west civ mid term – Flashcards
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Jericho, one of the world's oldest villages, emerged as a seasonal settlement around
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9500 B.C.E.
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The initial shift from village to city inhabitation took place in Mesopotamia, known to the Greeks as "the Land between rivers" and to modern historians as
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Sumer
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Which of the following was an important element in the development of early settlements?
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the establishment of first local, and then long-distance, trade routes throughout the Near East.
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Temples were central to Sumerian city life because
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they controlled a large proportion of land. they employed the largest number of men, women and children.they dominated local and foreign trade, they controlled the economy through ownership of warehouses
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The common religion of the Sumerians
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included many gods, with a different god worshiped in each city-state.
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An individual who successfully led the city-state's army in battles was
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able to acquire prestige and power as a lugal ("big man").
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Sargon of Akkad (c. 2350 B.C.E.) is significant because he
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subdued Sumer and exerted influence from Ethiopia to the Indus Valley
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The civilization that emerged in ancient Egypt arose
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at the same time as that of ancient Sumer
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The great Pyramids of Giza, built in the fourth Dynasty, were
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constructed by thousands of peasant workers who were not slaves.
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The Egyptians developed elaborate tombs and burial techniques
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to provide the dead with all they would need in the afterlife
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Which comparison between Egypt and Mesopotamian civilizations is false?
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Both enjoyed significant political and cultural interactions
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During the first millennium B.C.E.:
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iron slowly replaced bronze as the primary component of tools and weapons.
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"Indo-European," as used in historical or anthropological texts, refers to
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linguistic and cultural patterns found in India, the Near East, Europe, and perhaps the Far East.
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During the Late Bronze age (1500-1200 B.C.E.) in the ancient Near east, the two great empires powers were:
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New Kingdom Egypt and the Hittite empire
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The Mitannians introduced lighter chariots to carry archers, but
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their opponents soon copied them and used protective armor
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During the Hyksos period in Egypt (seventeenth-sixteenth centuries B.C.E.):
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foreigners took over government in northern Egypt and acted like pharaohs the invaders maintained their connections with the Aegean, Syria, and Palestine the weakened government in the south lost control of Nubian (present-day Sudan). some Hyksos rulers incorporated the name of the god Ra into their own names
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The Eighteenth Dynasty in Egypt produced many strong pharaohs, among them:
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Hatshetsut
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When Akhenaten died and was succeeded by Tutankhamen:
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the new pharaoh rejected his predecessor'' beliefs and changed his name.
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Akhenaten represents one of the earliest moves, in Western history, toward
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monotheism in religious practices
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"Aegean civilization" was long thought to have been:
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the legendary or prehistoric component of Greek civilization
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Many small kingdoms arose in the Levant during the early Iron age as a result of
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the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization
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The Hebrew Bible is an unparalleled historical source that describes the cultural practices and theological development of the Hebrew people. However, most historians believe that:
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the Bible's composite nature means that each biblical book should be analyzed within its particular context
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King David's rule was significant in establishing
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the idea of Israel as a unified nation, fulfilling god's promises
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Assurbanipal II, king of Assyria, has the distinction of
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acquiring a deserved reputation for cruelty and savagery
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Unlike other rulers, Cyrus of Persia (559-529 B.C.E.):
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allowed self-rule and religious freedom to conquered people
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One belief that other Western religions took from Zoroastrianism is the idea
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of a Day of Judgment
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The relationship of the Greeks to their gods was:
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one of suspicion and appeasement
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The Iliad and the Odyssey
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provide evidence for the heroic ideal of late dark Age Greece
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The Greek polis was
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a collective group or community organized around a city
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Panhellenic festivals in ancient Greece included:
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athletic contests honoring the gods
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Since every polis needed Hoplites
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the men who took part began to demand a role in politics
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During the Archaic Age, respectable aristocratic women
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were excluded from politics
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Democracy originated in Greece from the idea of the demos, which literally means
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neighborhood.
