question

Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to

answer

the idea that people could skip confessing their sins if they bought an indulgence

question

For Zwingli, the Eucharist

answer

was an important commemoration of Christ's historical sacrifice on the cross

question

"Institutes of the Christian Religion"

answer

John Calvin's most famous theological work

question

As a young monk Luther

answer

was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation

question

The German Peasants Revolt of 1525

answer

cemented the alliance of Lutheranism with state power

question

The Church taught that indulgences worked to reduce the penance that an individual owed to God

answer

by drawing on the good deeds of martyrs and saint from the Treasury of Merits

question

Lurther's confrontation with Charles V at the Diet of Worms demonstrated

answer

the willingness of the papacy to allow German princes to manage their own affairs

question

Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith" meant that

answer

humans are saved by their faith in God's grace, not by that good work they do

question

In contrast to Lutheran's, Zwinglians, and Calvanists, Anabaptists

answer

believed that only adults should be baptized, not children

question

Luther believed that works of piety and charity were

answer

the natural outgrowth of justification and Christian devotion

question

One might claim that Luther had established a new church when

answer

various German princes protected him after the Diet of Worms

question

When Henry VIII broke with the Church of Rome, it was over his desire to marry

answer

Anne Boleyn

question

Calvinists

answer

------- were the most successful missionaries during the 16th century

question

In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more

answer

authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality

question

The primary problem caused by the Price Revolution of the late 16 century was -----

answer

inflation

question

During the 16th century, in both Protestant and Catholic countries, marriage practices changed so as to encourage

answer

more parental control over their children's choice of marriage partners

question

What religious change is generally associated with Protestantism in England under Henry VIII?

answer

Closing monasteries and convents and confiscating their property

question

The Council of Trent

answer

----- the Catholic Church reaffirmed almost all of the doctrinal claims that Protestants criticized

question

Why did Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to divorce Catherine of Aragon and massy Anne Boleyn?

answer

because Catherine's nephew, Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry's request for a divorce

question

King Edward VI

answer

----the first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology in the English Church

question

The economy of 16th century Europe was characterized by

answer

increasing population, fixed food supplies and stagnant wages

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The Counter-Reformation brought the most sweeping changes to the Catholic Church's

answer

attitudes toward the religious roles of women

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Most French Protestants were -----

answer

Calvinists

question

The Edict of Nantes

answer

------ recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France

question

The Fronde Was

answer

a French Protestant rebellion against the government of Cardinal Mazarin

question

The German religious wars may be attributed to

answer

the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, whose goal was to reestablish Catholic unity within his realm

question

The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre resulted in a major setback for ------

answer

Protestants

question

William of Orange (William the Silent) fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from

answer

Catholic rule under the Spanish

question

The 1555 Peace of Augsburg rested on the principle of "cuius regio, eius religio" which meant

answer

the ruler of each principality settled all matters of religion

question

The Stuart dynasty of English kings began with

answer

King James I

question

The 30 Years War created the greatest devastation in ------

answer

Germany

question

The English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1558 was a decisive moment in Western history because

answer

had Spain conjured England,, Catholics would have made major inroads against the Protestants

question

The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu's government was

answer

to increase and centralize royal power over France

question

The 30 Years War began when

answer

a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory

question

Christopher Marlow

answer

Elizabethan author of "Doctor Faustus"

question

Why did most English men and women welcome the restoration of the monarchy in 1660?

answer

because years of unpopular Calvinist prohibitions on public amusements had discredited Cromwell's Puritan regime

question

The most important opponents of royal absolutism were -----

answer

nobles

question

The immediate provocation for the outbreak of civil war between King Charles and his parliament was

answer

Charles's attempt to arrest 5 parliamentary leaders on the floor of the House of Commons

question

Jean Bodin's "Six Books of the Commonwealth" was the first fully developed statement of

answer

absolute governmental sovereignty

question

Louis XIV used the palace of Versailles to

answer

demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility

question

Oliver Cromwell rose to power in England as

answer

the leader of the parliamentary army

question

A chivalric mentality had remained important for some segments of European society into the early modern period, but its anachronistic nature was satirized by

answer

Miguel de Cervantes

question

Remembrant wan Rijn

answer

Dutch painter who was famous for his black and white etchings of New Testament scenes

question

Absolute rulers such as Louis XIV sought control over the state because

answer

the 16th and early 17th centuries were times of great disorder in Europe

question

Jean Baptiste Colbert

answer

the royal finance minister who increased revenues in France during the reign of Louis XIV

question

Peter Rubens

answer

------ stressed the extravagance of the Baroque style

question

In the 17th and 18th centuries, absolutism was a political theory that

answer

allowed rulers to govern by divine right and according to their own will

question

Why do English call the 1688-1689 transfer of power to William and Mary the "Glorious Revolution"?

