Home Page Arts And Humanities History History of the Americas AP United States History USAP 2nd Semester - Flashcards

USAP 2nd Semester – Flashcards

Noah Thomson

7 July 2022

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new immigrants

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Between 1880 and 1920, over 20 million people entered the United States. These newcomers comprised an estimated fifteen percent of the total population. The arrival of these newcomers evoked a complex response from the "natives" already living there. Many Americans reacted with anxiety and hostility to the staggering numbers of new arrivals. Many newcomers stayed in the port cities where they had debarked. Still others, however, went on to other cities and regions, including southern New England. Some took jobs in factories.

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black codes

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legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, migration and other activities of newly-freed slaves.

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populist (people's ) party

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founded in 1892 advocated variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators supported mainly by farmers in the South and West, the People's party was the successor of the Greenback-Labor party of the 1880s.

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Molly McGuires

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-A secret society in the 19th century consisting mainly of Irish-American coal miners believed to be from the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania. - (They took their name from an Irish patriot who resisted against the British with violence.) -The group formed both because of dangerous working conditions and the brutal tactics used by the coal mine owners to prevent union activity. -The group justified their tacticts of intimidation, beatings, and killings because of they way they were treated. -Their terrorism reached its peak in 1874-1875. -Trials were held in 1876 and twenty-four of the group convicted and ten were hung. -The trials resulted in a wage reduction in the mines.

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American Federation of Labor

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-Leaders of crafts unions joined together to form a Labor union comprised of skilled workers. (They did not want to join labor unions of unskilled workers for fear loss of their craft's identity and skilled workers bargaining power. -their focus was on concrete economic gains, higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. -they avoided involvement with utopian ideas or politics. -the leader Gomper promoted "closed shops" only union workers could be hired or "union-preference shops" where non-union employees could only be hired if union workers were not available -vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral, cultural, and racial reasons. -was instrumental in passing immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s, such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924, and seeing that they were strictly enforced -By 1920 reached peak of 4million members -informal agreement with the United States government, in which the AFL would coordinate with the government both to support the war effort and to join "into an alliance to crush radical labor groups" such as the Industrial Workers of the World and Socialist Party of America. - Together with its offspring, the AFL has comprised the longest lasting and most influential labor federation in the United States.

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sharecropping

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- former slaves became tenant farmers who gained access to separate plots of land owned by whites. In payment for the use of the land and cabin,and sometimes event he tools,seed, and fertilizer needed to farm the land,they were required to give between one half and two thirds of the harvested crops to the white land owner. -gave former slaves a higher status then that of wage laborers, and freedom to set their own work hours. -gave mothers and wives time to devote to domestic responsibility while contributing to the family's income.

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Booker T. Washington

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-Founder of Tuskegee Institute ( a leading college for africian americans) -slave mother, and white father -By 1890 the nation's formost black educator -argued that blacks should not antagonize whites by demanding social or political eqauality, instead they should concentrate on establishing and economic base for their advancement.(he felt that eventually this would lead to social and political equality.)

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Dawes Act

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-also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 -adopted by Congress in 1887 -authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. -objective of the Act was to stimulate assimilation of Indians into American society.

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Sherman Anti-trust Act

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-1890 Law signed in by president Harrison during a time when Republicians had control of both houses and the presidentcy -contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in restraint of trade or in the effort to establish monopolies in interstate or foreigh commerce was forbidden. -Successive administrations rarely enforced this law mostly because of the vaugeness of " restraint of trade" part and what constituted it. -in the beginning it was initially misused against labor unions. -later it was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting.

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settlement house movement

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-by 1900 100 settlement houses existed in America. -A way to deal with the slums in Urban areas. -Staffed mostly by idealistic middle-class young people, mostly college trainded women who had few outlets for meaningful work. -The goal was to broaden the horizons and improve the lives of the people who lived in the slums thorough kindergartens and clubs for neighboorhood children and nurserys for infants of working mothers. they also provided working men with an alternative to the saloon as a place of recreation it was also a source of social services, it expanded to include health clinics, lestures, music and art studios, employment bureaus, mens clubs, gymnasiums, and savings banks. -Became realistic that the slums were growing faster than the houses could keep up with.

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William Jennings Bryan

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-The democratic nominee for the 1896 election against McKinley -a defender of America's rural past. -was considered one of the most brilliant orators of his era, running three times for president as nominee of the Democratic Party. - part of platform was "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party -Sec. of State under Wilson (resigned in protest of WWI)

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Battle of Little Bighorn

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-Indians moved from their other hunting grounds because of white men moving in finally ended up in dakota wyoming and montana, the Black Hills were very important to them as well. White people start moving straight thrugh the hunting grounds of the indians on their way to the west coast and the gold mines, this disturbed the indians hunting grounds again and their way of life. Red cloud makes a treaty with the U.S. securing land for the indians that the military and the white men will not come into as long as they stay out of the plains area. crazy horse and sitting bull and their followers do not follow the treaty and continue attacking people on the trails, this causes the battle. -1876 -A protest of U.S. Government policies by Sitting Bull and other Indian leaders that were not on the reservation. -It was the beginning of the end of the Indian Wars. -After this battle The U.S. forced all indians who did not reside on reservations onto reservations.

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Turner (Frontier) Thesis

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1893, in a paper called "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier concept was what shaped the US more than anything else because it allowed for the growth of individualism and democracy. It made Americans in to self reliant, individualistic People.

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pragmatism (William James)

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a philosophical principle, first expressed by William James, that expressed the evolutionary idea that truth arose from the testing of new ideas, the value of which lay in their practical consequences. Ideas gain validity from their social consequences and practical applications. It reflected the American quality- the inventive, experimental spirit that judged ideas on their results and their ability to adapt to changing social needs and environments

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Tenure of Office Act

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a federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate. The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president, without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress.

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William Randolph Hearst

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United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951). A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

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Granger Laws

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- a series of laws passed in Southern states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain, railroad freight rates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination. They were passed through political agitation both by merchants' associations and by so-called Granger parties, which were third parties formed most often by members of the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization for farmers commonly called the Grange. The Granger Laws were an issue in two important court cases in the late 19th century, Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois.

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John Dewey

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Theory:"Learning through Experience" Dewey is considered the "father" of progressive education practice that promotes individuality, free activity, and learning through experiences, such as project-based learning, cooperative learning, and arts integration activities. He theorized that school is primarily a social institution and a process of living, not an institution to prepare for future living. He believed that schools should teach children to be problem-solvers by helping them learn to think as opposed to helping them learn only the content of a lesson. He also believed that students should be active decision-makers in their education. Dewey advanced the notion that teachers have rights and must have more academic autonomy. He wanted education reforms.

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Thomas Nast

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- An American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist from Germany. -He is the "Father of the American Cartoon". -He was the scourge of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine. -He is most known for the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus, and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party.

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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-enacted on July 14, 1890 - it increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month. -the farmers and miners that were having trouble paying their debts. -It was for the purpose of increasing inflation and boosting the economy. (making the money have a higher value. to help people pay off their debts.) -the plan backfired as people (investors) bought money with silver and sold it for gold depleting the governments gold reserves. -it was repealed in 1893.

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Pendleton (Civil Service) Act

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-Jan. 16, 1883 -made permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation (the spoils system). -After widespread demand for reform because of incompetence, , corruption, and theft in federal departments and agencies. And because of the assination on Garfield by a dissapointed office seeker. -However, there was a ratchet provision whereby outgoing presidents could lock in their own appointees by converting their jobs to civil service. After a series of party reversals at the presidential level (1884, 1888, 1892, 1896), the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service. -One result was more expertise and less politics.

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Salvation Army

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-founded by William Booth around 1865 -Eliza Shirley brought with her to America, the first meeting was in Philadelphia in 1879 -They were met with hostility at first. -Grover Cleveland invited the organization to the White House and gave them an endorsement in 1886. This was the first group to ever have a reception at the White House. -started churches where people who were not received by gentle society would be welcome.

