question

The economy of 16th century Europe was characterized by:

answer

increasing population, fixed food supplies, and stagnant wages.

question

The troubles of the late 16th and early 17th centuries:

answer

caught most Europeans completely unaware.

question

The primary problem caused by the Price Revolution of the late 16th century was:

answer

inflation.

question

The increase in the amount of silver flowing from the Americas to Europe in the 16th century is credited with causing or exacerbating:

answer

the Price Revolution, an increase in poverty, the religious wars, and a rise in taxes (all of these).

question

More than one factor contributed to the Price Revolution of the late 16th century, but among those factors was:

answer

demographics.

question

Which groups in European society benefited most from the Price Revolution?

answer

Merchants and large farmers

question

The 1555 Peace of Augsburg rested on the principle of "cuius regio, eius religio," which meant:

answer

the ruler of each principality settled all matters of religion.

question

The German religious wars may be attributed to:

answer

the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, whose goal was to re-establish Catholic unity within his realm.

question

Which of the following religious orientations did the Peace of Augsburg exclude?

answer

Calvinism

question

Most French Protestants were:

answer

calvinists.

question

Aristocratic women were particularly important supporters of:

answer

the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.

question

The Edict of Nantes:

answer

recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France.

question

Which of the following religious orientations did the Peace of Augsburg exclude?

answer

Calvinism

question

During the first half of the 16th century, northern Europe's leading commercial and financial center was:

answer

antwerp.

question

William of Orange ("William the Silent") fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from:

answer

catholic rule under the Spanish.

question

During the revolt of the Netherlands, the Protestant forces of William the Silent were based in the northern part of the country, where the majority of the population was:

answer

Catholic.

question

During the revolt of the Netherlands, the Duke of Alva:

answer

used Spanish troops to rule the Netherlands under martial law.

question

The English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was a decisive moment in Western history because:

answer

had Spain conquered England, Catholics would have made major inroads against the Protestants.

question

The Thirty Years' War began when:

answer

a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory.

question

The Thirty Years' War created the greatest devastation in:

answer

Germany.

question

From an international perspective, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked:

answer

the emergence of France as the dominant power in Europe, eclipsing Spain.

question

Although Spain was the most powerful country in Europe during the 16th century, it sowed the seeds of its eventual decline by:

answer

establishing colonies in the Americas.

question

By 1660, Europe had undergone:

answer

a decisive altering of the balance of power.

question

To promote the economic development of France, Henry IV did all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

open up new silver mines within France.

question

The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu's government was:

answer

to increase and centralize royal power over France.

question

The Fronde was:

answer

An aristocratic rebellion against the government of Cardinal Mazarin.

question

The Stuart dynasty of English kings began with:

answer

King James I.

question

King James I antagonized his parliaments by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

involving England in foreign wars without their consent.

question

The English Civil War was caused by:

answer

all of these.

question

James I mediated the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants by:

answer

encouraging Calvinist doctrine generally without modifying the English prayer book.

question

Charles I demonstrated his lack of political diplomacy when he:

answer

launched a costly new war against Spain.

question

What forced Charles I to summon a new parliament, after he had ruled without one for 11 years?

answer

An invasion force from Scotland.

question

The immediate provocation for the outbreak of civil war between king Charles and his parliament was:

answer

Charles' attempt to arrest five parliamentary leaders on the floor of the House of Commons.

question

Oliver Cromwell rose to power in England as:

answer

the leader of the Parliamentary Army.

question

In 1600, most English men and women welcomed the restoration of the monarchy. Why?

answer

Because years of unpopular Calvinist prohibitions on public amusements had discredited Cromwell's Puritan regime.

question

As a rule, Charles II:

answer

accepted all parliamentary legislation passed before the English Civil War.

question

In 16th and 17th century Europe, most formal trials on charges of witchcraft were carried out:

answer

by state courts.

question

The main theme of Montaigne's Essays was:

answer

a pervasive skepticism about all human knowledge.

question

Jean Bodin's Six Books of the Commonwealth was the first fully developed statement of:

answer

absolute governmental sovereignty.

question

A chivalric mentality had remained important for some segments of European society into the early modern period, but it's anachronistic nature was satirized by:

answer

Miguel DeCervantes.