answer

it established England, without bloodshed, as a mixed monarchy governed by "the King in Parliament"

question

The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as

answer

highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by the king and reporting to the king

question

Frederick William I made Prussia strong by

answer

exerting prudent financial leadership and building a large army

question

In general, the religious policies of Louis XIV aimed to

answer

impose religious unity upon all French people

question

James II of England angered his critics and sent off a national crisis when he

answer

and his second wife, Mary of Modena, had a son: a Catholic heir to the throne

question

In England, Charles II triggered a crisis not unlike that produced by his father when he

answer

began modeling his kingship on the absolutism of Louis XIV

question

The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to

answer

secure year-round ports for Russia

question

How did the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) alter the balance of power in Europe?

answer

by giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World

question

Poland lost 30 percent of its territory and 50 percent of its population as the result of an agreement brokered between Prussia, Austria, and Russia by

answer

Frederick the Great

question

The most valuable Dutch colonies during the 17th century were in

answer

Southeast Asia

question

Frederick the Great of Prussia made Prussia a major European power by

answer

invading Silesia and Poland and carefully consolidating his gains

question

The economic nature of the Spanish colonies in the 16th and 17th centuries reflected

answer

the principles of merchantilist theory

question

In general, the policies of Peter the Great of Russia included

answer

the introduction of Western ideas and customs

question

The Portuguese and the Spanish had begun modern European colonization, but by the mid 18th century the European leaders were the

answer

French and the English

question

When England began to break into international colonial trade, its efforts were marked by

answer

quite a bit of piracy, as English sailors seized Spanish cargo ships for the plunder

question

The cultivation of New World sugar and tobacco depended on

answer

slave labor

question

Johann Tetzel

answer

----- Catholic monk that was selling indulgences in Germany that Luther protested against

question

Diet of Worms

answer

------ the name of the trial of Martin Luther

question

John Knox

answer

------ reformation leader in Scotland

question

The Act of Supremacy 1534

answer

made Henry VIII of England the head of the Church of England

question

Mary Tudor (Blood Mary)

answer

---- attempted to bring the Catholic faith back to England

question

Saint Ignatius Loyola

answer

----founded the Catholic religious order known as the Jesuits

question

Society of Jesus

answer

the formal name of the Jesuits

question

Saint Bartholonew's Day Massacre August 24, 1572

answer

two to three thousand Parisian Protestants slaughtered and then thousand more across France

question

Gustavus Adolphus

answer

Lutheran king of Sweden who was the Protestant leader in the 30 Years War

question

The Peace of Westphilia

answer

ended the 30 Years War

question

Cardinal Richelieu

answer

served as the ruler of France while Louis XIV was under age

question

Petition of Right 1628

answer

English Parliament forced Charles II to accept it as a condition for him to rule

question

Cavaliers

answer

the supports of Charles II in the English Civil War

question

Roundheads

answer

the supports of Parliament in the English Civil War

question

The Protectorate

answer

the name of the English government under Oliver Cromwell after the English Civil War

question

Lord Protector

answer

Oliver Cromwell's official title

question

Thomas Hobbs

answer

wrote "Leviathan"

question

"Don Quixote"

answer

written by Miguel de Cervantes

question

Act of Toleration 1689

answer

passed by the English Parliament which granted dissenters the right to worship freely, but they could not hold political office

question

The Act of Succession 1701

answer

required that every future English monarch must be a member of the Church of England

question

Act of Union 1707

answer

united England and Scotland into one kingdom

question

John Locke

answer

wrote "Two Treatises of Government"

question

The Restoration

answer

refers to when the Stuarts under Charles II were to the throne of England in 1660

question

El Greco

answer

the painting style of mannerism reached its height in his work

question

Remembrant van Rijn

answer

the finest example of Dutch realism painters and a product of the Dutch Golden Age of Painting

question

Name the 3 religious doctrines of Luther

answer

1. Justification by Faith 2. Priesthood of the believer 3. The Bible is the only source of truth

question

Name 4 of Luther's religious reforms

answer

1. Reducing the number of sacraments from seven to two 2. Changing the language used for worship in Germany from Latin to German 3. Allowing priests to marry 4. Belief in the absolute authority of Scripture

question

Name 4 reasons why Luther received support from German princes

answer

1. The economic impact of the confiscation of Church lands 2. Their ability to enforce the religion of Luther in their lands 3. The political advantage they would gain from turning away from Rome 4.The personal religious beliefs of the individual princes

question

Name 4 causes of the English Civil War

answer

1. Hostilities between component parts of a composite kingdom 2. Religious hostilities between different kinds of Protestants 3. Struggles for power among competing factions at court 4. A fiscal system increasingly ineffective at keeping up with the cost of government

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