Viktor Frankl/Logotherapy/Mans Search for meaning – Flashcards
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Logotherapy
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a therapy concerned with the meaning in life
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Who/What are the 3 forces?
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1. Freud "Will to Pleasure" 2. Adler "Will to Power" 3. Fankl "Will to Meaning"
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3 sides of the human being
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1. Somatogenic 2. Pyschological 3. Noegenic (Frankl didn't have concerns for the somatogenic and psychological side - he felt they already had enough attention)
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Somatogenic
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the physiological side
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Psychological
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side of the human being that consists of the pysche or mind and emotions
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Noegenic
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spiritual side
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3 tenets of the noetic side of the human condition
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1. Freedom of Will 2. Will to Meaning 3. Meaning of Life
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Freedom of Will
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1. relations to the notion that human beings have the freedom to choose to experience life through intentional acts (the creative), through experiences (peak abyss), and through attitudes 2. "freedom involves freedom from and freedom to. Both involve freedom of the instincts, and both involve responsibility. Man is responsible for Being - for his own existence, for his freedom and his choices, for the realization of himself..."
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Will to Meaning
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-refers to the human being's desire to have life meaning, an ind.'s concern with the problem of meaning and more specifically, his or her ind meaning -Frankl contends that to have life meaning is the highest and most valued motivation of human existence. It is basic to the human condition to find and fulfill meaning and purpose in life. It is at the noological level that the will to meaning exist.
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Meaning of Life
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-all human life has meaning. -Fankl notes the specific meaning of an ind's life at a given moment is what matters, not the general meaning of life. -est. a meaning in life does not refer to an abstract meaning, but rather a personal meaning in life. An ind should not inquire directly into their meaning in only answer to life by answering for his own life; to life he can only respond by being responsible." -responsibility is the essence of existence
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3 things about Responsibility
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1. Not only of the individual for the individual; also for that of all humanity 2. Live as if you were living already for the second time and as if you had acted the first time as wrongly as you are about to act now 3. The individual is asked to imagine that the present is past and that the past may yet be changed and amended
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2 concepts relating to Meaning of Life
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1. Ultimate meaning or Super Meaning 2. Meaning of the Moment
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Ultimate Meaning or Super Meaning
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-incomprehensible to human beings -goes beyond the capabilities of human beings -the task of an ind is not to endure the meaningless of life, (Dostoevsky, 1974), but rather deal with this or her incapacity to fully understand the unconditionally meaningfulness of existence -logos is deeper than intellect; each person has a place in the order of the universe, but that one can never fully grasp what that is. However, an ind has the capacity to search and gain glimpses of the ultimate meaning --analogy of the film "The movie consists of many ind frames and each frames makes sense and carries a meaning. The meaning of the whole film, however, cannot be seen until all of the frames have been shown
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Meaning of the Moment
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-the idea that the moment counts -after this moment passes, it is gone forever and cannot be retrieved -life provides unique situation that offers an ind the opportunity to est meaning -it is the embracing of the moment and gaining meaning from that is the cornerstone for Frankl's logotherapy
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3 ways to discover meaning in life
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1. Creative 2. Peak Abyss 3. Attitudinal
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Creative
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-creating work or doing a deed to discover or establish meaning in one's life -has to do with those things that we do in the world or give to the world and create a result fro doing them. -consists of work, hobbies, behaviors, or other means of creative expression that conclude in a tangible result -the things we do give us meaning
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Peak Abyss
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-discover or est meaning in life through experience -consists of things such as goodness, truth, and love -experiences that are valued for their own sake and need not to be enhanced to gain meaning in life -there is nothing to "do" to gain from them like that of the creative ideology for meaning of life. -we are to embrace each and every moment with the idea of gaining a peak experience, a maximized experience
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Attitudinal
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-the attitude we take towards unavoidable suffering and pain
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3 components of Attitudinal (tragic optimism)
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1. suffering 2. guilt 3. death
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suffering (stand against the world)
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-the attitude one takes towards unavoidable suffering and pain can evidence the power of the human being. -"In accepting the challenge to suffer bravely, life has meaning up to to the last moment, and it retains this meaning literally to the end. In other words, life's meaning is an unconditional one, for it even includes the potential meaning of unavoidable suffering" Frankl --suffering is in no way necessary to find meaning in life, however, meaning is possible even when suffering is part of one's existence
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Frankl's fundamental idea
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human beings can turn suffering into achievement and accomplishment - we can always find meaning in life
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Guilt (stand against oneself)
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-guilt leads one the opportunity to change one's self for the better, to rise above him or herself. -It is a situation which one must take the responsibility for their own plight and move to where they would like to be, transcend one's self -to accept guilt for ill action is to accept freedom and responsibility as a human being. -it is the attitude taken towards guilt that motivates one to strive for improvement and est meaning in his or her life.
