Visual Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 12 – Flashcards
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Cervical Enlargement
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innervates the shoulder and upper limbs
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Lumbar Enlargement
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innervates structures of the pelvis and lower limbs
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Conus Medullaris
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tapered, conical portion of the spinal cord inferior to lumbar enlargement
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Cauda Equina
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complex of ventral and dorsal roots inferior to first or second lumbar vertebrae, resembles a horse's tail
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Filum Terminale
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a slender strand of fibrous tissue that extends from inferior tip of the conus medullaris to the S2 vertebrae. Provides longitudinal support to spinal cord as a component of the coccygeal ligament
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Posterior Median Sulcus
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a shallow longitudinal groove on the posterior (dorsal) surface of the spinal cord
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Dorsal Root
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contains the axons of the neurons whose cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglion
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Spinal Nerve
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contains the axons of sensory and motor neurons. The sensory fibers enter the CNS through the dorsal root. The motor fibers emerge from the CNS within the ventral root.
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Dorsal Root Ganglion
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contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons whose axons carry information to the spinal cord. Each segment of the spinal cord has a pair dorsal root ganglion on each side
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Ventral Root
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contains the axons that extend into the periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors
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Anterior Median Fissure
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a deep groove along the anterior (ventral) surface
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White Matter
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superficially located, containing large numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons
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Gray Matter
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located deep in the spinal cord, dominated by cell bodies or neurons, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons. It surrounds the narrow central canal and forms an H or butterfly shape.
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Spinal Cord
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divided into 31 segments, each containing a pair of spinal nerves. 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
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Spinal Meninges
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specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord, providing protection, physical stability, and shock absorption
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Pia Mater
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consists of a meshwork of elastic and collagen fibers, firmly bound by astrocyte processes to underlying neural tissue.
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Arachnoid Mater
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the middle meningeal layer made up of simple squamous epithelium (arachnoid membrane)
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Subarachnoid Space
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extends between the arachnoid membrane and the outer surface of the pia mater. Contains the arachnoid trabeculae which is filled with CSF
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Dura Mater
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tough, fibrous outermost covering. Contains dense collagen fibers. Narrow subdural space separates the dura mater form the arachnoid mater.
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Arachnoid Trabecule
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network of collagen and elastic fibers that attaches the arachnoid mater to the pia mater. Filled with CSF for shock absorption and diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes.
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Epidural Space
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between the dura mater and walls of the vertebral canal. Contains areolar tissue, blood vessels, and protective padding of adipose tissue.
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Denticulate Ligaments
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running along the length of the spinal cord, these ligaments are paired and extend from the pia mater through the arachnoid mater to the dura mater. Prevent lateral movement of spinal cord
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Lumbar Puncture
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CSF can be obtained in this procedure by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region at the cauda equina to avoid the spinal cord
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Horns
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projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord
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Posterior Gray Horn
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contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
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Lateral Gray Horn
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located only in thoracic and lumbar segments. Contains visceral motor nuclei
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Anterior Gray Horn
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contains somatic motor nuclei
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Gray Commissures
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(a joining together) are posterior and anterior to the central canal. Contain axons that cross from one side of the cord to the other before they reach a destination in the gray matter
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Nuclei of Gray Matter
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cell bodies of neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord are organized into functional groups called nuclei
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White Columns
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three regions containing tracts
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Tract
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a bundle of axons in the CNS that is relatively uniform with respect to diameter, myelination, and propagation speed. All axons within a tract relay the same time of info in the same direction
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Ascending Tracts
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carry sensory information toward brain
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Descending Tracts
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carry motor commands to spinal cord
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Anterior White Commissure
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interconnects anterior white columns. This is where axons cross form one side of spinal cord to the other.
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Posterior White Column
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contains ascending tracts providing sensations from the trunk and limbs
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Epineurium
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outermost covering of a spinal nerve, consisting of a dense network of collagen fibers
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Perineurium
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the middle layer connective tissue partitions that divide the nerve into a series of compartments that contain bundles of axons called fascicles
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Endoneurium
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innermost layer, consisting of connective tissues that surround individual axons
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Dorsal Rami
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innervates the muscles, joints and skin of the back
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Ventral Ramus
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innervates structures in the lateral and anterior trunk as well as the limbs
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Communicating Rami
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are present in the thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Contain axons of sympathetic neurons
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Dermatome
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the specific bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves
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Shingles
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a viral infection of the dorsal root ganglion, caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