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Munn v Illinois

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-1877 -a supreme court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. -allowed states to regulate certain businesses such as railroads within their borders. - the case stated that business interests (private property) used for public good could be regulated by government. -the Supreme Court decided that the Fourteenth Amendment (because Munn asserted his due process right to property was being violated) did not prevent the State of Illinois from regulating charges for use of a business' grain elevators. Instead, the decision focused on the question of whether or not a private company could be regulated in the public interest. The court's decision was that it could, if the private company could be seen as a utility operating in the public interest.

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Inerstate Commerce Act

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-a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. -the first federal law to regulate private industry in the United States. -It was later amended to regulate other modes of transportation and commerce.

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Louis Sullivan

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an American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers"

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long drives

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-The herding of cattle north from Texas to railhead towns in Kansas and Nebraska for shipment east or to ranches on the northern plains between 1866 and 1888. - These were eliminated by the building of fences and expansion of railroads. - Some would have thousands of cattle, making it a spectacular site, which made it one of the most romanticized events of the 19th century. -most of the cowboys were exconfederate veterans, the next largest group was blacks. -Famous ones of this are along the Chisholm Trail and the Good-Night loving trail - destinations included: dodge city and Abilene.

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John Peter Altgeld

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-He was the 20th governor of Illinois from 1893 until 1897 -the first democratic governor since 1850. -A leading figure of the Progressive movement -He improved workplace safety and child labor laws -pardoned three of the men convicted in the Haymarket Affair - rejected calls in 1894 to break up the Pullman strike with force. - In 1896 he was a leader of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party, against President Grover Cleveland and the conservative Bourbon Democrats. -He was defeated in 1896 in an intensely fought, bitter campaign

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J.P. Morgan

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-was an American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. -At the height of Morgan's career during the early 1900s, he and his partners had financial investments in many large corporations and were accused by critics of controlling the nation's high finance. -He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907. -He was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business. -Morgan redefined conservatism in terms of financial prowess coupled with strong commitments to religion and high culture.

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Chief Joseph

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-tribal chief of the Nez Pearce tribe. he fought to preserve his homeland and did much to awaken the conscience of America to the plight of Native Americans. - persuaded followers to flee from expected retribution after several young Indians killed four white settlers. Joseph moved with 200 warriors and 340 women, children, and elderly people in an attempt to reach the Canadian border. They were pursued by 4 columns of American soldiers, and covered 1,321 miles in 75 days before being caught.

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Henry George (Progress and Poverty)

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- he joined Bellamy in criticizing the emerging industrial order. - He objected to the materialism and growing disparity between rich and poor, which he believed resulted from inflated land prices. So he proposed the "single tax" of 100% on the profits of selling land. -His book Progress and Poverty, published in 1879, became one of the best selling nonfiction works in American publishing history.led to the emergence of Land and Labor Clubs to promote the single tax idea. He however, did not condemn capitalism but rather embraced it saying the irrational competition, not capitalism itself, was to blame for social problems.

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old immigrants

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These were immigrants that came during the first phase of immigration (1840s) who were usually Irish and German. These people were second generation, which meant that they have assimilated into America, gotten into politics, and opened their own shops. Their position in government and hypocritical nature made them hostile to new immigrants, passing laws against them.

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13th, 14th, 15th amendments

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-13th-Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.(December 6, 1865) -14th-Defines citizenship and deals with post-Civil-War issues.(July 9, 1868) -15th-Prohibits the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude(February 3, 1870)

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bread and butter unionism

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1880s wanted basic rights; solely focused on wages, hours, and working conditions

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Spanish- American War

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-War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

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National Labor Union

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-1866 Baltimore -composed of delegates from labor and reform groups -interested in political and social change rather than negotiations with employers -8 hour work day -workers cooperatives -paper money -equal rights for women and africian americans -lost momentium after death of its president -collapsed in 1872

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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-was a United States writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government. -She detailed the adverse effects of government actions in her history A Century of Dishonor (1881).The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. - Her novel Ramona dramatized the federal government's mistreatment of Native Americans in Southern California and attracted considerable attention to her cause, although its popularity was based on its romantic and picturesque qualities rather than its political content. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians. It was estimated to have been reprinted 300 times, and contributed to the growth of tourism in Southern California

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Social Gospel

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-a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada. -applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as excessive wealth, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. -Important leaders include Richard T. Ely, Josiah Strong, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch. -Many of the Social Gospel's ideas reappeared in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. principles continue to inspire newer movements such as Christians Against Poverty.

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jingoism

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-belligerent nationalism: extreme patriotism expressing itself especially in hostility toward other countries

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Alfred Thayer Mahan

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- American Naval officer and historian. Educated at the US Naval Academy. Mahan served over 40 years in the Navy. -He is most famous for his book "The Influence of Sea Power on History" which defined Naval strategy. - Mahan stressed the importance of sea power in the world. His philosophies had a major influence on the Navies of many nations.

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horizontal integration

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A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

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Freedmen's Bureau

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-a U.S. government-sponsored agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom.that provided food, established schools, and tried to redistribute land to former slaves as part of Radical Reconstruction; it was most effective in education, where it created over 4,000 schools in the South.

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Sioux Wars

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lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

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Gilded Age

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- A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

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Haymarket Incident

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-Caused by a Clash between strikers and policemen on anthracite coal fields May 3, 1886 at Chicago's International Harvester Plant in which one striker was killed -The next night an open meeting arranged by leaders of a small anarchist movement in Chicago in Haymarket Square to protest the killing. -Police showed up at the end of the meeting to break up the group and someone threw a bomb at the police killing one. a fight started in which more people and police were killed. -This resulted in a trial of seven in which four ended up hanging . Despite not having evidence linking them to the bomb thrower that was never identified. -participants all german except one who was a member of the knights of labor.

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scalawags

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name given to Southerners, often Unionists, accused of plundering the treasuries of the Southern states through their political influence

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Compromise of 1877

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-Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; as long as Hayes became the president

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Atlanta Compromise

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-The first speech given by a colored man to a mixed audience in the south, Booker T. Washington said that with hard work and hard earned respect, colored men could be successful along with white men. Washington's successful speech was his gateway to many more inspirational speeches across the country.

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"waving the bloody shirt"

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- This was a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South.

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Seward's Folly

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-Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 for about $7 million -- about 2 cents per acre . At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase. They later realized Alaska was really useful for resources like fish, furs, and lumber.

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Edward Bellamy (Looking Backward)

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- a book published in 1888 that envisioned a utopian socialist society. In his utopia the government owned the means of production and distributed wealth equally among all citizens. Since government provided for all citizens, competition was irrelevant. His book inspired the creation of "Bellamy Clubs" who met to discuss the social implications of utopian socialism, it never translated its condemnation of capitalist society into a successful reform movement, however.

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Boss Tweed

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-political machine boss who basically controlled New York with his Tammany Hall organization (Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party headquarters); provided many services for the poor and immigrants, but stole a lot of money from taxpayers and the city;Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. discovered in Spain b/c of a Thomas Nast political cartoon and was convicted and died in prison (in 1870s)

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Chatanugua movement

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sought to bring learning, culture and, later, entertainment to the small towns and villages of America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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"forty acres and a mule"

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this slogan was created in 1864 and 1865 when the federal government settled nearly 10000 black families on abandoned plantation land often times receiving a single mule for their property. It was an attempt to give the black families a new start

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Coxey's Army

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This term was given to supporters of Jacob Coxey. Coxey vividly dramatized the plight of the unemployed in the United States by leading a march on Washington to demand relief during the depression of the mid-1890s. His march may well have contributed to the groundswell of support for the Populist Party that enabled it to elect six senators and seven congressmen in 1894.

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chinese Exclusion Act

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Pased in 1882; banned Chinese laborers to immigrate to US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.d(only let chinese students and merchants immigrate.)

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Andrew Carnegie

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He rose from poverty to become one of the richest men in the world by gaining virtual control of the U.S. steel industry. He had begun the process of vertical integration, by which he came to control raw materials, transportation, and distribution within the steel industry, managing every stage of the production process from beginning to end. U.S. steel production increased until the nation surpassed Great Britain as the foremost steel producer in the world. He was also notable as a philanthropist, who gave millions of dollars to advance education, establish public libraries, and promote world peace.