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Death (transitoriness of life)
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-each moment of life's experience can never recur and, in that sense, dies. -it this transitoriness that encourages and challenges one to live each moment to the fullest, to be the best they can be -some contend that it is life's transitory nature that deems life meaningless -Frankl contends that it is this transitorienss of life that lends to meaning to life -encourages us to embrace all that life is and we are -we are challenged and responsible to actualize our potential -here and now when we find meaning in life -never have it again -dies as soon as it passes -death of the moment, along with our transitoriness of life that encourage optimism for the moment -we are challenged to embrace ourselves, our meaning, and our existence
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Overall contention found with Frankl's notion of the tragic triangle
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-no matter how dismal life may appear, there is always meaning to be found. -an inherent optimism -as long as there is a why to life a how will always follow -why will always be found in the attitude one takes -one can always find meaning --> tragic optimism
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5 sources of adaptivity
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1. Existential frustration 2. Existential vacuum 3. Noogenic neurosis 4. Excessive intention 5. Hyper reflection
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Existential Frustration
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-relates to the will to meaning -ind's will to meaning can be frustrating -an ind's desire to have knowledge of their meaning can be frustrated from numerous sources. -Frustration can result from neurosis -Frankl deemed this neurosis as noogenic neurosis
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Existential Vacuum
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-due to a twofold loss experienced by humans in the process of becoming human 1. "...at the beginning of human history, man lost some of the basic animal instincts in which an animals behavior is imbeded and by which it is secure. Such security, like paradise, is closed to man for ever; man has to make choices." They are no longer told what they must do by instincts. 2. The second loss that humans have endured in relation to society's rapid growth -with an incr in mobility, less human interaction, and less guidance, tradition is quickly fading -->ambiguity in how to act, how to wish to act, and how to decide to est meaning in life -no longer told what to do by traditions Vacuum results in an ind wishing to do what others do (conformism) or doing what other people wish him or her to do (totalitarianism). -A person may try to distract from the vaccum or hole with in the ind's life. One may develop addictive behaviors, another may become depressed, or another may display aggression onto others to exile the emptiness within.
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noogenic neurosis
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-the manifestation of prolonged or pathological existential frustration and consequential of the existential vacuum -noogenic neurosis will often appear to have the same symptoms of pathogenic neurosis. However, the noogenic neurosis originates in the noological or spiritual dimension of humans. -rooted in values conflict and spiritual neglect. -To treat noogenic neurosis with the classical methods available to the psychotherapist will only result in a continued frustration and increase in the vacuum for the client.
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Excessive Intention
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a situation where an ind desires to be something or be a certain way so much that the desire can never be realized. "Hyper intention makes impossible what one wishes for"
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Hyper reflection
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characterized by excessive attention. Rest on the notion that fear brings about that which one is afraid of.
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Logotherapy's 4 steps of intervention
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(however, every ind is unique, so there is no one exact, structured approached for this therapy) 1. Separate the client from his or her symptoms. Rests on Frankl's assumption about human's society's capacity for self-detachment 2. Modify the client's attitudes about the symptoms and about their meaning in life 3. Reduce the symptoms. Occurs automatically if attitude adjustment is successful 4. Increase the likelihood of a healthy mental state through the increase in awareness of meaning in life and purpose in life.
