USHISTORY EOC REVIEW – Flashcards
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Federalist Party
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a major political party in the United States in the early 19th century
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Democratic party
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One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights
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Election of 1800
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Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.
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Midnight Judges
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The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
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Marbury vs. Madison
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Case in which the supreme court first asserted th power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional
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Louisiana Purchase
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territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
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alien and sedition acts
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These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.
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Virginia and kentucky resolutions
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Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
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hartford convention
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Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
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tecumeseh
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Cheif og the indian tribe... supported by the british because.. they want the Natives to attack Americans and stop western colonization
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treaty of greenville 1796
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Miami Confederacy agrees to give up most of Ohio in exchange for $20,000 and a yearly sum of $10,000. US gains control of Northwest Territory.
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XYZ affair
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An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.
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impressment of seamen
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practice of taking sailors from another country to work for ones navy, especailly done by the british against early american sailors
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embargo act 1807
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The Embargo Act was a series of laws passed by the Congress of the United States between the years 1806-1808, during the second term of President Thomas Jefferson that forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S., was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade; difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade, hurt the national economy, so the Non-Intercourse Act replaced it. It was designed to force Britain to rescind its restrictions on American trade, but failed, and was repealed in early 1809.
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President Washington's farewell address
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War of 1812
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a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France
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war hawks
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Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
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battle of new orleans
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Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.
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Treaty of Ghent
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December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
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jay's treaty
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1794- british and us agreed- british trade w/ americans and the british leave northwest territory
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pinckney's treaty
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agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans
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missouri compromise
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an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
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the indian removal act of 1830
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law allowed the president to make treatie with native americans. they "traded" their lands for new land on the Great Plains
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worchester v. georgia
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supreme court ruled that georgia law could not be enforced in the cherokee nation
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trail of tears
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The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
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election of 1844
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Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected
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texas annexation
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1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later bacame parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.
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mexican war
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after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000
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wilmot proviso
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Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico
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49ers
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People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold.
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gold rush
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a large migration of people to a newly discovered gold field
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gadsden purchase
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purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary
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ralph waldo emerson
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United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)
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henry david thoreau
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American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.
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neoclassical architecture
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style of architecture in the Federal Period thought to symbolize democracy
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washington irving
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American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).
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james fenimore cooper
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American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).
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hudson river school of artists
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early american school of painters known for poetic nature paintings of the grandeur for the hudson river
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samuel morse
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United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)
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eli whitney
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United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)
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necessary evil
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Thomas Jefferson's position that slavery was wrong but necessary
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john deere
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inventor of the steel plow
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cyrus mccormick
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invented the mechanical reaper
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robert fulton
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American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
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erie canal
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an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo
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know-nothings
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nickname of the "American political party" for their ambiguity
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john calhoun
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First vice president during Jackson's presidency, Staunchly pro-slavery vice-president, engineering the Compromise of 1850 and helping further split the nations
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william lloyd garrison
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1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
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freerick douglass
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publicly supported voting rights for african americans the book the "north star"
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interchangeable parts
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identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring
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sectionalism
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loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country north, south, west
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henry clay's american system
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developing transportation systems and other internal improvements, establishing a protective tariff and resurrecting the national bank
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panic of 1819
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Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
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mcculloch v. maryland
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attempt by maryland to destory a brach of the bank of the US by imposing a tax on its notes, most famous marshall decison..no national bank, upheld bank rights to exist and be free from taxes
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election of 1824
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No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."
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corrupt bargain
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In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
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spoils system
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the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
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tariff of abomination
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1828, (JQA), south did it on purpose so congress would vote against it, but no, they were wrong, , Tariff with very high rates on goods imported from other countries. Northerners wanted tariff to promote own industry-Southerners had no protection.
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south carolina nullification crisis
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Attempt by South Carolina not to honor federal tariffs on the grounds that they were unconstitutional
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pet banks
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State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.
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whig party
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Political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson
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monroe doctrine
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an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
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gibbons v. ogden
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Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government
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dorothea dix
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Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums
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horace mann
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United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
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elizabeth cady stanton
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Co-founded the 1848 Women's Rights Convention held in Seneca Falls, New York
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susan b. anthony
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social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation
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utopian communities
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Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles. ex) brook farm, oneida, new harmony
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brook farm
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A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.
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2nd great awakening
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Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans,and Native Americans
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underground railroad
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abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves
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harriet tubman
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United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
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kansas-nebraska act
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freeport doctrine
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Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so
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free soil party
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Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.
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compromise of 1850
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Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War
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harriet beecher stowe
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Author of the antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin
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election of 1860
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Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.
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abe lincoln
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President during Civil war wrote emancipation Proclamation, freed slaves, etc.
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fort sumter
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Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
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new orleans
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port city for which Jefferson was willing to enter an entangling alliance with his enemy Britain
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vicksburg
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a town in western Mississippi on bluffs above the Mississippi River west of Jackson
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gettysburg
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The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.
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gettysburg address
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Speech given by Abraham Lincoln which captured the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy. That ideal was threatened by the Civil War.