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Credit Moblier Scandal

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major scandal of the gilded age. A dummy construction company formed in the 1860s by corrupt Union Pacific Railroad officials who hired themselves as contractors at inflated rates to gain huge profits. The railroad executives also bribed dozens of congressmen and members of Ulysses S. Grant's cabinet, including Vice President Schuyler Colfax. Eventually exposed in 1872, the affair forced many politicians to resign and became the worst scandal that occurred during Grant's presidency.

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Teller Amendment

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April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba

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Wounded Knee

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Last notable armed conflict btw. US troops and Native Americans 1890 -Occurred after a Sioux holy man named Wewoka developed a religious ritual caused the Ghost Dance -believed this dance would bring back the buffalo and return Native Americans to their land - alarmed white settlers and caused great concern so govt sent in US army -army believed that the Sioux leader Sitting Bull was using the Ghost Dance to start an uprising -when soldiers tried to arrest Sitting Bull, a gunfight resulted in the deaths of 14 people, including Sitting Bull -soldiers then pursued the Sioux to Wounded Knee Creek -when a shot rang out, the soldiers started firing -before it was over more than 150 Native American men, women, and children, most of whom were unarmed, were dead

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radical reconstruction

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efforts made in the United States between 1865 and 1877 to restructure the political, legal, and economic systems in the states that had seceded from the Union. The U.S. Civil War (1861-65) ended Slavery, but it left unanswered how the 11 Southern states would conduct their internal affairs after readmission to the Union. Though some legal protections for newly freed slaves were incorporated into the Constitution by the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, by 1877, conservative Southern whites had reclaimed power and had begun to disenfranchise blacks.

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Plessy v Ferguson

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-1896 - landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States - upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal." -vote of 8 to 1 with the majority - "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education

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Joseph Pulitzer

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-a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher -Did work for the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. - introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. - He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected Congressman from New York. -He crusaded against big business and corruption. -In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal caused both to use yellow journalism for wider appeal; it opened the way to mass circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising.

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Knights of Labor

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-started in 1869 -grew rapidly after the depression as other unions collapased -they emphesised reform measures and preferred boycotts to strikes as a way to pressure employers. -was opened to all workers except for high paid professionals ex. dr. lawyers and bankers, and people who sold liquor. -reached its peak in 1886 with 700,000 members -went into rapid decline after a failed railroad strike -several other problems accounted for their decline, such as emphasis onpolitics within its membership rather than negotiations -lasting achievements were: the creation of the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Foran Act of 1885 -Responsible for spreading the idea of Unionism -Initiated a new type of union organization, the industrial union and the industrywide union of skilled and unskilled workers. -

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crop lien system

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Post civil war farmers did not have money to invest in their farms and newly freed slaves did not have money either, so they borrowed seeds food and supplies all year from merchants. after harvesting they would give some of their crops to the merchants to pay back what they owed. These merchants insisted that the farmers plant cash crops like cotton which caused the farming in the south to not be diversified and when the cash crops like cotton did not do well or when the prices were low for cotton the farmers were not able to pay their whole loans back to the merchants and eventually many lost their land because of the lien on them.

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A Century of Dishonor

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written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 as an attempt to expose and change the United States policies in regard to Native Americans. She gave a copy to every member of congress for free, It was written as an attempt to change the governments policies toward native americans. Most people critized it and dismissed it as sentimental, but congress did take some action to help the situation but not to the extent and without the impact that Helen wanted which caused her to write another book called "Ramona"

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Gospel of Wealth

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an article written in 1889 by Andrew Carnegie and published in the North American Review. Purpose was to make the new self made rich aware of their responsibility to society and warning of dropping their money here and there with different organizations and people who were not properly educated to put the money to good use. (In other words use your money to help others to become more educated in order to help themselves not just give them money to be dependent on others.) Attemts at socialist economies have proved to be failures. "This is not wealth but only competence, which it should be the aim of all to acquire."

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yellow journalism

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- a term first coined during the famous newspaper wars between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer II. -Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers -Hersts' paper was the first newspaper to station a team of reporters in Cuba to monitor the events happening there. Hearst published articles of brutality, cruelty and inadequate care to sway public opinion regarding America's involvement in the war

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social Darwinism

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-using the theory of survival of the fittest to justify social politics that treats every citizen the same wether some are able to support themselves and some are not.

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vertical integration

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-when all the companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. -Nineteenth-century steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie

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cult of domesticity

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-The 4 specific charateristics which women were expected to follow in societyof the upper and middle classes. ( domesticity, submission, purity, piety) -This idea was promoted through ladies magazines and sermons and religious texts at the time. -This lead to the woman being the leader in the home but had the negative effect of women who were married being unable to support themselves or their children when their husbands either abandoned them or died.

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Boxer Rebellion

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-The Boxer Rebellion began in November 1899, in the Shandong Province and ended on September 7, 1901 -the Boxer Rebellion was an uprising in China against foreign influence in religion, politics, and trade. In the fighting, the Boxers killed thousands of Chinese Christians and attempted to storm the foreign embassies in Beijing. Following a 55-day siege, the embassies were relieved by 20,000 Japanese, American, and European troops. In the wake of the rebellion, several punitive expeditions were launched and the Chinese government was forced to sign the "Boxer Protocol" which called for the rebellion's leaders to be executed and the payment of financial reparations to the injured nations. -The cause of the Boxer Rebellion were pretty much two things: primarily the intrusion of westerners and their Christian missionaries and the weakness of the Qing dynasty. Chinese people were fed up and sick of the way westerners were acting in their village. in their outrage they killed the westerners and rallied up a numerous amount of other followers who had anti-foreign sentiment. They called themselves The Righteous Fists of Harmony or Boxers as westerners called them. The Boxers decided to march to the Forbidden City and do something about the weak government. Along the way, they continued to gather more and more Chinese people with anti-foreign attitude. When they got to Peking (Beijing) the Boxers held it hostage for 55 days. They were no match for the modern armies of the other countries, and were quickly defeated.

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Samuel Gompers

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- American labour leader and first president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). -emigrated in 1863 from England to New York City -he promoted strikes and boycotts as a way for unions to protest. -noted for having shifted the primary goal of American unionism away from social issues and toward the "bread and butter" issues of wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions, all of which could be negotiated through collective bargaining. -his union became the model of unionism in the United States

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

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Passed by Congress on April 9, 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

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Farmer's Alliances

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-was established on March 21, 1877 by a group of members of the Grange movement from New York state.-an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s. -one goal of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following the American Civil War. -The Farmers' Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the People's Party, commonly known as the "Populists." - These organizations were formed as a result of farmer's need to overcome their social isolation and gain economic services. Farmers' Alliance of the Northwest, which was confined mainly to the mid-western states, and the more dynamic National (or Southern) Farmers' Alliance which spread from Texas onto the Great Plains and eastern into the South.

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Jim Crow- Laws

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state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. -These Laws followed the 1800-1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality. -the laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

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redemption (redeemers)

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terms used by white Southerners to describe a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era which followed the American Civil War. Redeemers were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, the conservative, pro-business faction in the Democratic Party, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags.

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Bland-Allison Act

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1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system. it led to greater disruption in the economy. The price of gold was more stable than that of silver, largely due to silver discoveries in Nevada and other places in the West, and the price of silver to gold declined from 16-to-1 in 1873 to nearly 30-to-1 by 1893.referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

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Edwin Stanton

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-served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory. - remained as the Secretary of War under the new President Andrew Johnson during the first years of Reconstruction. He opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States. Johnson's attempt to dismiss Stanton ultimately led to President Johnson being impeached by the House of Representatives. -He returned to law after retiring as Secretary of War, and in 1869 was nominated as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by Johnson's successor, Ulysses S. Grant; however, he died four days after his nomination was confirmed by the Senate.