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Logotherapy Techniques
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1. Medical ministry 2. Dereflection 3. Logoanalysis 4. Paradoxical Intention
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Medical Ministry
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-intervention for an incurable disease -Socratic dialog -pose questions in such a way as to aid the ind in exploring and hopefully finding personal meaning. -intent is not to correct the illness, but rather, to lesson the despair associated with the illness and find meaning in it.
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Dereflection
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This is mainly used to deal with hyper reflection and hype intention. It is used with individuals who create anticipatory anxiety by focusing on a desired goal. From this intense focus on the goal, a fear of failure is generated and in turn the feared failure becomes actualized. -used to encourage ind to shift their focus away from the symptoms to other life meaning areas. -aids in the reduction of the anxiety of antipciation
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Logoanalysis
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-inc awareness of an ind's life meaning and values -uses pencil and paper and cognitive self-awareness to allow ind opportunity for self exploration and search for life meaning and values -exploration followed with additional tasks designed to aid the ind in the actualizing of these values
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Paradoxical intention
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-most notable -process by which symptoms are overemphasized. This overemphasis creates a situation in which the client realizes the irony of the complaint and begins the process of seeking new understanding and meaning. -rests on the idea of hyper intension and hyper reflection -to give excessive attention and intention to the symptoms, one attains the opposite of the symptoms -holds a reversal of the ind's attitude - client's fear is replaced with a paradoxical wish -rests on the human capacity for self-detachment and a need for the client to be able to laugh at themselves. Laughter can be a wonderful way to transcend one's self.
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Vienna, Austria
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Where was Viktor Frankl born?
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1905
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What year was Viktor Frankl born?
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1940
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When did Viktor Frankl begin to write his manuscript?
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She had left before the others were arrested so she escaped from the concentration camp
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What happened to Viktor Frankl's sister?
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April 1945
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When was Viktor's camp liberated?
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His friend Otto
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Who did Frankl ask to make his will?
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God
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In the last paragraph of Part I, who does Frankl say the only person you should fear is?
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Heart failure
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How did Frankl die?
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September 2, 1997
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When did Frankl die?
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Personal Essay
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Part I is a _____.
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Logothereapy in a Nutshell
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What is Part II called?
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1. Those who had a meaning in life, a sense of purpose, or intent to accomplish a goal. His goal was to write and publish his experiences 2. Those who had a spiritual belief in God 3. Those who had an intellectual life to fall back on 4. Those who held on to the cherished bonds of loved ones
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What are the four ways individuals found inner survival strength?
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* "They may have been few in number, but they offer sufficient proof that everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms - to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one's own way."
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Quote
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* "Live as if you were living for the second time and had acted as wrongly the first time as you are about to act now."
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Quote
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* He quotes philosopher, Friedrich Nietzche "He who has a way to live for can bear almost any how." Frankl says, "The meaning of life always changes, but it never ceases to be."
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Quote
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capo
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the head of a branch of organized crime, in the camps it was a prisoner turned into a guard, Frankl often mentions them as being even more cruel and sadistic than the Nazis themselves
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existentialism
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-truth is acquired through free, creative, ownership of your unique experience (no 'armchair' philosophy) -No standard meaning of life -Movement from passive suffering to an active decision to be the master of your suffering
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moslem
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a person who was completely submitted or resigned to fate and death
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nihilism
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an extreme form of skepticism that denies all existence; that belief that destruction of existing political or social institutions is necessary for future improvement
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shema yisreael
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in judaism the shema is a declaration of faith, a pledge of allegiance to one God, and a symbol of the ultimate manifestation of faith even in the gravest of situations
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Sigmund Freud
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Austrian psychiatrist and the founder of psychoanalysis
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Gotthold Lessing
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German philosopher, dramatist, and critic; one of the most influential figures of the enlightenment
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Friedrich Nietzsche
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"He who has a why to live can bear almost any how" "That which does not kill us makes us stronger" thought that Christianity enslaved us (interesting)
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Abraham Maslow
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-leading humanistic psychologist -developed hierarchy of needs -promoted the idea of self-actualization
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What are the five levels of the Hierarchy of Needs?
