Western Civilization Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the _____
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water mill, which was used to grind grain, crush paper pulp, and press oil
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One factor that contributed to the increase in agricultural output in the medieval period was _____
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a rise in average temperature that allowed for a longer growing season
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Serfs were treated like slaves in parts of the medieval Europe with the major exception that: ____
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serfs could not be sold apart from their historic lands
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During the High Middle Ages, fields were rotated over a ______ cycle to increase overall agricultural production 50-67 percent.
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Three-year
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The rotation of crops: _____
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spread labor evenly over the course of the year
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During the eleventh century, the most spectacular developments in long-distance trade took place in ______
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Northern Italy
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Although moneylending was an important factor in the success of early Italian merchant activity: ______
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the Western Christian Church condemned the practice as usurious. (means lending money with interest)
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One response to the Viking invasions of the tenth century was the development of: _____
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castles
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Ruling from their castles, lords claimed the right to _____
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collect taxes, administer justice, wage, war, and mint money
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The term feudal comes from the Latin feudum, which refers to _____
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"fief" or a gift that created a contractual relationship
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Central to the establishment of feudal monarchies was the ______
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personal relationship among individuals at each level of feudal society
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At Canossa in the winter of 1077 ____
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King Henry IV humiliated himself before Pope Gregory VII
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The tenth century was known for ineffective kingship throughout Europe and _____
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an incompetent and largely corrupt papacy
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The monastic reform movement that began at Cluny in Burgundy was unique in that it ______
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undertook the establishment of a large number of subordinate "daughter houses" also free of control by local lords
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The first successful attempt to restore the spiritual authority of the Latin Church can be traced to the establishment of a new kind of monastery at ______
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Cluny in Burgundy
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Many Christians believed in the special protective and curative powers of objects associated with saints such as a fragment of bone or cloth from their garment. Such relics are ______
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all of the above
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In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections, which gave the power to elect future popes to the _____
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college of Cardinals
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In the eleventh century, the struggle for power in central Europe was, for the most part, between ____
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king and pope
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The importance of the investiture conflict was that it ______
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formally, though not is practice, separated the "church" and "state" in European politics
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The compromise that ended the investiture conflict was known at the ______
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concordat of worms
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Relations between Muslims and Christians in the area Christians referred to as the Holy Lands were upset when Jerusalem was captured in 1071 by the ______
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Seljuq Turks
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When Alexius Commenus asked for Western help against the Seljuq Turks, he was hoping for ______
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force of heavily armed knights to deploy against the lightly armored Turkish Calvary
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When preaching the First Crusade, some churchmen in Western Europe offered crusaders ______
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a plenary indulgence, promising that those who died would immediately go to heaven
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What was NOT a goal expressed by Pope Urban II for the First Crusade?
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to slay Christ's enemies wherever they could be found, especially Jews and Muslims
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Why did people go on crusade?
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People began to go on crusade in hope of winning new land to establish principalities for themselves. Others were intrigued by adventure and some didn't even have a choice because they were the vassals of lords. Some were going for the purpose of pilgrimage and curiosity. Most importantly, people went to fight for their faith and maybe earn salvation. However, Urban's promise of the remission of sins was also attractive.