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the Grange

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Originally a social organization between farmers established in 1867 also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads, this organization helped farmers form cooperatives and pressured state legislators to regulate businesses on which farmers depended

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Young Men's Christian Association

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its most influential period since its conception could be between the 1870s and 1930s. It is during this time that they most successfully promoted "evangelical Christianity in weekday and Sunday services, while promoting good sportsmanship in athletic contests in gyms (where basketball and volleyball were invented) and swimming pools." Later in this period, and continuing on through the 20th century, the organization has "become interdenominational and more concerned with promoting morality and good citizenship than a distinctive interpretation of Christianity. Today it is more focused on inspiring youths and their families to exercise and be healthy

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open range

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- rangeland where cattle roam freely regardless of land ownership. -overgrazing stressed the open range, leading to insufficient winter forage for the cattle and starvation, particularly during the harsh winter of 1886-1887, when hundreds of thousands of cattle died across the Northwest, leading to collapse of the cattle industry -The invention of barbed wire in the 1880s had positive and negative attects on the open range it allowed cattle to be confined to designated areas to prevent overgrazing of the range. In Texas and surrounding areas, increased population required ranchers to fence off their individual lands.it was cheaper than hiring cowboys for handling cattle, and indiscriminate fencing of federal lands often occurred in 1880s, often without any regards to land ownership or other public needs, such as mail delivery and movement of other kinds of livestock. Various state statutes, as well as vigilantes (see "Fence Cutting War"), tried to enforce or combat fence-building with varying success. In 1885, federal legislation outlawed the enclosure of public land. By 1890, illegal fencing had been mostly removed

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Pullman Strike

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because of the panic of 1893 and the depression there was a decrease in business for the Pullman Palacde car company. This resulted in a nationwide conflict in the summer of 1894 between the new American Railway Union (ARU) and railroads. It shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in the town of Pullman, Illinois, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages because they also lived in the planned community that their boss owned and he did not reduce the rent he charged when he reduced the wages.

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Frederick Olmstead

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-famous for co-designing many well-known urban parks with his senior partner Calvert Vaux, including Central Park and Prospect Park in New York City he was also involved in the planning of many other parks across the united states and canada. -he took leave as director of Central Park to work as Executive Secretary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, a precursor to the Red Cross in Washington, D.C. -He tended to the wounded during the American Civil War. In 1862 during Union General George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign, -he headed the medical effort for the sick and wounded at White House in New Kent County, where there was a ship landing on the Pamunkey River. -he not only created numerous city parks around the country, he also conceived of entire systems of parks and interconnecting parkways to connect certain cities to green spaces. Two of the best examples of the scale on which Olmsted worked are the park system designed for Buffalo, New York, one of the largest projects; and the system he designed for Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

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injunction

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(law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity

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"Crime of '73"

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When Congress stopped the coinage of the silver dollar against the will of the farmers and westerners who wanted unlimited coinage of silver. With no silver coming into the federal government, no silver money could be produced. The whole event happened in 1873. Westerners from silver-mining states joined with debtors in demanding a return to the " Dollar of Our Daddies." This demand was essentially a call for inflation, which was solved by contraction(reduction of the greenbacks) and the Treasury's accumulation of gold. A compromise over the coinage of silver came with the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. The law instructed the Treasury to coin between 2 million and 4 million dollars in silver each month

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Horatio Alger

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-(1832-1899) American writer of inspirational adventure books featuring impoverished boys who through hard work and virtue achieve great wealth and respect. Supported the belief that in American one could rise from rags to riches.

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Platt amendment

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-replacing the earlier Teller Amendment - It stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. -Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. The long-term lease of Guantánamo Bay continues. The Cuban government under Castro has strongly denounced the treaty as a violation of article 52 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which declares a treaty void if procured by the threat or use of force. However, Article 4 of the Vienna Convention states that its provisions shall not be applied retroactively.

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John D. Rockefeller

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Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

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Treaty of Varsailles

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forced Germany to accept blame for WWI and to pay reparations; (Adolf Hitler would later take advantage of this source of Bitterness the "war guilt" caused in the Germans) led to the break-up of Austria-Hungary germany can't maintain army, established new nations and league of nations, shrink German colonies, Woodrow Wilson himself went to Paris to negoiate the treaty and did not take any prominent republicians with him in his delegation. he also urged the us to vote for democrates in the upcomming election to help support him to get through the war this also offended them because they had been working with him. (maybe this lead to some of the republicians not being in support of the league of nations) this did cause democrates to loose spots in the house and senate. 14 republicans and 2 democratic opposed being in the League of nations US didn't sign

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League of Nations

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an international organization formed in 1920 after WWI to promote cooperation and peace among nations. Suggested originally by Woodrow Wilson but the U S never joined. and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed

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Committee on Public Information

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Organized by President Woodrow Wilson and established on April 14, 1917 headed by George Creel it composed of the secretaries of state, war, and the navy, with the help of journalists, photographers, artists, entertainers, was a propaganda committee that built support for the war effort in Europe among Americans. It depicted Germans and other enemies on bad terms, and served to censor the press. The committee helped spur up the anti-German feeling in America as well as motivated Americans to support war against Germany once declared. Employed over employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. Goal was to urge people especially immigrants to become "One hundred percent American" German Americans were most affected. Concert halls banned music by German composers. School districts shut down German language programs, and hamburgers were renamed "liberty sandwiches:" There were posters exhorting citizens to root out German spies

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muckrakers

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included Frank Norris (The Octopus), Ida Tarbell (A History of the Standard Oil Company), Lincoln Steffens (The Shame of the Cities), and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle). They were bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt, but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts, and helped spur the passage of reform legislation. (1906)

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Russo-Japanese War

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"the first great war of the 20th century"; conflict between Japan and Russia over Korea and Manchuria for control of Port Arthur ; Japan's victory is first Asian victory over West. Japan retains Manchuria.

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Henry Cabot Lodge

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Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations and disagreed with the Versailles Treaty. Wilson's great senatorial antagonist, succeeded in his goal of keeping America out of the League of Nations He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

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Open Door Policy

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a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China this was done because England and US were afraid that that trade with China would be affected by all of the other countries looking at china like a dog looking at a bone. ( This happened after Japan defeated them in war and the other countries saw that China could not effectively defend itself against others.)

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Fourteen Points

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Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The "association of nations" Wilson mentioned became the League of Nations.

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Panama Canal

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Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000

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Federal Trade Commission

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Created in 1914, replaced the Bureau of Corporations. This nonpartisan commission investigated and reported on corporate behavior, and was authorized to issue cease and desist orders against unfair trade practices. Enabled the government to more easily kill monopolies.

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Creel Committee

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Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty - important b/c it was pro war - first propaganda movement to this extent - made to sell wilsons war goals to america and the world AKA the Committee on Public Information. US WWI propaganda machine

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International Workers of the World

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1905 - Also known as IWW or Wobblies - radical labor union created in opposition to American Federation of Labor. Followed socialist ideas based off of Karl Marx; this group was persecuted during WWI due to their socialist tendencies and activism against the government

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Federal Reserve System

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The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy . created by Congress in 1913 to establish banking practices and regulate currency in circulation and the amount of credit available. It consists of 12 regional banks supervised by the Board of Governors. Often called simply the Fed.

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irreconcilables

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Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after World War I. Their efforts played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization. They opposed any treaty ending WW1 that had a League of Nations folded into it

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Dollar Diplomacy

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Foriegn Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies,this policy started as a way for the US to have some control in what was happening in other countries without fighting with them, later caused the US to cotinue their involvement in different countries politics in order to protect american investments in those countries.

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W.E.B. DuBois

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first black Ph.D. from Harvard; a founder of the NAACP; said that blacks should strive for equal opportunities now and not later; differed from Booker T. Washington's ideas in terms of how black should fight segregation

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Niagara movement

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group of African American thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in education and voting practices

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Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty

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Buena Varilla compromised with Hay and T. Roosevelt to engineer a revolution in Panama against the Colombian government, therefore allowing the US to build a canal there 1900-1918

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Woodrow Wilson

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28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

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Progressive Movement

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This was a period of widespread political reform that lasted from the 1890s through the first two decades of the 20th century. The movement actually comprised a number of efforts on the local, state, and national levels, and included both Democrats and Republicans who championed such causes as tax reform, woman suffrage, political reform, industrial regulation, the minimum wage, the eight-hour work day, and workers' compensation. The reform-minded enthusiasm of this era came to an end as the United States entered World War I in 1917, and energies were redirected into the war effort.