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anaconda plan
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Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south
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blockade
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a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy
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copperheads
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a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War
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french indochina
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the French colonies of Cambodia and Laos and Vietnam were formerly organized as French Indochina
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17th parallel
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emancipation proclamation
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Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
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13th amendment
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This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.
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14th amendment
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Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
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15th amendment
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citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
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andrew johnson
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17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.
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black codes
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Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
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jim crow laws
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Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights
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ku klux klan
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founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American
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sharecroppers
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people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop
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tenant farmers
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A poor farmer who did not own land and had to live on and work the land of others, either for wages or a share of the crop they produced
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thomas nast
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Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed. harper's weekly political cartoons
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mormons
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church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT
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homestead act of 1862
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this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30
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morrill land grant act
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of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.
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sod houses
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Houses built with blocks of sod. Typically small and commonly found in the sides of hills because no wooded are to use for housing lumber but great plains still settled
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oklahoma land rush
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1889; former Indian lands;opened up for settlement by gov, resulting in a race to lay claim for a homestead (Boomers and Sooners)
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dawes severalty act
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Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes
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battle of wounded knee
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US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars. the souix indians
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transcontinental railroad
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Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west
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assimilation
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the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
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eradication
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the complete destruction of every trace of something
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the grange
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Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads
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interstate commerce act
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Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices
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william jennings bryan
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United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)
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cross of gold speech
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An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.
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munn v illinois
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1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.
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wabash v illinois
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Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce
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barbed wire
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strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage
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refrigerator car
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a freight car that is equipped with refrigeration system, used to transport beef
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vertical integration
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absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution
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horizontal integration
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absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
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laissez-faire
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policy based on the idea that government should play as a role
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ellis island
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an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States east coast
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angel island
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Inspection station for immigrants arriving on the West Coast
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chinese exclusion act
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(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
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bessemer process
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an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities
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elevators
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proved valuable as cities came to depend on the construction of taller buildings to accommodate growth in business and populations
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electricity
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energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor
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telephone
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Alexander Graham Bell
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"new" immigrants vs. "old" immigrants
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"New" Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, alone, unskilled, and poor
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"old" immigrants
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immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe
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frederick olmstead
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Landscape Architect who designed many public parks including Central Park in New York.
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cultural plurism
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An approach to diversity of individuals that calls for understanding and appreciating cultural differences
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social darwinism
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The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
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rise of labor unions
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During the 1800's, labor unions became more and more common. Their leaders sought to achieve the unions' goals through political actions. Their goals included reduction in the length of the workday, universal education, free land for settlers, and abolition of monopolies. Labor unions were the result of the growth of factories
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knights of labor
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Labor union founded by Uriah S. Stephens in 1869, that grew out of the collapse of the National Labor Union and was replaced by AF of L after a number of botched strikes
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haymarket riot
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A planned strike by the Knights of Labor results in police confrontation and a bomb
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Eugene Debs
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Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike
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yellow-dog contract
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employee forced to sign contract promising not to join union
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closed shop
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A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.
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sherman antitrust act
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First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
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the great strike
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of 1877 began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States and ended some 45 days later after it was put down by local and state militias
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pullman strike
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in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing
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homestead strike
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Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers
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homestead strike
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Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers
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sherman anti-trust act
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First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
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pendleton act
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It made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of examination rather than cronyism
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political machines
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Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.
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boss tweed
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William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.
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belknap scandal
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Secretary of war William Belknap pocketed bribes from suppliers to the Indian Reservations. Forced to resign, undermined Grant as president
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credit mobilier
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a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.
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whiskey ring scandal
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Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving tax collectors, storekeepers, and others.
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populism
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the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
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initiative
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Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters
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referendum
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a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate
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recall
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the act of removing an official by petition
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mugwumps
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A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.
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U.S. v E.C. Knight
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1895 - limited the governments power to control monopolies. First case by the supreme court concerning the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Sugar manufacturing monopoly (SC shot it down, manufacturing isn't commerce)
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muckraker
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one who spreads real or alleged scandal about another (usually for political advantage)
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ida tarbell
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A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.
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lincoln steffens
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United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)
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Upton Sinclair
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muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
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Jacob Riis
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A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.
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triangle shirtwaist factory fire
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More than 146 workers died. The owners locked the doors to keep out union organizers and so workers couldn't steal. People started jumping out of the windows it was so bad. The owners were tried for man slaughter but they were found not guilty. After this many laws were made to make the work place safer. New York passed the most stict laws.
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jane addams
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the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes
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16th amendment
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Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
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17th amendment
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Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.
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18th amendment
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Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
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volstead act
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The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors
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19th amendment
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Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
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temperance movement
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campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages
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anthracite coal strike
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Large strike by coal miners led by Miner's Union president George F. Baer
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robert lafollette
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Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations
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election of 1912
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Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win -- wilson versus split party (progessive bull moose party)
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clayton anti-trust act
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New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions
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plessy v ferguson
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sumpreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal
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booker t. washington
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African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
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