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1) Physiological Needs 2) Safety Needs 3) Love and Belonging 4) Esteem Needs 5) Self-Actualization
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Physiological Needs
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food, water, air, sleep (physical survival)
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Safety Needs
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safety from: -physical attack -emotional attack -fatal disease -invasion -extreme losses
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Love and Belonging
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-inclusion: part of a group -affection: love and being loved -control: influence over others and self
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Esteem Needs
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-respect from others: awards, honors, status -respect for self: mastery, achievement, competence
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Self-Actualization
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-stop cruelty and exploitation -encourage talent in others -try to be a good human being -do work one considers worthwhile -enjoy taking on responsibilities -prefer intrinsic satisfaction -seek truth -give unselfishly love -be just
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D-Needs
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levels 1-4: when you don't have something and you strive to acquire it
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B-Needs
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level 5: when you seek to change yourself rather than acquire something outside yourself
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Qualities of a Self-Actualized person
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-only 2% ever achieve it -a non-hostile sense of humor -intimate personal relationships -acceptance of self and others -spontaneity ans simplicity -freshness of appreciation -more peak experiences -democratic values -independence
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What are the three psychological stages in Man's Search For meaning?
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1) (following admission) shock, delusion of deprive, suicidal, back stabbing, betrayal, disgust 2) (once entrenched in routine) complete apathy, emotionless 3) (period following release) disillusionment of life once they were released
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What is the difference between those who survived and those who gave up the will to live?
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those who continue to fight for their pride even in the worst of odds will live because they don't lose the feeling of being an individual and the feeling of having personal value and inner freedom
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What decision makes Frankl an active agent rather than a passive sufferer?
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by deciding early on not to 'run into the wire'
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What is a capo?
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a prisoner who acted as a trustee and was given special privleges
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Frankl felt the "best" prisoners did not what?
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Survive the experience
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Did Frankl work as a psychiatrist in the camp?
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No, only in the last few weeks
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What is the first phase of the inmate's mental reaction to camp life?
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shock
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What is the "delusion of reprieve"?
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the condemned man, will be saved at the last second
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What was the first selection?
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separating those who can work from those who will die
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Could prisoners keep one small thing? (e.g. ring, medal)
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no
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Curiosity often evolved into what?
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surprise
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Who said, :Yes, a man can get used to anything, but do not ask us how."?
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prisoners
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What is, "A man who looks miserable, down and out, sick and emaciated, and who cannot manage hard physical labor any longer..."?
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Moslem
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In what stage of the prisoner's psychological reactions is there apathy and a blunting of emotion?
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second
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What is "the most painful part of the beatings...?
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"the insult which they imply."
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Was Frankl ever befriended by a Capo?
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yes
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How did Frankl regard discussions about food?
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dangerous
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What city did Frankl go through on the way from Auschwitz to Dachau?
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Vienna
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What does Frankl believe that the experience of beauty in nature enable a prisoner to do?
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Transcend his current miserable environment
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What does Frankl sense that his spirit can do?
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Transcend his hopeless and meaningless world
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All suffering is what?
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relative
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What is one of the camps most imperative laws of self-preservation?
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do not be conspicuous
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Prisoners literally became what?
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numbers
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How did Frankl try to answer all questions?
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truthfully
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Did Frankl ever have a chance to escape?
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yes
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What did a majority of the prisoners suffer from?
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a kind of inferiority complex
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Regardless of environmental conditions, all women and men have the freedom to choose what?
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how to think about their situations
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Dostoevski said, "There is only one thing I dread:..." what is it?
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"Not being worthy of my sufferings."
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When the woman was about to die, who did she feel was her only friend?
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a tree
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What was the most depressing influence on prisoners?
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Not knowing how long his term of imprisonment would be
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Frankl believes that all prisoners can have what, even in a concentration camp?
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Meaningful futures and goals
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Nietzsche said, "He who has a why to live can bear..." what?
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almost any how
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What did Frankl always believe that boundaries between camp guards and prisoners do? (i.e. devils and angels)
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overlapped
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Upon their first day of freedom, how did prisoners feel?
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not very pleased
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Logotherapy focuses on what?
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The future and o the meanings to be fulfilled by the patient in the future.
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Logosis is a greek word that denotes what?
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meaning
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What is mental health based on?
