Vocab (Genetic Engineering, Gene Therapy, Reproductive Technology, Genomics) – Flashcards
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A virus the infects bacteria
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bacteriophage
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A virus that has RNA as its genetic material, and uses an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase to make a DNA
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retrovirus
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Short single stranded DNA molecule of specific base sequence, labeled either radioactively or immunologically, that are used to detect and identify the complementary base sequence in a gene or genome by hybridizing specifically to that gene or sequence
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probe
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An organism that is engineered to carry a foreign gene, or transgene of choice, as part of its own genetic material
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transgenic
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DNA _________ is a technique for identifying human individuals based on a restriction enzyme digest of tandemly repeated DNA sequences that are scattered throughout the human genome, but are unique to each individual
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fingerprinting
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A vehicle that transfers genetic material into a host cell or organism
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vector
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A set of DNA fragments prepared from the total mRNA obtained from a selected cell, tissue, or organism is called a cDNA ___________
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library
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An enzyme that catalyzes phosphodiester linkages and repairs nicks in DNA strands; glue DNA pieces together
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ligase
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Any replicating DNA element that can exist in the cell independently of the chromosomes
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plasmid
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The use of electrical fields to separate charged biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins
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electrophoresis
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DNA molecules created by the fusion of DNA from different sources
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recombinant
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The introduction of DNA into bacterial cells for genetic manipulation
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transformation
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________ DNA is a collection of identical DNA fragments produced when DNA is replicated by insertion into a suitable bacterial or viral vector system
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cloned
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A DNA strand copied form mRNA using reverse transcriptase
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cDNA
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Enzyme that recognizes and cuts at a very specific sequence of DNA bases is a __________ enzyme
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restriction
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Engineering changing the genetic information
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genetic
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(fatty particles) # direct injection of naked DNA
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liposomes
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Patients with severe combined immune deficiency are deficient in the enzyme abbreviated __________
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ADA
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_________ genes whose protein product is toxic, or which converts an inert product into a toxic metabolite
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suicide
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A hemophiliac patient getting injections of blood clotting factor protein is getting treatment of his __________ but does not affect his genetic makeup
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phenotype
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A family of DNA viruses including the Epstein Barr virus. Can be used as a gene therapy vector for brain tumors
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herpes
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A virus that has RNA as its genetic material
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retrovirus
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An example of ___________ gene therapy: the vector is placed directly into the body
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invivo
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____________ gene therapy that is effective only during the lifetime of a patient, introduced gene is not passed on to offspring
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somatic
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Gene _______________ the introduction of "normal" genes into existing cells to prevent or cure a disease caused by "defective genes"
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therapy
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___________ gene therapy in which the therapeutic DNA that is introduced is inherited by subsequent generations
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germline
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A virus responsible for upper respiratory tract infections. Recombinant ___________ is used as a gene therapy vector.
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adenovirus
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Gene __________ is a device used for firing microparticles into cells or tissue
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gun
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An example of _________ gene therapy: stem cells are removed from human bone marrow prior to gene therapy, and then reintroduced to the bloodstream
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exvivo
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Condition that renders one unable to conceive a child, even after a year of consistent intercourse without contraception
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infertility
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Type of mother who provides the oocyte for a pregnancy
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genetic
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Type of fertilization in which a sperm and oocyte are joined in a lab dish and then implanted in a uterus
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in vitro
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Type of mother who carries another couple's child in her womb
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surrogate
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Type of pregnancy in which the embryo settles in the fallopian tube
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ectopic
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The condition in which excess uterine tissue builds up outside the uterus
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endometriosis
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Infertility test that injects dye into fallopian tubes to test for blockage
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hysterosalpingogram
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Technology of injecting sperm into a woman's uterus for the purpose of fertilization is __________ insemination
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artificial
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Condition of sperm that results in male infertility
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immobile
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Antibodies possessed by the female that kill sperm and make her infertile
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antisperm secretions
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Abbreviation for a broad term for all procedures created to assist in overcoming infertility problems
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ART
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Procedure in which a fertilized ovum is introduced into a woman's fallopian tube is called ___________ Intrafallopian Transfer
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zygote
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Type of sperm injection more effective than IVF in which a sperm unable to penetrate an oocyte is microinjected into the oocyte
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Intracytoplasmic
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Process similar to IVF, but fertilization actually occurs in the uterus is called __________ Intrafallopian Transfer
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gamete
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Abbreviation of the type of diagnosis that detects abnormalities prior to artificial conception
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PIGD
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Benign tumors on the uterus that make it unable to house an embryo
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fibroids
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Male infertility can be caused by a low _________ count
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sperm
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Type of tumor in the brain that renders one infertile
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pituitary
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The Department of __________ was one of the first governmental agencies to push for the human genome project
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Energy
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the branch of genomics that studies whether an individual would be more vulnerable to specific chemicals or environmental pollutants
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toxico
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The method that the private sequencing companies used was called the __________ approach
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shotgun
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Private company founded by Craig Venter in 1998 called _____________ Genomics
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Celera
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The TIGR company developed supercomputers and __________ to compare DNA sequences
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software
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Abbreviation of the global project to sequence the entire human genome
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HGP
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The smallest cell that can reproduce is the __________, which has 480 genes
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Mycoplasma
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A DNA chip or DNA ___________
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microarray
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The branch of genomics that studies which drug treatments would be most highly effective for a certain genotype
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pharmaco
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The comparison and analysis of DNA sequences is now a branch of genomics called _____________ or bio-__________________
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informatics
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The DNA sequences of the various genomes are placed into the national ___________ at Gen Bank, which are accessible to the public
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databases
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The evolutionary comparison of genomes from different species looks for similarity or _____________ of a gene
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homology
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The main method of DNA sequencing is based on the technique developed by _______________
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Sanger
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The branch of genomics that studies where and when genes are expressed (tissues and developmental stage)
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functional
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The eukaryotic genome sequenced in 2000 as a "trial run"
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Drosophila