question

In his own day, the most popular of the Elizabethan dramatists was:

answer

Christopher Marlowe.

question

The Elizabethan author of Doctor Faustus was:

answer

Christopher Marlowe.

question

The 16th century writer who portrayedf lower-class people in a very favorable light was:

answer

Ben Jonson.

question

Many writers of the 16th and 17th centuries were as popular, or even more popular, during their lifetimes as William Shakespeare. Modern scholars consider only one of them, ______, to be his equal in artistic vision.

answer

John Milton

question

The architect of the Baroque noted for his Hellenistic-inspired style was:

answer

Bernini.

question

Naturalism has a place within Baroque art due to the work of:

answer

Peter Breugel the Elder.

question

Baroque painting is considered by many to have found its master in Diego Velazquez with such paintings as:

answer

The Maids of Honor.

question

What Dutch painter was famous for his black and white etchings of New Testament scenes?

answer

Rembrandt van Rijn

question

Peter Paul Rubens stressed the ________ of the Baroque style.

answer

Extravagance

question

Europe, between the mid 16th and mid 17th centuries, witnessed:

answer

Religious war, political rebellions, economic crises, diminishing confidence in traditional authority (all of these).

question

Sixteenth-century Europeans believed that the proper role of the state was to enforce true religion on its subjects and that religious pluralism would destroy any state that tried it.

answer

True

question

The presence of Jesuits and Calvinists meant religious wars became more brutal.

answer

True

question

William of Orange was knows as "William the Silent" because he often deferred public speaking to his wife, Mary.

answer

False

question

Sir Francis Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe in search of treasure.

answer

True

question

Unlike Spain, which was able to feed itself, France had to import most of its food.

answer

False

question

Henry IV declared there should be a chicken in every French family's pot each Sunday as part of his new campaign of prosperity.

answer

True

question

The Petition of Right declared that all taxes not voted upon by Parliament to be the property of the Church to stop the revenues from benefiting the king.

answer

False

question

During the English Civil War, the parliamentary forces consisted mainly of small landholders and artisans, while the nobility supported the king.

answer

True

question

Roughly half of all of those accused of witchcraft were men.

answer

False

question

According to Bodin, ensuring the livelihood of its people was the greatest duty of a state.

answer

False

question

Shakespeare's The Tempest is representative of his third period of writing in which he displays a spirit of reconciliation and peace.

answer

True

question

Mannerism refers to a 16th century style of art which was highly dramatic and emotionally compelling.

answer

True

question

Baroque refers to a style of art that contains the dramatic and the irregular but avoided the bizarre nature of late Mannerism.

answer

True

question

Brueghel, Rubens, and Rembrandt were very similar painters who explored the topics of man's wretchedness and greatness to the fullest.

answer

False

question

Rembrandt gained fame initially as a painter of biblical scenes.

answer

True

question

In the 17th and 18th centuries, absolutism was a political theory that:

answer

allowed rulers to govern by divine right and according to their own will.

question

According to Chapter 15, which European government developed into an autocracy in the early modern period?

answer

Russia

question

Absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV sought control over the state because:

answer

the 16th and early 17th centuries were times of great disorder in Europe.

question

The most important opponents of royal absolutism were:

answer

Nobles.

question

Louis XIV used the Palace of Versailles to:

answer

demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility.

question

According to the justification given for absolutism, the fundamental basis for order and justice in the world is:

answer

obedience.

question

The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as:

answer

highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

question

In general, the religious policites of Louis XIV aimed to:

answer

imposed religious unity upon all French people.

question

The Royal Finance Minister who increased revenues in France during the reign of Louis XIV was:

answer

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

question

The wars of Louis XIV:

answer

were an enormous drain on the Treasury of France.

question

According to the French finance minister, Colbert, one underlying principle of mercantilism is:

answer

self-sufficiency.

question

The governmental system used by the United Provinces in the Netherlands throughout the 17th century was:

answer

a republic.

question

In England, Charles II triggered a crisis not unlike that produced by his father's rule when he:

answer

began modeling his kingship on the absolutism of Louis XIV.

question

Alhough most European countries have had representative assemblies, the longest surviving assembly is in:

answer

England.

question

James II of England angered his critics and set off a national crisis when he:

answer

and his second wife, Mary of Modena, had a son, a Catholic heir to the throne.