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Wobblies

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An international union that was led by William Haywood who was eventually convicted under the Espionage Act. This organization, often abbreviated as the IWW and officially called the Industrial Workers of the World, held the belief that all laborers should be united as a class and also that the wage system should be eradicated. This group organized created extremely damaging industrial sabatoge due to the fact that they were victims of terrible working conditions. This is significant because it portrays how labor still suffered terrible grievances especially during the war because people were more focused on being selfless and thinking solely about how to help the war effort.

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Article X

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This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

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reservationists

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These were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations unless there were some changes. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass.

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spheres of influence

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sections of a country where foreign nations enjoy special rights. China was split into these during the age of imperialism

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Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

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Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

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16th amendment

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Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

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17th amendment

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Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

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Upton Sinclair

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He was the author of the sensational novel, THE JUNGLE, published in 1906. His intention was to describe the conditions of canning factory workers. Instead, Americans were disgusted by his descriptions of dirty food production. His book influenced consumers to demand safer canned products.

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The Jungle

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This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry.and portrayed the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act, and prompted President T. Roosevelt to sign the Meat Inspection Act.

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Volstead Act

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specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

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Mann-Elkin Act

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1910, gave the Interstate Comerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates, along with oversee telephone and cable companies; included communications

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Sussex/Arabic Pledges

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pledges by the Germans before US entrance into WWI to stop using submarine warfare against US ships and to pledge not to destroy any more American citizens, in time they violated these pledges 1934-1941

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Charles and Mary Beard

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Wrote The Rise of American Civilization (1927), Historians best know for their study of American History stating that it was economics values not political philosophies that laid the base for our government adn modern society.

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Anthracite Coal Strike

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1st evidence of TR's reform -over 150,000 miners walked off their jobs demanding higher pay, shorter days and offiicial recognition of their union - result= mine owners agreed to arbitration - was also perceived as having sided with the strikers rather then movement= huge switch from government positions

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Zimmerman Note (Telegram)

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a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. Revelation of the contents outraged American public opinion and helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April. Also promised Mexico the recovery of land lost to America in exchange for their help in the war.

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Eugene V. Debs

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Labor leader and socialist who was a tireless spokesman for labor radicalism; founded the American Railway Union and the workers in the Pullman Strike of 1894 and sentenced to six months in jail as a result; organized the Social Democratic party in 1897 and ran for President in 1900, 1904 and 1912.

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Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones

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Toledo Mayor that helped established the Ohio Oil Company which was later bought by Standard Oil Company, making Jones a wealthy man. -asked his workers to work hard, be honest, and follow the golden rule -opened free kindergartens, built parks, instituted an eight-hour day for city workers, and reformed the city government -was not well liked by other businessmen, the average citizen supported him. When his term was over Jones was not renominated by the Republicans.

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Underwood-Simmons Tariff

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1914, Reduced import duties on most goods and lowered the overall average duty from 40% to 25%. . It lowered tariff rates but raised federal revenues. It was significant because Wilson wanted to lower tariffs because he thought that it encouraged the growth of monopolies .Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment It was a milestone in tax legislation since it enacted a graduated income tax.

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Bull Moose Party

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The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). The party wanted tariff reduction, women's suffrage, higher corporate regulation and a child labor ban, a federal compensation for workers, and several other platforms. His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

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Theodore Roosevelt

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26th president Republician 'Speak softly but carry a big stick', known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France

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Gentlemen's Agreement

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Chinese immigration to California boomed during the Gold Rush of 1852 By 1905, anti-Japanese rhetoric filled the pages of the San Francisco Chronicle. The immediate cause of the Agreement was anti-Japanese nativism in California. In 1906, the San Francisco, California Board of Education passed a regulation whereby children of Japanese descent would be required to attend separate, racially specific schools. They were able to do this after the earthquake and fire in san fransisco before they could not seperate them because there was no funding to build a school just for them. At the time, Japanese immigrants made up approximately 1% of the population of California; many of them had immigrated under the treaty in 1894 which had assured free immigration from Japan. Japanese-Americans soon contacted the media in Japan to make the government aware of the segregation. Tokyo newspapers denounced the segregation as an "insult to their national pride and honor". The Japanese government was also highly concerned with their reputation overseas as they wanted to protect their reputation as a world power. Government officials became aware that a crisis was at hand, and intervention was necessary in order to maintain diplomatic peace. Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them. The agreement was never passed by congress and was nullified in 1924. The government of Japan did issue passports for immigration to Hawaii, and the Japaneese could then go over to the main land with little trouble.

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"Birth of a Nation"

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-1915 -silent drama film directed by D.W. Griffith -based on the novel/play The Clansman -assassination of Abe Lincoln by Booth is dramatized -commercial success but highly controversial with portrayal of African American men played by white actors as unintelligent and sexually aggressive toward white women -Ku Klux Klan portrayed as a heroic force -widespread protests against it, banned in several cities sparked protests, riots, and divisiveness since its first release

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D.W. Griffith

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He directed the motion picture of "Birth of a Nation" (1915) that was a racist depiction of Reconstruction that glorified the KKK, and defamed both blacks and Northern carpetbaggers.

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"good and Bad" trusts

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Theodore Roosevelt's leadership boiled everything down to a case of right versus wrong and good versus bad. If a trust controlled an entire industry but provided good service at reasonable rates, it was a "good" trust to be left alone. Only the "bad" trusts that jacked up rates and exploited consumers would come under attack

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Emilio Aguinaldo

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he was a Philippinian nationalist who was a member of the secret Katipunan brotherhood; he won several victories against the Spaniards in 1896; he agreed to exile to Hong Kong, but continued to try to fight against the Spaniards from there; in the face of the Spanish-American War, he hoped for independence for the Philippines, but did not lend troops to the American side of the war as Americans hoped he would; he declared independence for the Philippines on June 12, 1898; the United States refused to recognize his authority, so he declared war on American forces in 1899; he was captured in 1901 and forced to pledge allegiance to America

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John Pershing

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"Black Jack" American commander in France during World War I ,led troops into France to bolster Anglo-French morale; requested that Wilson send a million American troops by the following spring and the president obliged ; his nickname of "Black Jack" resulted from his command of black troops earlier in his career. Before being dispatched to France, Pershing led an American incursion into Mexico in 1916 in a failed attempt to capture Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa.

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Jacob Riis

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A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

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Lusitania

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British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by Germany on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war. The Germans claimed that it was carrying munitions and soldiers and was armed.

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Muller v. Oregon

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a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it relates to both sex discrimination and labor laws. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health.

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Triple wall of privilege

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President Woodrow Wilson, in 1912, set out to break down what he called, "the triple wall of privilege." This included the bank, trusts, and the tariff. He addressed the tariff first; in early 1913, he summoned a special session of Congress. asked Senators not to give in to lobbyists. the Underwood Tariff Bill passed and substantially reduced import fees, along with placing an income tax for amounts over $3,000. Then Wilson tackled the banking system. In June 1913, Wilson again personally addressed both houses of Congress and appealed for sweeping reforms of the banking system, which eventually resulted in him signing the monumental Federal Reserve Act in 1913. This Act created the Federal Reserve Board which oversaw a nation-wide system of regional banks. The Board was given the power to issue paper money called "Federal Reserve Notes" during times of economic pressure. Last he attacked the trusts. early in 1914 Wilson made a personal appearance before Congress and nine months later received the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. This bit of legislation allowed a presidential appointed commission to search out monopolies and crush them. The Act was followed by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 which added to the Sherman Act's list of bad business practices. The Clayton Act also helped laborers as it exempted unions and labor organizations from antitrust persecution and gave them protection for legal and peaceful protest.

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insurgent's revolt

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Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule that was supported by American sugar planters; yellow press coverage of the Spanish backlash led to the Spanish-American War.