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The origins of Greek democracy can be identified, in part, in the rule of the Athenian aristocrat
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Solon.
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Sparta:
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depended on the enslaved labor of helots
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The Persian Wars were begun by:
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a revolt instigated by the Ionian Greeks against the Persians
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During the second Persian War, Themistocles persuaded his fellow Athenians to
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abandon the city of Athens and let the Persians burn it
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The period of time known as the "Golden Age of classical Greece" was bounded in time by:
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the end of the Persian wars and the beginning of the Peoloponnesian war.
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According to the historian Thyucydides, the Peloponnesian War began
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because of the growing power of Athens, and the fear and envy this inspired in Sparta
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The Sophist claim that "Man is the measure of all things" means
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goodness, truth, and justice are not absolutes, but vary according to the needs and interests of human beings.
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Socrates' aim was to show
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that truth is real and absolute standards of goodness and virtue do exist.
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The _____War represented the beginning of the end of Greek dominance
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Corinthian
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Alexander the Great founded a great empire that might be described as a
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cultural empire.
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Why couldn't the Greek city-states unite during the fourth century B.C.E.?
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The independent temper of Greek political life made unity impossible
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Hellenistic sculpture is best described as
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realistic and alive
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A philosophical concern of Plato's was
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to establish a just society
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At outlined in the Republic, Plato's ideal form of government is best described as
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a meritocracy
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Aristotle argued that good conduct is virtuous conduct and that virtue resides in aiming
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to act moderately in all things
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Philip II of Macedon's early success had much t do with his
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reorganization of the Macedonian army
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The Macedonians were regarded by the Greeks as little more than barbarians, but they did engage in one activity, _________, that indicates that they were, in fact, Greek
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the Olympic Games every four years
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The ultimate aim of the military and political policies of Philip II was
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to invade Persia
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Alexander the Great is a difficult figure for historians to evaluate because
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so many legends grew up around him during his lifetime
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The beginning of the end of Alexander's conquests was his inability to fully subdue
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Afghanistan
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Macedonian rule in Egypt was characterized by
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a revival of ancient traditions associated with the pharaohs
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Aristarchus of Samos was unusual among Hellenistic astronomers because
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he believed that the earth revolves around the sun
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Hellenistic cosmopolitanism differed from Persian and Roman cosmopolitanism because
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it was cultural rather than linked directly to a particular imperial power
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In terms of geography and natural resources, the Italian peninsula
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was more fertile than ancient Greece
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Prior to the establishment of Rome as the dominant state in Italy
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Etruscans, skilled metal workers and artists, lived there
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The "Latin right" of the early Romans guaranteed that
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contracts, marriages and citizenship were valid across Latium
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During the early Roman Republic, Rome
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expanded slowly and extended the Latin Right to many of the cities it conquered
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The Twelve Tables of Law, approved in 450 B.C.E. represent
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the codification of existing laws for all to see and obey
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In the early Roman Republic, Rome was technically a democracy but
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the Roman constitution essentially ensure oligarchic rule.
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According to the patria potestas provision of the Twelve Tables, a Roman father
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had absolute power over his family, up to and including the power of life and death
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The greatest honor a Roman could hope to achieve was
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to sacrifice himself, his family and his friends for the state
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During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal:
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brought his entire army, including elephants, over the Alps.
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Since the Romans employed slaves for all forms of manual labor
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no industrial revolution took place, and urban underemployment was common
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The Augustan system of government
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is known as the early empire or Principate, because Octavian rules as first citizen
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Although many emperors who followed Augustus in the Julio-Claudian dynasty were able individuals, many were not; arguable the worst of these was
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Caligula
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One example of how Rome transformed the world into the Roman world would be
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that the evolving process of Roman leaders coming from everywhere within the empire and people would settle far from their place of birth
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The Romans were able to support cities with large populations due, in no small measure, to the
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construction of a system of aqueducts to allow a steady supply of potable water to the cities
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Roman law consisted of three branches: civil law, natural law, and
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the law of peoples
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