question

The English call the 1688-89 transfer of power to William and Mary the "Glorious Revolution" because:

answer

it established England, without bloodshed, as a mixed monarchy governed by "the King in Parliament."

question

In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that:

answer

legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

question

The War of the Spanish Succession was fought when the Spanish king, ______, died without an heir.

answer

Charles II

question

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) altered the balance of power in Europe by:

answer

giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World.

question

The balance of power in central and eastern Europe was reshaped at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries because of the loss of power of:

answer

the Ottoman Empire.

question

Under Maria Theresa and her son, Habsburg, absolutism:

answer

became "enlightened," but was still limited by weaknesses within the empire.

question

As an "enlightened" absolutist monarchy, the Habsburgs of Austria:

answer

All of these: Created a system of public elementary education, relaxed censorship, created a standing professional army, and increased their control of the church.

question

Frederick William I made Prussia strong by:

answer

exerting prudent financial leadership and building a large army.

question

Frederick the Great, of Prussia, made Prussia a major European power by:

answer

invading Silesia and Poland, and carefully consolidating his gains.

question

In general, the policies of Peter the Great of Russia included:

answer

the introduction of western ideas and customs.

question

The great peasant uprising of the 17th century was lead by:

answer

Stenka Razin.

question

The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to:

answer

secure year-round ports for Russia.

question

The balance of power in eastern Europe was realigned in 1721 with the Peace of:

answer

Nystad.

question

Catherine the Great's interest in codifying and liberalizing Russian law was essentially abandoned when:

answer

peasants revoled in 1773-75 and threatened Moscow.

question

Poland lost 30% of its territory and 50% of its population as a result of an agreement brokered bewteen Prussia, Austria, and Russia by:

answer

Frederick the Great.

question

In the 18th century, Europe's traditional food supply was augmented by which new products from the Americas?

answer

Maize and potatoes

question

By the late 18th century, the population of Naples, Italy, had reached nearly:

answer

500,000.

question

An important technical innovation in early modern Holland was a machine called the _____, by which the hulls of ships could be raised in the water for repair.

answer

Camel

question

The consumerism of the 18th century grew to allow more people to buy goods that had been luxuries only a short time before; however, one result of this situation was a rise in the cost of such goods caused by:

answer

the law of supply and demand.

question

The economic nature of the Spanish colonies in the 16th and 17th centuries reflected:

answer

the principles of mercantilist theory.

question

In the French colonial system, the greatest profits came from:

answer

sugar.

question

Social relations in the Spanish colonies of Central and South America were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

the uprooting and resettlement of large numbers of native people.

question

European wealth and prosperity in the 17th and 18th centuries may be attributed at least in part to:

answer

their Asian, African, and American colonies.

question

When England began to break into international colonial trade, its efforts were marked by:

answer

quite a bit of piracy, as English sailors seized Spanish cargo Ships for the plunder.

question

The cultivation of New World sugar and tobacco depended on:

answer

slave labor.

question

Although the Puritans left England to escape the government's attempt to impose religious conformity:

answer

they showed little interest in converting Native merican peoples to Christianity.

question

European governments at first jointed the church in condemning the use of tobacco, but when it became:

answer

wildly profitable, they encouraged its consumption.

question

The most valuable Dutch colonies during the 17th century were in:

answer

Southeast Asia.

question

Approximately how many Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean during the 18th century to be sold as slaves?

answer

6,000,000

question

On a typical merchant run along the "triangle trade" route, a British ship would sail from New England with rum, trade the rum for slaves in Africa, and then:

answer

trade the slaves for molasses in Jamaica.

question

Of all the slaves brought to the western hemisphere from Africa, approximately _____ percent came to North America.

answer

5

question

The Portugese and the Spanish had begun modern European colonization, but by the mid 18th century the European leaders were the:

answer

French and the English.

question

One of the important causes of the American Revolution was Britain's success in:

answer

The Seven Years' war.

question

In 1780, Britain declared war on _____ for continuing to trade with the colonies during the American Revolution.

answer

The Dutch Republic

question

In the context of early modern European history, the American War of Independence was:

answer

the final military conflict in a century-long struggle between Great Britain and France.

question

In the late 17th century, European wars almost always had a colonial aspect.