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A certain degree of tension, the tension between what one has already achieved and what one still ought to accomplish, or the gap between what one is and what one should become.
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The existential vacuum manifests itself mainly in what?
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a state of boredom
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The categorical imperative of logotherapy is what?
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Live as if you were living already for the second time and as if you had acted the first time as wrongly as you are about to act now
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What are the 3 ways to discover the meaning of life?
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1. Create a work or do a deed 2. Experience something or encounter someone 3. By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering
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What were the odds of surviving the camp?
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1 in 28
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What is the logotherapy technique of "paradoxical intention"?
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Based on the fact that fear brings out what one is afraid of and that hyper-intention makes impossible what one wishes
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Paradoxical intention is no what?
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panacea
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How can the existential vacuum be described?
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The mass of neurosis of the present time. A private and personal form of nihilism; for nihilism can be defined as the contention that being has no meaning
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Describe man
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Ultimately self-determining. Does not simply exist Always decided what his existence will be, what he will become in the next moment.
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What is a tragic optimism?
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Optimism in spite of the 'tragic triad,' as it is called in logotherapy, triad which may be circumscribed by : pain, guilt, and death
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According to Irvin d. Yalom of Stanford University in Existential Psychotherapy, of the 40 consecutive patients applying for therapy at a psychiatric outpatient clinic, how many had major problem involving meaning?
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12 (30%)
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What are the 3 facets of the mass neurotic syndrome?
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depression, aggression, addiction
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How does he see the perception of meaning?
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Boils down to becoming aware of a possibility against the background of reality or, to express it in plain words, to becoming aware of what can be done about a given situation.
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Since Auschwitz, what to we know?
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what man is capable of
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Since Hiroshima, what to we know?
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what is at stake
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Will to Meaning
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Life always has a meaning... why to find how
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Existential Frustration
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When man's will to meaning is frustrated
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Noogenic neurosis
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conflict of values that results in conflicts of concienceness
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Noo dynamics
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life has to be uncomfortable sometimes, that is what you need for meaning
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Existential Vacuum
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there's a bit of dissappointment when you change meanings
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Meaning of Life
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INDIVIDUALS find a meaning to their life
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Essence of Existence
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1st meaning in life: being responsible for yourself and others, loving, suffering
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self-transcendence
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giving yourself to a cause
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Meaning of Love
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2nd meaning in life: loveing someone is the way to know them, the other helos you realize your true potential
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Meaning of Suffering
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3rd meaning in life: to overcome challenges, have a good outcome to go on with meaning. Attitude=everything
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Meta-clinical problems
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problems that aren't clinical but can still cause a person grief psychologically
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Logodrama
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looking at your life as a whole rather than just concentrating on the terrible things that may have happened
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Super-meaning
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one's drive for living, the drive behind someone's existence, reason for individual's meaning
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life's transitoriness
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just because lif eis short and fleeting does not mean that it does not have meaning
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dereflected
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someone focuses on product rather than the focus (good)
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paradoxical intention
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the deliberate practice of a habit/thought to remove it
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hyper-intention
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the more you try to force something, the less likely it will happen
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hyper-reflection
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being overly aware of something
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anticipatory anxiety
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"the fear is the mother of the event"
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the collective neurosis... NIHILISM
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the belief that life has no meaning, Frankl believes it is bad
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critique of pan determinism
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man is self determining, don't just exist to exist, decides what his existence will be and what he will become
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psychiatric credo
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man should always have freedom
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psychiatry rehumanized
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psychiatrist recognize patients as machines, not humans, which is bad
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What is a capo?
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Prisoner who acted as trustee, having special privileges.
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(24) "...former prisoners often say, _______."
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'We dislike talking about our experiences. No explanations are need for those who have been inside, and the others will understand neither how we felt then nor how we feel now.'
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Frankl felt the "best" prisoners did not survive the experience.
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Those that survived after a few years lost all morals and would use all means, honest, or other, in order to stay alive (Betray friends, brute force, and theft)
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Did Frankl work as a psychiatrist in the camp?
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No
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What is the first phase of the inmate's mental reaction to camp life?
