Week 2- Epidemiology and Public Health – Flashcards
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What is epidemiology?
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A science that explains the strength of association between exposures and health effects in human populations. *It can also be defined as the study of distribution and factors that determine health-related states or events in a population and the use of this information to control health problems.
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Define Epidemiological Triangle
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Disease results from complex relationships among causal agents, susceptible persons (host), and environmental factors. A change in one of these elements of the triangle can influence the occurrence of disease by increasing or decreasing a person's risk for disease.
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Define Web of Causality
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Recognizes complex interrelationships of many factors interacting, sometimes in subtle ways, to increase (or decrease) the risk for disease.
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Define Incidence Rate
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Quantifies the rate of development of new cases in a population at risk.
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Define Prevalence Rate
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A measure of existing disease in a population at a specified point or period in time.
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Define Attack Rate
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The proportion of persons who are exposed to an agent and develop the disease. It is often specific to an exposure/infectious disease, such as the proportions of people becoming ill after eating a specific food item.
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In your own words, explain "public health."
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Throughly investigates how to minimize health disparities and morbidities, and seeking ways to improve the overall health of a population.
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Core function of public health: ASSESSMENT
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Delivering readily available information related to a community's health based on efficient examination of data related to their health status.
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Core function of public health: POLICY DEVELOPMENT
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The efforts taken to create policies that advocate for a population's health, utilizing a scientific knowledge base to make those decisions.
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Core function of public health: ASSURANCE
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Taking action to assure that vital community-oriented health services are readily available for peoples' use.
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2 essential public health services that specifically describes: ASSESSMENT
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*Monitor health status to identify community health problems. *Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
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2 essential public health services that specifically describes: POLICY DEVELOPMENT
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*Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. *Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems. *Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
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2 essential public health services that specifically describes: ASSURANCE
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*Enforce laws & regulations that protect health and ensure safety. *Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. *Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce. *Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.
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Primary prevention (with example)
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Interventions that promote health and prevent the occurrence of disease, injury, or disability. It is aimed at individuals or groups who are susceptible to disease but have no discernible pathological process. *Immunization for preventable diseases.
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Secondary prevention (with example)
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Interventions designed to increase the probability that a person with a disease will have that condition diagnosed early enough that treatment is likely to result in a cure.
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Tertiary prevention (with example)
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Interventions aimed at limiting disability and interventions that enhance rehabilitation from disease, injury, or disability. *Periodic examination of a client with recently diagnosed diabetes, checking in to evaluate how they are dealing with blood sugars and insulin injections. *Also, PT or OT for a client with physical limitations or injuries (i.e.: amputation or surgery).
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Public Health Nursing (using Minnesota Wheel link)
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Take initiative to make positive changes regarding the health of the many individuals and components residing within a community.
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What does the "Wheel" define (in the Minnesota Wheel of Public Health Interventions)?
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The wheel defines the actions that are targeted towards the various components of a community that promote and create a vision of what it means to live a healthy life.
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According to the Wheel, when are interventions "population-based"? (5)
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*They focus on entire populations possessing similar health concerns or characteristics. *Guided by an assessment of population health status that is determined through a community health assessment process. *They consider the broad determinants of health. *They consider all levels of PREVENTION, with a preference for primary prevention. *They consider all levels of PRACTICE. It is represented by 3 inner rings of the model: community, systems, and individual/family focused.
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What is the focus of change with "population-based: COMMUNITY-FOCUSED" practice?
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Community norms, attitudes, awareness, practices, and behaviors. Directed toward entire populations within the community or toward target groups in those populations.
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What is the focus of change with "population-based: SYSTEMS-FOCUSED" practice?
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Systems that impact health, such as organizations, policies, laws, and power structures.
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What is the focus of change with "population-based: INDIVIDUAL/FAMILY-FOCUSED" practice?
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Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals, alone, or as part of a family, class, or group.
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*Autonomy
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Being independent and free to make own decisions and actions related to one's health.
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*Beneficence
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Being proactive and taking responsibility to increase the number of positive outcomes, while decreasing the number of actions that may cause harm.
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*Nonmaleficence
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Eliminating as many risks as possible to minimize the harm done to another individual.
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*Justice
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The actions taken to bring about fairness and equality for the needs of all people, regardless of race, age, gender, socioeconomic, or health status.
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*Veracity
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The practice of holding a strong belief in and carrying through with what is true and right even when it may be difficult.
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Pre-contemplation: Stage #1 of Trans-Theoretical Model of Change
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The person DOES NOT plan to change, either because they are unaware of or do not want to deal with a problem.
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Contemplation: Stage #2 of Trans-Theoretical Model of Change
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The person begins to THINK ABOUT making a change in the future and examines the pros and cons of doing so.
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Preparation: Stage #3 of Trans-Theoretical Model of Change
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The person intends to DO SOMETHING about solving the problem.
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Action: Stage #4 of Trans-Theoretical Model of Change
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The person BEGINS to make the change or solve the problem.
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Maintenance: Stage #5 of Trans-Theoretical Model of Change
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The person CONTINUES to take action on a regular basis.
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Termination: Stage #6 of Trans-Theoretical Model of Change
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The person ENDS the change process because they are able to continue their new, healthier way of living and dealing with the issue at hand.
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What is motivational interviewing?
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A tool designed to help clients verbalize their own motivations to change. It uses techniques of elaboration, affirmation, reflection, and summary to engage in conversation about change.
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What are the 5 essential steps of motivational interviewing?
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Engaging; empathic listening; guiding; evoking client's own motivations for change; and planning.
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When would motivational interviewing be used with a client?
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When a client is uncertain or ambivalent (have mixed feelings) about making a change related to their health.
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What are the 6 components of the Health Belief Model?
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*Perceived susceptibility *Perceived severity *Perceived benefits *Perceived barriers *Cues to action *Self-efficacy
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Perceived susceptibility
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"Will something happen to me?"
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Perceived severity
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"If something does happen to me, will it be a big problem?"
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Perceived benefits
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"If I do what is suggested, will it really help me?"
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Perceived barriers
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"Assuming I do what is suggested will there be barriers that will be unpleasant, costly, and so forth?"
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Cues to action
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"What might motivate me to actually do something?"
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Self-efficacy
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"Can I really do this?"
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What will generally happen if a client has a low perception of each of the components of the Health Belief Model?
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*The person's attitude toward the health condition will remain negative and they will continue to live with it. *They will not be proactive in making the positive health change. *They will not believe that they can be successful in making that positive health change.
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What is self-efficacy?
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The conviction that person can successfully carry out the behavior necessary to achieve a desired outcome.
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How does self-efficacy affect a client's ability to change?
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*If a person has serious doubts related to their capabilities, they would decrease their efforts, and ultimately give up and avoid solving or bettering the problem or issue that is negatively impacting their lives. *However, if a person has a strong sense of self-efficacy, they will actually exert greater effort to master those problems or challenges.
