question

The crisis of the early third century was precipitated by

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the retreat from the eastern frontier and violent tendencies of Marcus Aurelius's son, Commodus

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When the emperor died in 192 with no heir apparent, civil war once again engulfed the Roman Empire with _________ eventually claiming the throne

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Septimius Severus

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During the third century, Rome underwent a prolonged period that came very close to destroying the empire. This period is known as the time of the

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"Barracks Emperors," when Rome had twenty-six emperors in about fifty years

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Realizing that the Roman Empire had become too large for a single ruler to control it

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Diocletian divided the empire in half, trusting a junior colleague to rule the western part

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When Diocletian took power, he

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Isolated himself from ordinary business and people and introduced an eastern style of rule, wearing a diadem and purple robes

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As a ruler, Diocletian was known for

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separating military from civilian chains of command

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Economic reforms introduced by the early fourth century Roman Empire included

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wage and price controls fixed by the government

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Once Constantine I and his successors had converted to Christianity

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it gained power and was designated the only official religion by Theodosius

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The Christian label for non-Christians is indicative of its

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urban origin

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Christianity went from being a persecuted faith in the early fourth century to being the recognized faith of the empire; this last step was the result of the action by the emperor

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Theodosius, who prohibited pagan worship

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The differences between the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire

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in culture, economy, and language were great and grew larger over time

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The traditional date for the fall of Rome is

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476 C.E., when Odovacer toppled Emperor Romulus Augustulus

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One reason for including classical texts in the education of Christians by the fourth century was

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the desire of Christian intellectuals to be regarded as philosophers and to make classical learning applicable to a Christian way of life

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Historians looking for a rupture in western European attitudes toward ancient Roman culture and traditions will likely find it between the lives of

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Gregory of Tours and Charlemagne

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The instability faced in the West by the mid-seventh century may be attributed to

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Justinian's failed efforts to reconquer the western empire ,excessive taxes on agricultural lands, the fact that much agricultural land was passing out of production and slave labor was less productive, all of these

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In general, the Christian monasticism of the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries was a response to

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he increasing worldliness of the church, the patronage of powerful families like the Merovingians, and a hunger to transform lives in accordance with the will of God

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Why were so many convents (monastic houses for women) founded during the seventh century C.E.?

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Convents met a variety of social and spiritual needs for aristocratic families

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The gradual conversion of the early medieval European countryside to Christianity was carried out primarily by

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monks who founded new monasteries in frontier areas

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As a theologian, Pope Gregory I is regarded as the successor to

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Augustine

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The key figure in creating an alliance between the Carolingian family, the papacy, and Benedictine monasticism was

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Saint Boniface

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As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne

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took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government

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Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that

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classical learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested

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Which was a significant event in creating Byzantine hostility toward the Latin Christian world?

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the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor on Christmas Day, 800

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The Carolingian empire collapsed during the ninth century because

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the structural limits of its expansion had been reached , the empire was divided among all of Louis's legitimate heirs, of Viking raids

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The Vikings are generally regarded as being a destructive force in European history

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but such a view may not be correct in light of the principalities they established across northern Europe from Ireland to Russia

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The Vikings settled the area in Europe known today as

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Normandy

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The seventh century C.E. was a turning point in the history of Western civilization because

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the Greco-Roman world of antiquity divided into Byzantine, Islamic, and Latin Christian realms

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Why did Justinian try to reconquer the western Roman Empire?

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because he sought to revive and reconstruct wholly the old empire

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Chapter 7 dates the beginning of Byzantine history with the accession of

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Heraclius in 610

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Between 610 and 1071, the major security threats to the Byzantine empire came from

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Persia, then the Muslim Arab armies that absorbed the Persian Empire and streamed into North Africa

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The stability of Byzantine government was the product of

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an efficient bureaucracy

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The early Byzantine religion was known for its

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intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy

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The Iconoclastic Controversy of the eighth century C.E. was about

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the use or prohibition of images in church, where people might worship the objects

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The word Islam means

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submission

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In their worship of Allah, Muslims worship

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the same deity worshiped by Christians and Jews

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The Qu'rān contains

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the revelations sent by God to Muhammad

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Islam spread so quickly in the seventh and eighth centuries because

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the Byzantines and Persians had become exhausted by their long wars against each other

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The Shiite party arose among Muslims because

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of a dispute about the proper succession of caliphs in seventh-century Arabia

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In comparison to the Umayyad, the Abbasid caliphate

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adopted more of the style of Persian royal absolutism

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A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the

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water mill, which was used to grind grain, crush paper pulp, and press oil

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One factor that contributed to the increase in agricultural output in the medieval period was

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a rise in average temperature that allowed for a longer growing season

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Major towns and cities in the High Middle Ages

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sustained their population only through continuous immigration from the countryside

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The two fundamental factors driving the high medieval European economy were

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population growth and an increasingly efficient market for goods

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Self-governing elites most frequently developed in areas of western Europe where

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royal authority was either weak or nonexistent

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Although the term feudalism has been defined in many ways by historians, Chapter 8 defines it as

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a legal system of land tenure formalized by a contract

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Central to the establishment of feudal monarchies was the

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personal relationship among individuals at each level of feudal society

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The monastic reform movement that began at Cluny in Burgundy was unique in that it

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undertook the establishment of a large number of subordinate "daughter houses" also free of control by local lords

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In the eleventh century, the struggle for power in central Europe was, for the most part, between

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king and pope

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The importance of the Investiture Conflict was that it

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formally, though not in practice, separated the "church" and the "state" in European politics

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The First Crusade

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weakened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean

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Europe was transformed radically in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries because of

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the emergence and growth of universities, technological innovations, the emergence of large-scale territorial monarchies

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The High Middle Ages witnessed the birth of a new political structure known as the

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national monarchy

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King Henry II's important dispute with Archbishop Thomas Becket was related to

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whoever ultimately had legal jurisdiction over priests and church courts

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The Magna Carta was signed by King John

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to define the rights of nobles and limit his power, doing so only because his barons forced him into it

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Frederick Barbarossa

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was elected German emperor, was one of the three kings on the Third Crusade, created the Holy Roman Empire

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To preserve their political independence, the popes of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries

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sanctioned Milan's formation of an anti-German alliance, the Lombard League

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Compared to the popes active in the early Middle Ages, popes in the High Middle Ages were

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more concerned with establishing a reputation for justice

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Innocent III was the most successful pope in the High Middle Ages because he

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successfully disciplined kings and heretics, and defined the central dogmas of the Church

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Which Christian figure became the center of a rapidly expanding "cult" in the twelfth century and the name-sake of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris as well as other places?

answer

the Virgin Mary

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Saint Francis of Assisi emphasized which religious themes in his ministry and new monastic order?

answer

apostolic poverty and an imitation of the life of Christ

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Waldes's reform movement in the late twelfth century was considered heretical by the Church because the Waldensians did not

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accept the Church's authority and directives on the issue of lay preaching

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The increasing persecution of European Jews in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries should be interpreted in the context of

answer

general Christian concerns about heresy and the growing suspicion of Jews at all levels of society

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The growth of schools in twelfth-century Europe can be attributed primarily to

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the general economic revival and the emergence of strong government

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The rise of lay education in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Europe was important because through it

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people were increasingly able to pursue nonreligious lines of inquiry, and Western culture ultimately became more independent of religion than other cultures

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Compared to Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas seems to have

answer

placed a greater value on the use of reason and the study of the physical universe to know God

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