Veterinary Anaesthesia: Equipment – Flashcards

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What are two forms of administering a GA?
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1. injectable (IV) 2. inhalational
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What equipment do you need for injectable?
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-Syringes, needles, catheters, syringe drivers -Inexpensive
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What equipment do you need for inhalational?
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-Source of oxygen -Anesthesia machine -Breathing circuits
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What is an adv of inj? inhalational?
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- inexpensive, more mobile - can ventilate, good life support
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Catheter types?
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1. over the needle: common 2. through the needle catheter: less common, more for long term
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What is inhalational anaesthesia?
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- Anaesthetic drug and carrier gas administered to lungs using an anaesthetic machine
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Why is a patient usually intubated?
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artificial airway (endotracheal tube) -Allows ventilation -Airway protection -No leakage of gases, - accurate administration → animal getting the right amount of drug
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What is the order of components for the anesthetic machine?
What is the order of components for the anesthetic machine?
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O2 Source (pressure gauge) Regulator Flowmeter Vaporiser Fresh Gas Outlet Breathing Circuit
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What does the regulator do?
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- steps down the pressure - lower and maintain downstream pressure - cant give 02 at the high pressure its stored at
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What are the types of carrier gases used?
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- medical grade N2O AND O2
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What colour or O2 tanks? What colour are N20 tanks?
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- white or green or both - blue
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What are flowmeters? Where do you read the ball? the bullet?
What are flowmeters? Where do you read the ball? the bullet?
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measure the gas flow Specific for gas (density, viscosity) Colour coded, Precision read from centre of ball, top of bobbin
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What are precision vaporizers? Where are they situated?
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- Vaporizes anesthetic agent and delivers at set concentration (% output) - before breathing circuit
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What are the compensated for?
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- temperature - sea level?
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Can you use any vaporizer with any inhalant?
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- no, specific for agent
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How is safety maintained with vaporizers?
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-Keyed filler systems -Colour coded
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What are the functions of breathing circuits? 3
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Used to deliver O2 and anesthetic gases to patient Allow removal of waste gases (CO2) Allow ventilation of lungs
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What are two designs of breathing circuits? What is this designs based on?
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1.Non-Rebreathing systems 2. Rebreathing systems - based on method of CO2 removal
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What are basic components of all types of breathing circuits? 5
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- adapters: Attaches hoses to mask or endotracheal tube - rebreathing bag - breathing tubes/hoses - exhaust valves (pop off valve) - scavenging system
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What size should the bag be?
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6-10 X TV ( 10-15 ml/kg) of patient
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What is the function of this bag? 3
What is the function of this bag? 3
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-Reservoir of gases during inspiration -View respiratory movements -Ventilate lungs
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What are breathing tubes? What is a potential problem associated with breathing tubes?
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-Provides connection and reservoir for gases -Apparatus Dead Space: Potential area for CO2 collection
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What are exhaust valves? 2 What position should it always be left in? When is it closed?
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-Prevents excess pressure building up in circuit -Closing and squeezing bag allows lung ventilation -Leave open except when ventilating lungs
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What is the scavenging system?
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-Conducts waste anesthetic gases away from workspace
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Describe a rebreathing circuit? What does CO2 removal depend on?
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• Gases flow in circle so they go through soda-lime • Two unidirectional valves are included in circuit
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Compare the resistance of a rebreathing to a bains?
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rebreathing has greater resistance
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What patients do we usually use a rebreathing in?
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- > 10 kg
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Why is a rebreathing used?
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- more economical → lower flow rates (10-30 ml/kg/min O2 flow) - less wasteful of gases → recycled - but to avoid build-up of CO2 → need soda lime - modern machines allow use of rebreathing in 2kg patients
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What is a non rebreathing circuit? What does CO2 removal depend on? What is fresh gas flow set at?
What is a non rebreathing circuit?  What does CO2 removal depend on?  What is fresh gas flow set at?
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- bain system - CO2 Removal dependent on fresh gas flow: 150 - 200 ml/kg/min during expiratory pause - hi flow flush out co2 away from vacninity where it might be inhaled
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Is the CO2 in the bag in a bain system a concern?
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- no, generally patient too small to inhale from the bag
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what size patients do you use bain in?
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- <10 kg
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What is a Ayres T piece?
What is a Ayres T piece?
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- Fresh gas flow 200-300 mL/kg/min (use - on <10 kg) CO2 flushed to expiratory limb during expiratory pause - common in dentals
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When is the O2 flush system used? What is this flush system? What is it not used for? When don't you ever used it? What can be a complication?
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Only use with circle rebreathing system 30 L/min oxygen bypasses vaporizer to circuit -Not used to deepen anesthesia Used to flush out circle system of anesthetic → emergency NEVER use with Bain circuit!!!! -Barotrauma likely
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What is a circuit pressure gauge? What should the pressure never exceed when bagging? What else can you observe to guide how much pressure you are adding while bagging?
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Guide for ventilation of lungs Not greater than 10 - 25 cm H2O pressure -But watch chest expansion as well
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What are scavenging systems? What must you ensure about the strength of the system? Where can you scavenge out to? How long should your tubing be leading to the scavenging system? What is a charcoal absorption system?
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Exhaust valve shrouds •Active extraction systems • Ensure not too strong • Hose outside wall/window • Not longer than 2 metres • Charcoal adsorption system • Throw out when gains 50g
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What are two types of ET? Which one is used in birds? why?
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- cuffed → seals of with tracheal wall - non - cuffed → good for birds, otherwise too much pressure, have complete tracheal rings
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What Size tube should you choose?
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- choose the one with the largest diameter - have 3 out to pick from - always check your tubes first for any abnormalities - check cuffs for leaks
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How are the airways secured?
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Inflate cuff as soon as possible Deflate at last minute before extubation
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Describe correct placement of ET?
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- Select range of 3 possible diameters - Pre-measure before anesthesia from mid - lower neck to incisor teeth
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Describe correct cuff inflation?
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Test for leaks first Ventilate lungs Listen for leak Inflate cuff repeat
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Describe your do's and don'ts for equipment?
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Always check anesthetic equipment prior to use Understand how the equipment functions Anticipate problems and prepare Service anesthetic machine and vaporizer regularly Never use O2 flush system with Bain circuit Never leave exhaust valve closed down for lengthy periods -Pressure will build up and patient cannot exhale Keep environment free from waste gas contamination
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What 2 breathing systems are in use today?
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Semi-closed and Closed systems fully bound systems, closed to atmospheric air inhaled gas is controlled, fresh gas ex high pressure cylinder and reducing valve
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Semiclosed system
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high flow
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Closed system
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low flow
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non-rebreathing system examples
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all Semiclosed, high flow systems: Ayres T piece Bain coaxial system Magill attachment Lack coaxial system Parallel lack system
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rebreathing system examples
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closed (low flow) or semi-closed (medium to high flow) systems: circle absorber waters to and fro
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Carbon dioxide removal - 2 ways
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1. high gas flow flushes CO2 into atmosphere 2. Absorption CO2 by chemical reaction soda lime - calcium hydroxide baralyme - calcium hydroxide (80%) and barium hydroxide PLUS need KOH, NaOH (more reactive hydroxides) and Water for the reaction summarised as Ca(OH)2 + CO2--> CaCO3 + H2O
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How can you establish whether absorbent is active?
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chemical indicators change colour with pH - don't rely on colour alone as colour can bleach out if not changed 2. exothermic reaction--> heat where reaction taking place 3. granules- fresh crumble easily, exhausted granules are hard
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