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Robert LaFollette

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Governor of Wisconsin who was a militant progressive. He wrestled control out of the hands of corrupt corporations and perfected a way for regulating public utilities. helped found the National Progressive Republican League, which intended to unseat Taft He is remembered for introducing the first workers' compensation system, railroad rate reform, direct legislation, municipal home rule, open government, the minimum wage, non-partisan elections, the open primary system, direct election of U.S. Senators, women's suffrage, and progressive taxation

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Big Stick Policy

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Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen; used by T.R. to improve world peace, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Said that the "big stick" (aka the US army/navy) could be used to keep other countries in line and to make sure that the countries of Latin America behaved themselves

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Roosevelt Corollary

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Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. U.S. was granted the right to intervene militarily in neighboring countries in cases of "chronic wrong-doing" such as not paying debts or failure to maintain order. This made the U.S. an "international police power."

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Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

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Act signed by President Wilson in 1916 that excluded from interstate commerce goods manufactured by children under fourteen; later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the ground that regulation of interstate commerce could not extend to the conditions of labor.

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Food Administration

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Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers

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Insular Cases

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The Supreme Court cases (1901-1903) that dealt with the constitutional rights in the newly acquired overseas territories. The Court ruled that the Constitution did not necessarily follow the flag, and therefore Congress was to determine how to administer the territories.

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New Nationalism

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Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.

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Pure Food and Drug Act

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In response to upton sinclair's novel the Jungle US legislation in 1906 placed restrictions on the makers of prepared foods and patent medicines and forbade the manufaxture, sale, or transportation of adulterated, misbranded, pr harmful foods, drugs, and liquors. -Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling italso gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

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Northern Securities Case

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Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

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Lochner v. New York

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(1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and violated the workers "liberty of contract" to accept any terms they chose.

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Clayton Anti-trust Act

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An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, it outlawed price discrimination,and tying agreements,the provisions were quilifiey by the conservative senet by tacking on the phrase "where the effect may be to substatially lesson competition." interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefiting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property orprevent injury. passed in 1914.

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New Freedom

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Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.

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Great White Fleet

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1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy(16 American battleships) on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." (This was not unpresidented since France had done the same with Russia to get the czar to sign a treaty in 1894.) It was a common practice in the early 1900 for countries to show off their navy fleets to one another at different countries celebrations around the world. ( a kind of showing off to one another.)

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Harlem Renaissance

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black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.

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National Origins Act

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A government legislation that cut down the percent of the Emergency Quota Act from 3% to 2%, and it changed the census used from the 1910 one to that of the 1890 one. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely because of the amount of citizens from these places already living in the U.S.

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cultural isolation

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Any culture being cut off from others. The practice of excluding the US from the affairs of the world. Was a precedent set by George Washington, who though that this was the best way to keep the nation out of trouble

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18 amendment

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prohibition of alcohol. started by Protestant congregations and women's groups who wished to eliminate the consumption of alcohol in the United States.

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Andrew Mellon

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the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

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Neutrality acts

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Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

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Albert Fall

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Harding's Secretary of Interior (a scheming anticonservationist.)who sold government oil reserves to private citizens in Teapot Dome scandal ; first Cabinet member to go to jail

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John L. Lewis

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United Mine Workers of America leader who organized the first important unskilled workers labor union, he led the coal miners strike; He and the Congress of Industrial Organizations wanted workers' civil rights, a fair slice of the economic pie, and the right to bargain collectively; called in to represent union during sit-down strike

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Hoovervilles

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camps and shantytowns of unemployed and homeless on the outskirts of major cities during the early days of the Depression; they were symbols of the failure of Hoover's program and the way the nation held him responsible for the hard times.

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"Back to Africa Movement"

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Founded by Marcus Garvey, a movement that encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America.

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"Spirit of St. Louis"

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1927 Charles Lindbergh's plane built on a shoe stirng budget that flew solo across the Atlantic from new york to paris the flight took over 33 hours and he won the $25,000 Orteig Prize. a pirze. He was the first in the rise of celebrities & repersented the self-made man;

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Palmer Raids

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A series of raids By the Justice Department coordinated by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in response to unexplained bombings targeting government official including Palmer himself. Police and federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in thirty-two cities. The Palmer Raids resulted in more than 4,000 arrests, 550 deportations, and uncountable violations of civil rights.

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"lost generation"

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This term originated with Gertrude Stein who, after being unimpressed by the skills of a young car mechanic, asked the garage owner where the young man had been trained. The garage owner told her that while young men were easy to train, it was those in their mid-twenties to thirties, the men who had been through World War I, whom he considered a "lost generation" A nickname coined by Gertrude Stein,and was popularized by Ernest Hemingway it described American writers and artists who had lost their illusions of glory and honor during WWI This group included : F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, T. S. Eliot, John Dos Passos, Waldo Peirce, Isadora Duncan, Abraham Walkowitz, Alan Seeger, and Erich Maria Remarque. The 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises popularized the term, as Hemingway used it as an epigraph. (The novel serves to epitomize the post-war expatriate generation. ) 'who is calling who a lost generation?'" Hemminway refering to u.s. citizens greed and lazyness.

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Keynesian economics

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Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. FDR did not follow this philosophy until 1937, where he announced a bold program to stimulate the economy by planned deficit spending. This policy reversal marked a major turnign point in the government's relation to the economy and became the economic norm for decades.

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Warren G. Harding

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29th U.S. President. 1921-1923 (Died of natural causes). Republican , promising a "return to normalcy"; not much interested in the work of presidency, enjoying the pomp and circumstance instead; (used office for private gain) had many affairs; presidency marked by corruption and scandal, but he died before his political career was significantly damaged

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

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He belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers. He wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" which explored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society. Expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture.

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National Labor Relations Act

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(FDR) A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. *, Made sure workers were treated and payed well and not getting abused by their business. *this law created the National Labor Relations Board to enforce the law and supervise shop elections

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National Industrial Recover Act

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- 1933 (100 days) - national recovery administration - Allowed business to come together as a group to determine a set of codes that they would live by. To help economy - Put in minimum wage and maximum hours

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Huey Long (Kingfish)

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A senator, as well as governor of Louisiana. He was Roosevelt's biggest threat. Increased the share of state taxes paid by corporations, and also embarked on public works projects including new schools, highways, bridges, and hospitals. However, seized almost dictatorial control of the state government. Believed that the New Deal was not radical enough.

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Georgia O'Keeffe

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An artist who incorporated a critical view of the impact of new technology and urban life into her paintings...., this artist has been a major figure in American art since the 1920s. She is chiefly known for paintings in which she synthesizes abstraction and representation in paintings of flowers, rocks, shells, animal bones and landscapes. Her paintings present crisply contoured forms that are replete with subtle tonal transitions of varying colors, and she often transformed her subject matter into powerful abstract images 7: 1934-1941

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John Steinbeck (grapes of wrath)

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(1939) a story of dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life; a novel set during the great depression,focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers driven from their home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry.

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Lend-Lease Act

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Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."

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court packing scheme

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Roosevelt tried to put an extra justice on the Supreme Court for every justice over 70 years old who wouldn't retire. These justices would be supporters of Roosevelt and there would be a maximum of 15 judges. The plan failed. Congress would not accept.

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Indian Reorganization Act

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a U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives. These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations.

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Works Progress Administration (WPA)

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New Deal program that employed men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians as well. Taxpayers criticized the agency for paying people to due "useless" jobs such as painting murals.

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Securities and Exchange Commission

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In 1934 Congress took steps to protect the public against fraud, deception, and inside manipulation. It authorized this administrative agency to watch over banking and businesses. Stock markets henceforth were to operate more as trading marts and less as gambling casinos.

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Langston Hughes

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He wrote during the Harlem Renaissance (1920s-1930s). He was an African American and was the best known poet in the Harlem movement mentioned above. In the Harlem Renaissance, there we may new fashions, jazz, dancers, and poets.

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quota system

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established by the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921, a system limiting immigration to the United States by permitting no more immigrants from a country than 3 percent of the number of that country's residents living in the United States in 1910; the Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the quota to 2 percent of the number of a country's residents living in the United States in 1890

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NAACP

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1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People-aimed to help blacks be physically and mentally free from forced low-paid labor and politically free from disfranchisement and socially free from insult. Included white and black leaders from progressives aimed at social progress.