answer

True

question

The absolute monarchs ruled only with the consent of their nobles and people.

answer

True

question

"Whigs" was a nickname for the supporters of King Charles II.

answer

False

question

Habeas corpus is a guarantee that no one can be imprisoned unless charged with a crime.

answer

True

question

The League of Augsburg united Holland, England, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, the Rhine Palatinate, and the Austrian Habsburgs against Louis XIV.

answer

True

question

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Austria's biggest threat was from Germany.

answer

False

question

The "Junkers" were a group of enserfed peasants in Prussia.

answer

False

question

The Smirnoff dynasty ruled Russia after the death of Ivan the Terrible.

answer

False

question

Catherine the Great of Russia was actually a German who came to the throne upon the death of her husband, Peter III.

answer

True

question

The power within Europe was gradually shifting toward the east during the 18th century with the rise of Prussia and Russia.

answer

False

question

In the 18th century, infectious disease killed half of all people before they reached the age of 20.

answer

True

question

Techniques for printing colored designs on calico cloth were imported from the New World but made illegal in some areas to protect native industry.

answer

False

question

Intermarriage between natives and Africans was quite common in the New World, as were the native/English marriages, though African/English marriages were banned.

answer

False

question

The mortality rate on a slave ship was about 10%, the same as for a normal sea voyage.

answer

True

question

War is the normal state of Europe at any point in its history, and the 18th century was no exception.

answer

False

question

"Science" entails:

answer

All of these: A body of knowledge, a community of practitioners, a system of inquiry, institutions to support the practitioners.

question

Although logic and geometry had played a role in the medieval worldview, _____ would assume a much more central role in the "New Science."

answer

Mathematics

question

The _____ argued that nature was the way in which God revealed himself to humanity.

answer

Neoplatonists

question

The dispersal of ancient texts by the humanists of the late Renaissance that served to encourage study and debate was facilitated by:

answer

the widespread use of the printing press.

question

Throughout the Middle Ages, the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy were _____ and _____.

answer

Aristotle; Ptolemy

question

Copernicus' work on the problem of the Ptolemaic system was commissioned by:

answer

the Roman Catholic Church.

question

Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model was contradicted by empirical evidence discovered over 300 years earlier by:

answer

Aristarchus.

question

Nicholas Copernicus hesitated to publish his De Revolutionibus because:

answer

the implications of his theory of heliocentricity greatly troubled him.

question

Copernicus calculated the earth to be _____ miles from the sun.

answer

6 million

question

_____ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe.

answer

Nicholas Copernicus

question

Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that:

answer

he did not believe the earth orbited the sun.

question

Which of the following best describes Johannes Kepler's intellectual foundations?

answer

Mysticism, astrology, and mathematics

question

Kepler believed _____ was God's language.

answer

Mathematics

question

Johannes Kepler built on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe, to:

answer

correct two of Copernicus's assumptions concerning planetary motion.

question

____ was the "new scientist" whose work laid the foundation for Sir Isaac Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.

answer

Johannes Kepler

question

The term heliocentric means:

answer

sun-centered.

question

Many Roman Catholic churchmen viewed the "New Science," especially as typified by Copernican theory:

answer

as a direct threat to church doctrine.

question

In 1616, Galileo Galilei was urged by his supporters to stop promulgating Copernican ideas, when the Catholic Church:

answer

placed Copernicus' work on the Index of Forbidden Books.

question

Galileo hoped for support from his friend Maffeo Barberini who became:

answer

pope.

question

Galileo Galilei set forth his conviction about religion and science in a 1615 letter to:

answer

Grand Duchess Christina.

question

Galileo Galilei was brought to trial by the Inquisition because he:

answer

promoted Copernican ideas and had insulted his old patron, Cardinal Barberini, who was now Pope Urban VIII.

question

The trial of Galileo by the Inquisition resulted in:

answer

all of these: His imprisonment, putting him off his work, a "new philosophy" based on Galileo's work in NW Europe, his work being placed on the Index.

question

One result of Galileo's trial was that:

answer

the New Science flourished in NW Europe.

question

The view that progress may be made only through cooperative effort, without regard to established dogma or national boundaries, was made by Francis Bacon in his book:

answer

Novum Organum.

question

A method of reasoning that goes from the specific to the general was developed by:

answer

Francis Bacon.