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Shock
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What is the "delusion of reprieve"?
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It won't happen to me syndrome, believing you will be saved at the last minute.
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What was the first selection
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A separation of those who could work from those who could not work. Those who couldn't work were sent to die.
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Could prisoners keep one small thing?
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No
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Curiosity often evolved into ______.
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Surprise
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Who said, "Yes, a man can get used to anything, but do not ask us how."?
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The prisoners of the concentration camps
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What is " A man who looks miserable, down and out, sick and emaciated, and who cannot manage hard physical labor any longer..."?
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A Moslem
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In the second stage of the prisoner's psychological reactions, there is ________
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apathy and a blunting of emotion.
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"The most painful part of the beatings is _________."
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the insult which they imply
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Was Frankl ever befriended by a Capo?
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Yes
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Frankl regarded discussions about food ______.
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dangerous
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What city did Frankl go through on the way from Auschwitz to Dachau?
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Vienna
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"The truth--- that love is the ultimate and the highest goal to which man can aspire....________."
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The salvation of man is through love and in love.
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Frankl believes that the experience of beauty in nature can enable a prisoner to
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transcend his current miserable environment.
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Frankl sensed that his spirit could transcend his ____ and ____ world.
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hopeless and meaningless
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All suffering is _____.
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relative
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What is one of the camps most imperative laws of self-preservation?
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Do not be conspicuous.
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_____ literally become numbers.
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Prisoners
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Frankl generally tried to answer all questions ____.
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truthfully.
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Did Frankl ever have a chance to escape?
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Yes
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The majority of the prisoners suffered from a kind of ______ complex.
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Inferiority
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Regardless of ______ ______, all women and men have a freedom to choose how to think about their situations.
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environmental conditions
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Dostoevski: "There is only one thing I dread: not be worthy of my ______."
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sufferings
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"Suffering is an ineradicable part of life, even as fate and death. Without _____ and ____ life cannot be complete."
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suffering and death
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There was a woman who was about to die. She felt that her only friend was a ______.
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Tree
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The most depressing influence on prisoners was _________.
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not knowing how long his term of imprisonment would be
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Even in a concentration camp, Frankl believes that inmates can have meaningful ______ and _____.
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Futures and goals
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Sub specie aeternitatis
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"It is a peculiarity of a man that he can only live by looking to the future"
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"Emotion, which is suffering, ceases to be suffering as soon as we form a ____ and _____ picture of it."
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clear and precise
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Nietzche: "He who has a ____ to live for, can bear with almost any ___."
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why; how
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"Life ultimately means taking responsibility to find the right answer to its problems and to fulfill the tasks which it constantly set for each...
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INDIVIDUAL. These tasks, and therefore the meaning of life, differ from man to man, and from moment to moment. Thus it is impossible to define the meaning in life in a general way. Questions about the meaning of life can never be answered by sweeping statements."
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Rilke: "Wie viel ist aufzulieden!"
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How much suffering there is to get through!
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"Was du erlebst, kann keine Macht der Welt Dir rauben"
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What you have experienced, no power on earth can take from you.
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Frankl always believed that boundaries between camp guard and prisoners (______ and ______) overlapped.
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Devils and angels
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The prisoners were not totally _____ upon their first day of freedom. (109-110)
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pleased
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"The crowning experience of all, for the homecoming man, is the wonderful feeling that, after all he has suffered..._______"
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There is nothing he need fear any more -- except his God
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"Logotherapy focuses....on the future...on the meanings to be fulfilled by the patient in the future."
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Logotherapy, indeed, is a meaning-centered psychotherapy.
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LOGOS is a Greek word which denotes ______.
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"meaning"
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"...mental health is based on a certain degree of tension, the tension between......
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what one has already achieved and what one still out to accomplish, or the gap between what one is and what one should become.
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"The existential vacuum manifests itself mainly in a state of ______."
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boredom
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"The meaning of life differs from man to man, from day to day, and from hour to hour. What matters, therefore, is not the meaning of life in general but.....
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rather the specific meaning of a person's life at a given moment...One should not search for an abstract meaning of life...everyone's task is as unique as is his specific opportunity to implement it."
