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Christopher Columbus

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A Spanish explorer who sailed West across the Atlantic in search of an alternate trade route to Asia. He first landed on San Salvador in the Caribbean Sea.

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Colony

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A land controlled by a distant nation

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Hernando Cortes

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A Spanish conquistador who wished to colonize the American Mainland

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Hernando Cortes

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This explorer conquered the Aztec Empire

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Conquistadors

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The Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century

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Montezuma II

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The Aztec emperor who believed Cortes to be an armor-clad God.

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Francisco Pizarro

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The Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire

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Mestizo

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of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry

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Encomienda

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A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on int.

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New France

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France's colonial empire in North America

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Jamestown

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The first English colony, it was located on a small peninsula. At first, it struggled heavily, but upon the discovery of tobacco, it prospered.

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Pilgrims

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A group of people who, in 1620, founded the colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts to escape religious persecution in England.

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Puritans

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A group of people who sought freedom from religious persecution in England by founding a colony at Massachusetts Bay in the Early 1600s.

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New Netherland

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The Dutch holdings in North America

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French and Indian War

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A conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754-1763.

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Metacom

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the Native American ruler who led an attack on 52 colonial villages throughout Massachusetts thus starting King Philip's War

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Atlantic Slave Trade

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The buying, transporting, or selling of Africans for work in the Americas

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Triangular Trade

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the Transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America

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Middle Passage

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The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves - so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade.

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Columbian Exchange

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The global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas

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Commercial Revolution

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The expansion of trade and business that transformed European colonies during the 16th and 17th centuries

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Capitalism

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an economic system based on private ownership, and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit.

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Joint-Stock Company

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A business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profit.

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Mercantilism

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An economic policy in which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and by selling more goods than they bought.

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Favorable Balance of Trade

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An economic situation in which a country exports more than it imports.

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Weapons, help from natives, disease

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What three factors enabled the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs?

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New Mexico

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This Spanish colony offered little wealth and spread Catholicism

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Culture, repressive

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The natives of New Mexico revolted because of Spanish attempts to destroy _______________ and ____________ measures.

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economically

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Jamestown was _______________ motivated.

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religiously

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Massachusetts Bay was _____________ motivated.

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suffering

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Jamestown had early ______________.

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stable

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In contrast, Massachusetts Bay was very _______________.

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Males

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Jamestown's population consisted of mostly ______________.

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Families

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Massachusetts Bay's population consisted of many ________________.

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Populated, commercial

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English colonies were more ____________ than Dutch and French colonies, which only had _____________ reasons.

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legal, mobility

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Muslim slavery allowed the opportunity for _____________ rights and social ________________.

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Marrying, Buying

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The two ways that African slaves could escape bondage

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Inherited

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African slavery was not _______________.

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Immunity, Experience, Decreased escape

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3 advantages of enslaving Africans.

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Diets, population, Native Americans

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The Columbian exchange improved __________- and lifestyles, increased worldwide _______________, and lead to the death of millions of ________________________.

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Verazzano

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This explorer searched for a possible sea route to the Pacific and found New York harbor

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Cartier

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This explorer founded the gulf of the coast of the St. Lawrence River

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St. Lawrence

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The river named by Cartier

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Montreal

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The name for Cartier's island

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Champlain

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This explorer sailed up the St. Lawrence river and claimed Quebec

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Quebec

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The base of France's colonial empire which came to be known as New France

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La Salle

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This explorer explored lower Mississippi and claimed the entire river valley for France

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Louisiana

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Name of the river valley claimed by La Salle, in honor of French King, Louis XIV

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Catholic Priests

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In New France, this group of people wanted to convert Native Americans

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Single Men

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In New France, this group of people wanted to engage in the fur trade

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Beaver Hats

answer

A popular fashion trend of French colonies

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Jamestown

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The first permanent colony, formed in 1607 in Virginia

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Tobacco

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This commodity lead to the prosperity of Jamestown

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Plymouth

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The second English colony, founded by the Pilgrims for Religious Freedom

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Puritans

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This group of people founded a large English Colony near Massachusetts Bay

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Dutch East India Company

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This Dutch company was formed in 1602 to compete for trade in the Indian Ocean

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Henry Hudson

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This explorer founded the Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and the Hudson Strait near New York.

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Dutch West India Company

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This Dutch company was formed after claiming the region along the waterways of the Hudson.

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New Netherland

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This land encouraged variety and diversity and was once referred to as a "great confusion of tongues"

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Dutch Wedge

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New Netherland was a ______________________ between English North and South Colonies

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Duke of York

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This duke drove out the Dutch and renamed the land New York.

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7 years War

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The Ohio valley disputes lead to the French and Indian War which eventually resulted in the European _________________________.

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King Philip's War

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The bloodiest battle between English and Native American peoples

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Metacom

answer

This Native American ruler attacked 52 villages during his war, King Philip's War.

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Transatlantic Slave Trade

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the most profitable business in the world

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Voyage of Death

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Another name for the Middle Passage

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Gold

answer

Slaves became more valuable than ____________.

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Africa

answer

Slavery existed in ____________for many years before Europeans.

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Islam

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The introduction of ____________ to Africa lead to increased slavery

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Prisoners of War

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African rulers justified enslavement with the Muslim belief that non-Muslim ____________________________ could be brought back and sold as slaves.

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Non-hereditary

answer

Slavery in Africa was _________.

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Manufactured Goods

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These were transported from Europe to Africa during the triangular trade.

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Slaves

answer

These were transported from Africa to the Americas during the triangular trade.

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Raw Goods

answer

These were transported from America to Europe during the triangular trade.

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Middle Passage

answer

Name for the voyage that brought captured Africans to the Americas

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cultures, generations

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Because of the Slave Trade, African _________ lost _______________ of their fittest members to European traders and plantation owners

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Families

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Because of the Slave Trade, African ___________ were not united

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Guns

answer

Because of the Slave Trade, _________ were introduced and lead to increased war and conflict.

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Agricultural

answer

Because of the Slave Trade, America had increased _______________ expertise.

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African

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Because of the Slave Trade, America had ___________- culture.

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Labor

answer

Because of the Slave Trade, America had a huge ___________ force.

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Population

answer

Because of the Slave Trade, America had a huge African-American __________________________.

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Governments

answer

As a result of Capitalism, _______________ were no longer the sole owners of great wealth

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Business

answer

As a result of Capitalism, ___________ flourished.

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Inflation

answer

the steady rise in the price of goods.

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American Colonization

answer

The common purpose of most Joint-Stock companies

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Maximum wealth, self-sufficiency

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The two things desired by every country under Mercantilism.

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materials, market

answer

Colonies provided raw ___________, and a _______________.

World History Chapter 20 Test – Flashcards

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