and fishing; met James Cook when he settled in 1769; soon overrun from their lands by the British despite resistance
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Aborigine
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native people of Australia that sparsely populated the area(named this by Europeans); have the longest ongoing culture in the world; economy based on fishing, hunting, and gathering food; displaced by European colonists that settled in Australia
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Penal Colony
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a place where convicts were sent to serve their sentences; used by many European countries to prevent overcrowding in prisons; helped economies b/c freed prisoners could buy land and settle; settlers were attracted to new area for economic reasons
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Home Rule
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local control over internal matters only; created as a way of appeasing Irish that wanted more independence from Britain; issue further divided Ireland into southern Catholics and northern Protestants
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Irish Republican Army
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an unofficial military force seeking independence for Ireland; formed by Irish nationalists who protested the delays of home rule; staged a series of attack against British officials in Ireland that sparked war between the nationalists and the British gov.
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Manifest Destiny
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the idea that the U.S had the right and duty to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean; used by gov leaders to justify evicting Native Americans from their lands
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Abraham Lincoln
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elected prez of the U.S in 1860; created the climax of the conflict between the North and South b/c he had promised to stop the spread of slavery; South opposed him and soon seceded from the Union
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Secede
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to withdraw from the Union; Southern States broke away to form the Confederate States of America in response to earlier conflicts in the north
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U.S Civil War
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war fought between the North and South for four years (1862-1865) mainly on Southern soil; purpose was to bring Confederate states back to the Union; North was better equipped for war despite superior Southern military leadership
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Emancipation Proclamation
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proclamation issued by Lincoln in 1863 that stated all slaves in Confederate states were free; had little effect at first b/c Confederates refused to accept the law; showed that the war was fighting slavery- European countries didn't help the South as a result; eventually led to the 13th,14th and 15th amendments which have more rights to former slaves
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Segregation
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separation of blacks and whites in the South; created in response to amendments that gave rights to blacks; Southerns made such laws b/c they didn't want to recognize blacks as equals
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Assembly Line
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method of building cars created by Henry Ford; a line of workers would each put a single piece of unfinished cars as they passed on a moving belt; greatly increased automobile production and sales by lowering production costs and price of a car
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Charles Darwin
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English naturalist that challenged the idea of special creation by developing a theory that all forms of life evolved from earlier living forms that had existed millions of years ago; book: ON HE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION which argued that best adapted species survived and produced offspring; created much controversy in the scientific world
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Theory of Evolution
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Darwin's idea of change through natural selection; explained that species change gradually over many generations; challenged former ideas about the beginnings of life
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Radioactivity
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name given by Marie Curie; powerful energy given off in a mineral called pitchblends; important discovery for science that led to even further exploration in chemistry
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Psychology
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the study of the human mind and behavior; important social science that cause scientist to contemplate and debate the capabilities of the mind
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Mass Culture
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the appeal of art, writing, music, and other forms of entertainment to a larger audience; art and music had previously been enjoyed only by the wealthy b/c they were the only ones with money, leisure time, and education to appreciate high culture; people gained more leisure time b/c of shorter workdays and better hours and had improved education and communication-enabled them to enjoy new pursuits
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Freud
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Austrian doctor who pioneered psychology; believe that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act; thought unconscious force like memories and desires shaped human behavior; developed therapy called psychoanalysis to deal with psychological conflicts; his theories became very influential and challenged fundamental idea of the Enlightenment but shocked many people
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The Curies
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husband/wife team Marie and Pierre that worked in Paris; discovered two missing elements on the periodic table called radium and polonium; given Nobel Peace Prize for physics in 1903 for their work on radioactivity; Marie Curie was given Prize in 1922 for discovery of radium and polonium in chemistry
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Edison
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one of the greatest inventors in history; patented more than 1,000 inventions including light bulb and phonograph; also created the research lab which some argue was his most important invention; lab created a new way to develop inventions
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Bell
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a teacher of the deaf; invented the telephone which transmitted sounds over great distance; permanently changed communication in the world drastically increasing the rate at which info could be exchanged
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Marconi
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Italian inventor that used theoretical discoveries about electromagnetic waves to create the first radio
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Ford
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invented car with interchangeable parts and the assembly line
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Mendel
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Austrian monk that discovered pattern to the way traits were inherited
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Pavolv
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physiologist that believed human actions were often unconscious reactions to experience
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Vaudeville
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musical variety shos
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