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Bonus March

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In 1924, Congress rewarded veterans of World War I with certificates redeemable in 1945 for $1,000 each. By 1932, the veterans needed to cash in the bonus because of the depression. By June of 1932 15,000 bonus marchers Led by Walter Waters of Oregon showed up at the capital. President Hoover refused to see them, they sent a delgegate to congress.As deliberation continued on Capitol Hill, the Bonus Army built a shantytown across the Potomac River in Anacostia Flats. The senate decided against granting them the bonus early, so many returned to where they came from many stayed with their families because they did not have a place to go. Some people felt they were a threat, Hoover ordered an army regiment into the city, under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur. The army, complete with infantry, cavalry, and tanks, rolled into Anacostia Flats forcing the Bonus Army to flee. MacArthur then ordered the shanty settlements burned. This outraged many people and had a bad effect on Hoover's popularity.

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Schenck v. U.S.

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(1919). Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute;a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

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phony war

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was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground

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Sacco and Vanzetti

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It began with gunmen who robbed and killed a guard and paymaster at a shoe factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts. A few weeks later, police arrested two Italian immigrants--Nicola____ and Bartolomeo ____, both confessed anarchists, for murder in 1920. Both men were found guilty and died in the electric chair in 1923, though their trial was a showcase for American bigotry and the.evidence was scarce and improperly used. This shows the feelings against foreigners and radicals

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TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

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(1933) controversial Government owned utility company that provided thousands of jobs as it built a series of dams that generated power, provided flood relief, and created recreational lakes throught the seven states (Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia) serviced by the Tennessee River. These areas soon enjoyed good fishing, cheap electricity, and relief from debilitating floods. Still in effect today.

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Henry Ford

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1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents., he made assembly line production more efficient in his Rouge River plant near Detroit- a finished car would come out every 10 seconds. He helped to make car inexpensive so more Americans could buy them.

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Universal Negro Improvement Assc.

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a black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey. The organization enjoyed its greatest strength in the 1920s, prior to Garvey's deportation from the United States of America, after which its prestige and influence declined. Since a schism in 1949, there have been two organizations claiming the name.

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America First Committee

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A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They argued that WWI had not made the US safe, so why fight in this war; that the nation was in a Great Depression; that two oceans kept us safe; that American business interests were not a good enough reason to fight, that this was not our war, so why should American boys die.

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Kellogg-Briand Pact

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it was made in 1928 concerning the difficult problems of arms limitation and war; was signed by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other countries. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense. The pact was the result of a determined American effort to avoid involvement in the European alliance system.

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hundred days

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term applied to the first weeks of the Roosevelt Administration, during which Congress passed 13 emergency relief and reform measures that were the backbone of the early New Deal; these included the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Glass Stegal Act (FDIC), Agricultural Adjustment Act, Federal Emergency Relief Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act.

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New Deal

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President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

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Calvin Coolidge

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1923-1929 became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

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Social Security Act

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1935- (FDR)created a federal insurance pregram based upon the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. Those payments would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age fo 65. Workers who lost their jobs, people who were blind or disabled, and dependent children and their mothers also received benefits.

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Fair Labor Standards Act

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June 25, 1938- United States federal law that applies to employees engaged in and producing goods for interstate commerce. The FLSA established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term defined in the statute. The FLSA is administered by the Wage & Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor.

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC)

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A federally chartered organization was established in 1933 with the purpose of insuring the return of a depositor's money (up to $100,000) in case his bank fails.

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"share the wealth"

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a program advocated by Louisiana Senator Huey P. Long that appealed to desperate lower middle class Americans during the Great Depression. One version proposed confiscating large personal fortunes, guaranteeing every family a cash grant of $5,000 and every worker an annual income of $2,5000, providing pensions to the aged, reducing work hours, paying veterans' bonuses and ensuring college education for every qualified student. The figures didn't add up and offered little to promote economic recovery.

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Thomas Hart Benton

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A zealous supporter of western interests, he staunchly advocated government support of frontier exploration during his term in the Senate from 1820 - 1850. A senator from Missouri, but he opposed slavery. He also opposed the use of currency.

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H.L.Menken

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American journalist and literary critic; he opposed the dominance of European culture in America and ridiculed nineteenth-century American moral and cultural values. He moved his readers powerfully, some to anger at the outrageousness of his attitudes. Used satire

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normalcy

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After a long reign of high morality, outrageous idealism, and "bothersome do-goodism", people longed for the "normalcy" of the old America, and were ready to accept a lower quality president who would not force them to be so involved. Harding coined the phrase a "return to normalcy".

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cash and carry

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countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans

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Congress of Industrial Organization

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Grew out of a dispute within the American Federation of Labor CIO; proposed by John L. Lewis in 1938; federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955; supported Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Coalition, and was open to African Americans; eventually merged with AFL

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Washington Naval Conference

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1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

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Ku Klux Klan

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An organization of white supremacists that used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the United States. Expressed beliefs in respect for the American woman and things purely American [anti-immigrant]. Strongest periods were after the Civil War, a resurfacing in 1915 [on Stone Mountain, GA.] continuing through the 1920s, and another upsurge in the 1990s.

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Scottsboro boys

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This term refers to a group of young black men (ages 12 to 21) who were accused of raping 2 white girls on a train - in 1938 ... The incident occurred in the South (Alabama) ... Even though the overwhelming evidence indicated the boys were innocent, they were none-the-less found guilty (by an all-white jury) ... The case gained world-wide attention and lasted for over six years, through a series of trials ... Eventually, four of the young men were paroled (after serving six years in jail), though several of them spent up to fifteen years in jail for the crime.

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Scoopes trial

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a famous American legal case in 1925 in which a high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposefully incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant. The trial set modernists, who said evolution was consistent with religion, against fundamentalists who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on the veracity of modern science regarding the creation-evolution controversy. The trial is perhaps best known today for serving as the inspiration for the play, and later the movie, Inherit the Wind, both of which were critical successes.

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Schechter v U. S.

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Sometimes called "the sick chicken case." Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character. background:Schechter Poultry Corporation, the defendant in the case, purchased live poultry from commissioners in New York City and Philadelphia and sold slaughtered poultry to retailers and butchers in Brooklyn. Schechter was charged by the U.S. government with violating the poultry code by selling "unfit chickens," illegally selling chickens on an individual basis, avoiding inspections by local poultry regulators, falsifying records of poultry sold, and selling poultry to nonlicensed purchasers. Schechter was convicted in a federal district court, lost an appeal to the circuit court, and appealed to the Supreme Court, which reviewed the case in 1935. (The Court found the phrase "unfair competition" too ambiguous to constitute an "intelligible principle" necessary to limit the president's actions in enforcing the NIRA. Lacking such a principle, the NIRA effectively allowed the president "unfettered discretion" to create "new laws" without congressional approval. ) Second, the Court held that the poultry code violated the Constitution's Commerce Clause because the Constitution limits the activities over which Congress may legislate, reserving all other activities for the states to govern. While the Constitution allows Congress to regulate "interstate commerce" under the clause, the Court found Schechter's activities had nothing to do with interstate commerce. Schechter bought poultry from out of state, but its offending conduct was confined to New York State. The activities of Schechter thus fell outside congressional power because they constituted intrastate (in-state) commerce. some provisions of the poultry code were found unconstitutional : The effect of a butcher's hours and wage practices on interstate commerce, for example, was found far too "indirect" to be within the congressional powers to regulate under the Commerce Clause.

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Margaret Sanger

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American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

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Herbert Hoover

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U.S. president during stock market crash, who rejected the Progressive emphasis on activist government to pursue a program of minimal business regulation, low taxes, and high tariffs; encouraged businesses to regulate themselves, his belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression.

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dole

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-sanford b. dole led the committee formed by local sugar interests that overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and sought annexation by the U.S.; first president of the Republic of Hawaii - or, was an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas) grown on Central and South American plantations and sold in the United States and Europe. It flourished in the early and mid-20th century and came to control vast territories and transportation networks in Central America, the Caribbean coast of Colombia, Ecuador, and the West Indies. Though it competed with the Standard Fruit Company for dominance in the international banana trade, it maintained a virtual monopoly in certain regions, some of which came to be called banana republics.