question

The bulk of philosophy of Rene Descartes may be summed up by which statement?

answer

"I think, therefore I am."

question

The primary target of Descartes' philosophical method was:

answer

skepticism.

question

Rene Descartes believed he had proven the existence of God through his use of systematic doubt in his book:

answer

The Discourse on Method.

question

All of the following contributed greatly to the development of 16th century astronomy EXCEPT:

answer

Robert Boyle.

question

The deductive method of inquiry was formulated by:

answer

Rene Descartes.

question

Mechanism:

answer

All of these.

question

Science reinforced a belief in God through:

answer

an application of geometry and ethics to prove the single substance of the universe was both God and nature.

question

Which English natural philosopher discovered the cellular structure of plants?

answer

Robert Hooke

question

One of the founders of modern chemistry was the Englishman:

answer

Robert Boyle.

question

Although Rene Descartes believed he had proven the existence of God, _____ believed he had proven that the universe was a single substance that was both God and nature.

answer

Baruch Spinoza

question

In European states, the New Science:

answer

was encouraged in England and other countries through the establishment of royal societies.

question

The new scientific societies:

answer

All of these.

question

The second national scholarly academy to be established by the reigning monarch was in:

answer

France.

question

The first woman to receive a doctorate degree in philosophy in Italy was:

answer

Elena Cornaro Piscopia.

question

Although science during this period was primarily the domain of men, many women also made their mark, such as the astronomer Maria Winkelmann and the entomologist:

answer

Maria Sibylla Merian.

question

One of the leading German astronomers of the 17th century was:

answer

Maria Winkelmann.

question

Although it was the norm with European academic societies to not admit women, one exception to this was:

answer

Laura Bassi

question

While many men and women wrote during the 17th century concerning the ability of women to fully participate in the scientific realm, none wrote quite so passionately as _____, who wrote of the "tyrannical government of men over women."

answer

Margaret Cavendish

question

As a leader of the "scientific revolution," Isaac Newton was:

answer

a recluse who spent his time in Cambridge.

question

Isaac Newton's best-known work today was his research conducted on:

answer

gravity.

question

Galileo had made improvements on the lens developed by the Dutch for use in telescopes, but some of the earliest work on the nature of how humans see was done by:

answer

Isaac Newton.

question

Sir Isaac Newton published Principia Mathematica to answer critiques of his theories coming primarily from:

answer

Robert Hooke.

question

One effect of the work of Isaac Newton was to:

answer

demonstrate the ability of mathematics to explain the workings of the universe.

question

From the 17th century on, there existed a fundamental shift in the view of the world by the Western world. To be considered "modern," one now approached the world through:

answer

science

question

Which of the following best describes Sir Isaac Newton's attitude toward Christianity?

answer

Science and faith are compatible and mutually supporting.

question

The scientific revolution stood apart from other social, religious and cultural transformations.

answer

False

question

The "prime mover" was the force that put into place the motions of the celestial bodies and was interpreted as being the Christian God.

answer

True

question

The "Ptolemaic system" was the first system to question whether planets moved in a circular path around a stationary earth.

answer

False

question

Tycho Brahe's greatest contribution to astronomy was his building of the first observatory on a small island granted to him by the Danish king.

answer

False

question

Galileo argued that one could not be both a sincere Copernican and a Catholic.

answer

False

question

"Simplicio" (Simpleton) was a character in Galileo's "Dialogue" who represented the new science.

answer

False

question

Galileo's work apparently had no support from within the Catholic church.

answer

False

question

Galileo's works were widely translated and widely read and raised awareness of changes in natural philosophy across Europe.

answer

True

question

Galileo's work was smuggled out of Italy and published in England.

answer

False

question

Descartes introduced a new method for understanding called deductive reasoning, which relied on proceeding logically from one certainty to another.

answer

True

question

Baruch Spinoza applied geometry to ethics and deduced that the universe was made of a single substance that was both God and nature in one.

answer

True

question

While the French scholastic societies reserved science as "a gentlemanly pursuit," English societies freely admitted women.

answer

False

question

For Newton, science, if properly conducted, could always uncover the causes of phenomena.

answer

False

question

Newton realized his work was groundbreaking, but he proved to be an egotistical recluse who did not credit his predecessors' work in laying a foundation for his own, bringing upon himself the censure of his peers.

