World History Chapter 25: Industrial Revolution – Flashcards
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During the 1700's, who paved the way for the Agricultural Revolution?
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large landowners
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What did landowners do that allowed them to cultivate larger fields?
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enclosed their land with fences
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What are enclosures?
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landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods that improved crops
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What 2 things happened as a result of enclosures?
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1. landowners tried new agricultural methods 2. small farmers had to give up their farms and move to cities
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What did Jethro Tull invent?
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seed drill
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What did the seed drill allow farmers to do?
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sow seeds in rows
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How did sowing seeds in rows help crops?
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allowed more seeds to take root
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What method proved to be one of the best methods of improving crops?
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crop rotation
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What was crop rotation?
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different plants are rotated to restore nutrients
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Who was Robert Blakewell?
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increased his sheep meat by allowing his best sheep to breed
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What was industrialization?
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process of developing machine production of goods
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Where did the industrial revolution begin in Europe?
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England
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Why did the industrial revolution begin in England?
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working population and natural resources
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What were England's 4 natural resources that helped the Industrial Revolution take place?
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1. water and coal to fuel the new machines 2. iron ore to construct machines 3. rivers for inland transportation 4. harbors for ships
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How did England expand their economy for industrialization?
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1. businesses invested in manufacturing of inventions 2. availability of bank loans 3. growing overseas trade 4. increased demand for goods
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What are the 3 factors of production for industry that England had?
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1. land 2. labor 3. capital
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What did John Kay invent?
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shuttle that increased the productivity of weavers
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What was the advantage of the shuttle?
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clothing could be produced faster
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What did James Hargreaves invent?
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spinning jenny
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What was the advantage of the spinning jenny?
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allowed spinners to work 8 different threads at a time
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What did Richard Arkwright invent?
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water frame that used waterpower to drive spinning wheels
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What did Samuel Crompton invent?
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spinning mule that made thread stronger and finer
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What did Edmund Cartwright invent?
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power loom that sped up weaving and production
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What were factories?
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buildings where wealthy merchants set up the new inventions to produce clothing
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What did Eli Whitney invent?
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cotton gin
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What did the cotton gin do?
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removed seeds and sped up the gathering of cotton
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What did the advancements in the textile industry increase the search for?
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cheap, convenient source of power
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What did James Watt determine?
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how to make the steam engine faster and more efficient while burning less fuel
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What did Robert Fulton invent?
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steam engine built for a steamboat
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What was the first steamboat called?
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Clermont
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How did water transportation improve?
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creation of a network of canals
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What did John McAdam invent?
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equipped road with a layer of large stones that improved drainage
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How did the gravel benefit cars?
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cars were less likely to get stuck in the mud
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What did George Stephenson design?
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world's first railroad line
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What was Stephenson's first railway line called?
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Rocket
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What was significant about the Rocket?
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world's fastest railway line tested at 25 mph
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What were 5 major effects of the railway?
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1. transported materials and finished products cheaply 2. created new jobs for railroad workers and miners 3. increased sales of agricultural and fishing industries 4. country people moved to the cities 5. city people went to resorts
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What were 4 negative effects of industrialization?
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1. unhealthy working conditions 2. air pollution 3. water pollution 4. negative effects of child labor
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What did many farmers do during industrialization to make more money?
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moved to the factories to earn higher wages
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What were 3 things citizens were able to do as a result to making more money in factories?
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1. heat their homes 2. dine on beef 3. wore better clothing
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What is urbanization?
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city building and the movement of people to cities
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Where were factories built?
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near sources of energy (water and coal)
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What were 10 negative living conditions during industrialization?
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1. no development plans 2. no sanitary codes 3. no building codes 4. lacked adequate housing 5. lacked adequate education 6. lacked police protection 7. streets with no drains 8. workers worked in dark shelters 9. families lived in one bedroom 10. sickness was widespread
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What were the working hours of factory workers?
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14 hours a day, 6 days a week
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Why were factories dangerous?
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seldom were lit causing machines to injure workers
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Where did the most dangerous work occur?
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coal mines
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Who represented the cheapest labor causing many of them to work in coal mines?
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women and children
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What was designed as a result of industry?
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social classes
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What were characteristics of the middle class?
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1. landowners and aristocrats 2. had political power 3. comfortable standard of living
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Which people were in the upper middle class?
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1. government employees 2. doctors 3. lawyers 4. managers
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What were characteristics of the working class?
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1. laborers 2. poor living and working conditions
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What were 5 positive effects of industrialization?
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1. created jobs 2. increased the nation's wealth 3. fostered technological progress 4. increased production of goods 5. raised the standard of living
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What is Laissez Faire economics?
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economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without government interference
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Why do supporters of laissez faire economics believe government should not be involved?
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government interferes with the production of wealth
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What are Adam Smith's Natural Laws of Economics?
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1. Law of self-interest 2. Law of competition 3. Law of supply and demand
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What is the Law of self-interest?
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people work for their own good
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What is the Law of competition?
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forces people to make good products
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What is the Law of supply and demand?
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goods are produced at the lowest possible price
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What is capitalism?
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factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business to make a profit
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Why were capitalists against minimum wage and better working conditions?
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they would lower profits and undermine the production of wealth in society
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What is utilitarianism?
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people judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their ability or usefulness
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What did people who support utilitarianism believe the government should do?
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promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
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What did John Stuart Mill do for working people?
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developed policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits
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What is socialism?
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factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
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How did Karl Marx believe a capitalist society would destroy itself?
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1. factories would drive small businesses out of business 2. workers would revolt and destroy the economy
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What is communism?
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means of production are owned by the people and goods would be shared equally
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What are unions?
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labor associations that negotiated between workers and employers for better working conditions and fair pay
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What is a strike?
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refusal to work due to unfair treatment of workers
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Which laws did the British Parliament pass in 1800 regarding workers and unions?
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outlawed workers ability to form unions
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In 1875, what did British trade unions earn the right to do?
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right to strike and picket peacefully
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What was formed in the United States in 1886?
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U.S. unions formed the American Federation of Labor
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What did workers gain as a result of a series of successful strikes?
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higher wages and shorter hours
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What was the Factory Act of 1833?
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illegal to hire children under the age of 9 children aged 9-12 could only work 8 hours a day children aged 13-17 could only work 12 hours a day
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What was the Mines Act of 1842?
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illegal for women and children to work underground
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What was the Ten Hours Act of 1847?
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limited the workday for women and children to 10 hours
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What did England make illegal in 1833?
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slavery
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When did the United States make slavery illegal?
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1865
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What did Horace Mann create in 1850?
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public school system
