World History 2nd Semester Final Study Guide – Flashcards
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The name for voyages that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
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Middle Passage
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Trading network lasting from the 1800s that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, the Americas, and Africa
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Triangular Trade
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Portuguese navigator; his ships were the first to circumnavigate the globe, though he died on the journey
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Magellan
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An economic system used from about the 1500s to the 1700s that said that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth
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Mercantilisim
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Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; he discovered the law of motion of falling objects and invented the first working telescope; his discoveries put him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church
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Galileo
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English mathematician and a natural philosopher; he discovered the law of gravity as well as laws on the physics of objects
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Sir Isaac Newton
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Polish astronomer; he proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe
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Copernicus
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A transformation in European thought in the late 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions
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Scientific Revolution
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King of France from 1774 to 1792; his unpopular policies helped trigger the French Revolution. Deposed by the National Convention, he was executed by the guillotine
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Louis XVI
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A fortress in Paris, used as a prison, built in the 14th century and destroyed July 14, 1789
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The Bastille
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Empress of Russia, during whose reign Russia extended her boundaries at the expense of Turkey, Sweden, and Poland. She was a patron of literature and the arts
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Catherine the Great
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Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England
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Elizabeth I
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A document that laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution - liberty, equality, and fraternity
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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A period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre; led the government to execute thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens
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The Reign of Terror
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English philosopher and founder of British empiricism; he developed political and economical theories during the Enlightenment. He wrote Two Treatises on Government in which he declared that people have a right to rebel against governments that don't protect their rights
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John Locke
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Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and led the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time
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Robespierre
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General, emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d'état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe; placing his relatives in positions of power. Defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled on the island of Elba
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
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Industrial Revolution
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The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies
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Imperialism
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Sense of pride and devotion to one's nation
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Nationalism
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A meeting at which representatives from European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa
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Berlin Conference
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A strong military spirit of policy
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Militarism
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Invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism
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Scramble for Africa
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A formal agreement between two or more nations entered into to advance common interests or causes
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Alliance
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Russian revolutionary and founder of Bolshevism; he rose to power in Russia following the Russian Revolution in 1917
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Vladimir Lenin
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Deadliest pandemic in modern history, infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide, about 1/3 of the planets population
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Influenza Pandemic
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A political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns the means of production
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Socialism
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Economic and political system in which governments own the means of production and control economic planning
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Communism
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A Jewish nationalist movement, began in the 1890s, to reestablish a Jewish state in its original homeland
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Zionism
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A totalitarian system of government that focuses on the good of the state rather than on the good of the individual citizens
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Fascism
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Giving in to aggressive demands in order to avoid war
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Appeasement
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Autobiography by Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany
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Mein Kampf
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Surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States Naval base in Hawaii
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Pearl Harbor
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The murder of six million Jews and five million others by the Nazi's during World War II
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The Holocaust
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June 6, 1944; the first day of the Allied invasion of Normandy in World War II
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D-Day
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Totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union, he led the Soviet Union through World War II and created a powerful soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe after the war
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Joseph Stalin
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The South African government's official policy of legalized racial segregation throughout the society
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Apartheid
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The belief during the Cold War that the fall of one non-communist country to communism would cause neighboring countries also to fall to communism
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Domino Theory
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Leader of India's struggle for independence from Great Britain; he organized the population for protest through the methods of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience
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Mohandas Gandhi
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In India, was an act of civil disobedience led by Gandhi to protest British rule in India
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Gandhi's Salt March