answer

False

question

Science was slow to work its way into people's understanding because it undermined religion, which was the foundation block of western society.

answer

False

question

Voltaire's attitude toward injustice, fanaticism, and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762; the defendant in the case was:

answer

Jean Calas.

question

A primary concern of the Enlightenment was:

answer

All of these: The danger of arbitrary and unchecked authority, the value of religious toleration, the overriding importance of law, the importance of reason in all affairs.

question

The genesis of the Enlightenment may be found in the:

answer

scientific revolution of the 15th and 16th centuries.

question

The Enlightenment was not confined to any single area of human endeavor, but was evident in the science, music, and politics of the age. Some scientific thinkers might be politically conservative, while some political thinkers were truly radical in their views. Among this radical group was:

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

question

A cornerstone of Enlightenment thinking was skepticism, as developed by the Scottish philospher:

answer

David Hume.

question

John Locke is best known today as a political philosopher, but in the 18th century he was better known for his studies of:

answer

human knowledge.

question

For the philosophers, an important implication of John Locke's tabula rasa was:

answer

the environment determines all social progress.

question

The motto of the Enlightenment "Dare to know!" was coined by:

answer

Immanuel Kant.

question

The end that Enlightenment thinkers sought was summarized by Alexander Pope in his "Essay on Man" when he wrote, "The science of human nature may be, like all other sciences, reduced to:

answer

a few clear points."

question

A philosophe may be defined as an individual who was a [an]:

answer

free thinker.

question

The philosophes of the Enlightenment, as exemplified by Voltaire, particularly admired England because of:

answer

its constitutional monarchy and policy of religious toleration.

question

Although much admired in many segments of the population, Voltaire's forthrightness kept him in trouble and even got him a short stay in prison in the:

answer

Bastille.

question

The Enlightenment battle cry of "ecrasez l'infame" best represents the ideas of:

answer

Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire).

question

In "the Spirit of the Laws," Baron de Montesquieu argued:

answer

in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government.

question

One of the most remarkable publications of pre-revolutionary France was Denis Diderot's:

answer

Encyclopedia.

question

The life and career of Cesare Beccaria was dedicated to the idea that:

answer

the only legitimate rationale for punishment was to maintain the social order.

question

Deism, the "religion" of the Enlightenment, expressed the belief that:

answer

God created the universe, but no longer took any active interest in it.

question

Most Enlightenment thinkers who might be labeled as deists were theists; of the few who were atheists, the most famous was:

answer

Paul Henri d'Holbach.

question

In general, the philosophes considered Judaism and Islam:

answer

superstitious and backward religions.

question

In general, the philosophes held relatively disparaging views of Judaism, _____, a German philosopher, was a notable exception.

answer

Gotthold Lessing

question

____ was a Jewish philosopher who argued that religion should be voluntary, that secular states should promote tolerance, and that progress for everyone would come through humanitarianism.

answer

Moses Mendelssohn

question

Unlike the French physiocrats who believed that the wealth of a nation came from the land and agricultural production, Adam Smith believed that the wealth of a nation came from its:

answer

labor.

question

The "invisible hand" of Adam Smith's theory could best guide economic activity because:

answer

all humans are rational and are the best judges of their own interests.

question

According to the Abbe Guillaume Thomas Francois Raynal, the one event that had a profound impact on Europeans was:

answer

the discovery of the New World.

question

Which of the following best expresses the philosophes' attitude toward slavery?

answer

Slavery corrupted it's victims, and so slaves were not ready for freedom.

question

One philosophe organization, founded by Warville de Brissot, which called for the abolition of slavery was:

answer

the Society of Friends of Blacks.

question

Although the philosophes condemned slavery, they did not argue for its immediate abolition and used many different means of avoiding the issue. One of their number, _____, exposed the hypocrisy of this approach by wondering how the Europeans would view slavery if they themselves were being enslaved.

answer

Voltaire

question

The South Pacific region was explored extensively by both the French and the English. The French explorer, Louis-Anne de Bougainville, searched the South Pacific in search of a new route to China. He was soon followed by the English explorer:

answer

James Cook.

question

The South Pacific island of Tahiti was first discovered for the Europeans by:

answer

Louis-Anna de Bougainville.