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The categorical imperative of logotherapy is: "Live as if you were living already for the second time and....
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as if you had acted the first time as wrongly as you are about to act now!"
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"...being human always points, and is directed, to something, or someone, other than oneself -- be it a meaning to fulfill or another human being to encounter...
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The more one forgets himself -- by giving himself to a cause to serve or another person to love -- the more human he is and the more he actualizes himself."
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"...we can discover this meaning of life in 3 different ways:
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1. By creating a work or doing a deed. 2. By experiencing something or encountering someone. 3. By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering.
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"Love is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost core of his personality. No one can become full aware of the very essence of...
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Another human being unless he loves him. By his love he is enable to see the essential traits and features in the beloved person; and even more, he sees that which is potential for him, which is not yet actualized but yet ought to be actualized. Furthermore, by his love, the loving person enables the beloved person to actualized these potentials. By making him aware of what he can be and of what he should become, he makes these potentialities comes true."
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"But let me make it perfectly clear that in no way is suffering necessary to find meaning. I only insist that meaning is possible even in spite of...
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suffering-- provided, certainly that the suffering is unavoidable."
question
"The odds of surviving the camp were more more than _______"
answer
1 in 28
question
What is the logotherapy technique of "paradoxical intention"?
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The phobic patient is invited to intend, even if only fore a moment, precisely that which he fears; uses patient's sense of humor and ability to detach from themselves to form a type of "cure".
question
"Paradoxical intention is no _____."
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panacea
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"The existential vacuum which is the mass neurosis of the present time can be described as a private and personal form of ______; it can be defined as ________.
answer
nihilism. nihilism can be defined as the contention that being has no meaning."
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"...man is ultimately self-determining. Man does not simply exist but always decides what his existence will be, _______
answer
what he will become in the next moment."
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"In concentration camps, for example, in this living laboratory and on this testing ground, we watched and witnessed some of our comrades behave like swine _____
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while other behaved like saints. Man has both potentialities with himself; which one is actualized depends on decisions but not on conditions."
question
"a tragic optimism" : ...it means that one is, .... optimistic in sprite of the 'tragic triad,' as it is called in logotherapy, a triad which may be circumscribed by: ____, _____, and _____."
answer
1. Pain 2. Guilt 3 Death
question
"As Irvin D. Yalom of Stanford University states in Existential Psychotherapy:
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'Of 40 consecutive patients applying for therapy at a psychiatric outpatient clinic...12 (30%) had some major problem involving meaning.
question
What are the 2 facets of the mass neurotic syndrome?
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1. Depression 2. aggression 3. addiction
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"...the perception of meaning, as I see it, ...boils down to becoming aware of a possibility against the background of reality or _________
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to express it in plain words, to becoming aware of what can be done about a given situation.
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"Since ____ we know what man is capable of. and since _____ we know what is at stake."
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Auschwitz; Hiroshima
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Pathogenic
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a descriptive term for a thing or condition that can cause disease
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Impetus
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a moving force; impulse; stimulus
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Sublimate
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to make nobler or purer
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Agoraphobia
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an abnormal fear of open or public places
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Promulgate
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to make known by open declaration; publish; proclaim formally
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Euthanasia
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the act or practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or an incurable condition
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Panacea
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a remedy for all disease or ills; cure-all
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Nihilism
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total rejection of established laws and institutions
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Extrapolate
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to infer or estimate by extending or projecting known information
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Malaise
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a general sense of depression or unease
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Masochism
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gratification gained from pain, deprivtion, degradation, etc., inflicted or imposed on oneself
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Axiology
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the study of the nature of values and value judgements
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Atrophy
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a wasting away, deterioration, or diminution
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Cognizant
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fully informed; conscious
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Empirical
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relying on or derived from observation or experiment
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Etiology
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the study of causes or origins
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Eventuate
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to result ultimately
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Happenstance
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a chance happening or event
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Psychodynamic
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the interaction of various conscious and unconscious mental or emotional processes, especially as they influence personality, behavior, and attitudes
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Kaddish
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a prayer recited in the daily sunagogue services and by mourners after the death of a close relative