question

Closely following voyages of discovery, many Enlightenment thinkers such as Denis Diderot believed that the Tahitians best represented humanity:

answer

in its natural state.

question

Although much exploration was carried out by the French and the English, people from many other nations participated in the exploration of the New World. One of these, _____, was hailed by Charles Darwin as "the greatest scientific traveler who ever lived."

answer

Alexander von Humboldt

question

Although not well understood when first published in the 18th century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's book, _____, would become very influential during the French Revolution later in the same century.

answer

The Social Contract

question

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, freedom meant:

answer

equal citizens obeying the laws they had made themselves.

question

In his novel Emile, Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that:

answer

children are, by nature, good and equal in their capacity to learn.

question

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's somewhat conflicting views of female nature illustrate:

answer

the shifting meaning of "nature" by the middle of the 18th century.

question

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's fellow philosophes deemed which of his books as "hysterical and obscene"?

answer

Julie

question

In her Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that:

answer

all men and women share a common humanity.

question

Mary Wollstonecraft believed that equality laid the basis for virtue and thus argued that society ought to seek "the perfection of our nature and capability of:

answer

happiness."

question

With the rise in literacy and the book business in the 18th century, censorship:

answer

was uneven in its implementation.

question

The 18th century Enlightenment produced an elite or high culture that was typified by:

answer

its cosmopolitan nature.

question

The general culture that developed from the 18th century Enlightenment was:

answer

literary.

question

The philosophes of the 18th century used people's houses in which to meet and converse on a more informal basis than that provided by the royal academies. These informal meetings were known as:

answer

salons.

question

The 18th century saw the birth of a new literary genre, the novel, and the growing acceptance of women as authors. The most famous woman from this period, as recognized today, was the English novelist:

answer

Jane Austen.

question

Although the majority of people possessed few books, at most a Bible and one or two other religious works, it appears now that literacy rates were much higher than had previously been believed, perhaps as high as _____ percent for men and _____ percent for women in European urban centers.

answer

85 and 60

question

Even with the literacy rate that Europe enjoyed, formal schooling remained a goal yet to be attained. For example, by the end of the 18th century in Russia, only _____ out of a population of 40 million had attended any kind of school.

answer

22,000

question

The "classical" style of music that swept Europe in the late 18th century:

answer

was intended to sound orderly, clear and balanced.

question

Johanne Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers of the:

answer

Baroque period.

question

Although George Frederic Handel began his career in London composing Italian-style operas, he is best remembered today for his oratorios, the most famous of which is:

answer

Messiah.

question

The one 18th century European city with a commercial market for culture, including music, was:

answer

London.

question

Opera, a very popular musical form during the 18th century was developed in the 17th century by:

answer

Claudio Monteverdi.

question

Of all the thinkers from the scientific revolution, John Locke had the widest ranging impact on Enlightenment scholars.

answer

True

question

Tabula rasa means "human mind."

answer

False

question

Voltaire's reputation stemmed not from his philosophy, but from his effectiveness as an advocate.

answer

True

question

Unlike the writers of the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment writers wrote for large audiences.

answer

True

question

The Dictionnaire was the greatest achievement of the philosophes, bringing an understanding of language and its history to the common people.

answer

False

question

The Enlightenment was not only a western European trend in thinking, it was also found in central and southern Europe.

answer

True

question

Due to the high regard the philosophes such as Voltaire had for England, English became the language of the Enlightenment.

answer

False

question

According to Lessing, religion is authentic or true only insofar as it makes the believer virtuous.

answer

True

question

Laissez-Faire economics came from the writings of the Scottish economist Adam Smith who argued against state monopolies and for the encouragement of individual interests in the economy.

answer

False

question

Captain Cook was killed by cannibals in New Zealand, adding to the ferocity of the western image of the Maori.

answer

False

question

Rousseau argued that men and women should receive the same education to enable them to be and create good citizens.

answer

False

question

The first daily newspaper was printed in London.

answer

True

question

The fastest growing group of readers in the 18th century was the female middle class.

answer

True

question

Literacy rates were highest in the country where industry was slower and communities were closer to enable education and the borrowing of books.

answer

False

question

Mozart was buried in a pauper's grave.

answer

False

Western Civ Ch 14-17 – Flashcards

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