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Marcus Garvey

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Harlem political leader,many poor urban African Americans turned to this powerful leader in the 1920s. He urged black economic cooperation and helped African Americans start businesses. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. his Universal Negro Improvement Association ran into financial trouble, however. He was eventually arrested for mail fraud and deported to his native Jamaica in 1927.

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Charles Lindbergh

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an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner who became an international hero when he made the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. Young and old looked up to this hero because he epitomized traditional values while using new technology.

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Elijah-Mohammad (Black Muslims)

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born Elijah Robert Poole; October 7, 1897 Director and leader of the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975, Elijah taught black to take responsibility of their own lives and reject dependence on whites, similar to Garvey's teachings. He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali; and his son Warith Deen Mohammed.

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Stimson Doctrine

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In reaction to Japan's 1932 occupation of Manchuria, Secretary of State Henry Stimson declared that the United States would not recognize territories acquired by force. It was not the first time that the U.S. had used non-recognition as a political tool or symbolic statement this tactic is not common but usually used in treaty violations

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brain trust

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name applied to college professors from Columbia University such as Rexford Tugwell, Adolf Berle, and Raymond Moley who were Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, they advised Roosevelt on economic matters early in the New Deal; the Brain Trust took on the role of an "unofficial Cabinet" in the Roosevelt Administration.

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Franklin Roosevelt

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Democrat was was the 32nd president from 1933 until his death in 1945. He broke the unofficial tradition of serving no more than two terms in office, he served 4 terms. a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd amendment to the constitution.and oversaw both the New Deal and WWII. In so doing, he exercised greater authority than perhaps any president before him, giving rise to a new understanding of the role and responsibility of the president. Under his leadership, the modern Democratic Party was formed, garnering support from labor unions, blacks, urban workers, and farmers. He has been called the most popular president in American history.

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Sinclair Lewis

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Famous 1920's author who wrote Babbitt and Main Street - presented small town Americans as dull and narrow-minded.

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Wagner Act

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1935; established National Labor Relations Board; after the NRA was ruled unconstitutional protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

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Sit-down strik

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In a sit-down strike, the workers physically occupy the plant, keeping management and others out.

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Frank Lloyd Wright

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Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. (he made the cool museums and houses like falling waters, and guggenheim museum) museums, furniture, homes, stained glass windows, office buildings

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Teapot Dome/Elk Hills Scandals

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1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Teapot Dome Oil Field in Natrona County, Wyoming, and the Elk Hills and Buena Vista Oil Fields in Kern County, California were taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies at low rates and without competitive bids. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign. Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies. This was regarded as the "greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics". further destroying the public reputation of the Harding administration, which was already unpopular due to its poor handling of the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 and the President's veto of the Bonus Bill in 1922.

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Edward Hopper

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A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known works are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks.

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Ernest Hemingway

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An American expatriot Lost Generation writer of short stories and novels written in very simple language about difficult subjects such as death and war. His works include Old Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, and For Whom the Bell Tolls, his novels reflected the disillusionmnet of many Americans with propaganda and patriotic idealism, he spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI He eventually killed himself.

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destroyer deal

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Roosevelt agreed to transfer 50 WWI-era naval destroyers to the British navy. In return, the U.S. would gain the right to build 8 naval bases in British territories in the Western Hemisphere. Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war

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bank holiday

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In one of the first major acts of his administration, Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the nation's banks from March 6 to March 15, 1933, to forestall additional bank failures and stabilize the banking system. Some states had already closed all their banks, thereby threatening the ability of businesses to operate and making the depression worse. The Holiday is significant because it restores public confidence and saves the banks and the banking system and, hence, capitalism. It suggests that FDR did not want to establish socialism or some version of it, as is sometimes maintained, because in the crisis of that moment, he could have nationalized the banks and did not.

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National Recovery Administration

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The most ambitious attempt to control and plan the economy was the National Recovery Administration (NRA), established by Congress right after Roosevelt took office. The key idea behind the NRA was to reduce competition and fix prices and wages for everyone's benefit, along with sponsoring enough public works projects to ensure recovery. The NRA's goal required government, business, and labor to hammer out detailed regulations for each industry. Because NRA broke with the cherished American tradition of free competition and aroused conflicts among business people, consumers, and bureaucrats, it was not a success and the NRA was declared unconstitutional by the supreme court.

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21st amendment

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repeal of prohibition

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19th amendment

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Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

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20th amendment

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Changed date president takes office from March 4th to January 20th. Changed start of Congress to January3rd. End of Lame Duck Congress

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Japanese internment

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Roosevelt signed a document Feb. 19,1942 stating that all people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona, needed to be removed. Put them in internment camps because of their fear for another attack by the Japanese. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 men women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior. After the Japanese were let out of the camps, a majority of them returned to the Pacific Coast. They began to start new lives and try to forget what happened. Many of them lost there land when they were brought to the camps, so when they returned they tried to regain what they had lost. In 1948, Congress agreed to pay for some of that property. They began by giving the Japanese-Americans less than ten cents for each dollar they had lost. By giving them back what they had lost was a beginning of saying "We're sorry." Also they started a civil liberties act stating "The Congress recognizes that, as described in the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, a grave injustice was done to both citizens and permanent residents of Japanese ancestry by the evacuation, relocation, and internment of civilians during World War II. Finally, the Japanese began to live a normal life, except many had trouble finding jobs and getting money loans. After years went by, they started farms and bought new houses. Others were damaged for life. This tragic event left different people, with different emotions. Many were killed and other wounded forever. Today many are suing to be paid back what their family lost.

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Greensboro sit-ins

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peaceful protest by black students against segregation at lunch counters. At segregated Woolworth's counter in Greensboro, NC, February of 1960 4 black college students from the NC Agricultural and Technical College staged a sit-in to protest the segregation in public places. Each day they sat down at whites only lunch counter, ordered foood, and naturally they were not served because they were not white, they sat waiting for the food that would not be served to them and refused to move.Each day, they came back with many more protesters. Sometimes, there were over 100. Led to the formation of the SNCC and sit-ins at Woolworth food counters across the country. Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters.

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

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The first U.S. civilians to be excecuted in 1953 for espionage. The engineer and his wife who were accused,of running an espionage ring in New York City that gave atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. The case and the execution were highly controversial. Later evidence has shown that Julius was definitely guilty, but doubts remain about Ethel.They are the only Americans ever executed during peacetime for espionage, as well as the only Americans to be given the death penalty for espionage. This is significant because this case caused many Americans to realize that the red-hunting situation had gone too far and also showed the role anti Semitism played in the red scare.

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U-2 incident

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occurred during the Cold War on 1 May 1960, during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower and during the leadership of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, when a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down over the airspace of the Soviet Union. The United States government at first denied the plane's purpose and mission, but then was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its intact remains and surviving pilot, Francis Gary Powers, as well as photos of military bases in Russia taken by Powers. Coming roughly two weeks before the scheduled opening of an East-West summit in Paris, the incident was a great embarrassment to the United States and prompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the Soviet Union. The Four Power Paris Summit between president Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed, in large part because Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize for the incident. Khrushchev left the talks on 16 May.

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Marshall Plan

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a plan ,named after Secretary of State George Marshall,for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again It was one of the first elements of European integration, as it erased trade barriers and set up institutions to coordinate the economy on a continental level—that is, it stimulated the total political reconstruction of western Europe

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Casablanca Conference

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Jan. 14-23, 1943 -FDR and Chruchill met in Casablanca,Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war. Importaint because it showed they were not going to make any agreements with the axis. This agreement was also done to reassure the Soviets that the Allies would not make a separate peace with Hitler.

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Dumbarton Oaks Conference

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In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations.

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Alger Hiss

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American lawyer, civil servant, businessman, author and lecturer.U.S. State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. He was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon. Couldn't be convicted of espionage because of the amount of time since the crime had been committed.

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"long hot summers"

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...

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Henry Wallace

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was the 33rd Vice President of the United States (1941-1945), the Secretary of Agriculture (1933-1940), and the Secretary of Commerce (1945-1946). In the 1948 presidential election, Wallace was the nominee of the Progressive Party. He was head of the progressive party, another faction that branched off from the dem party before the election of 1948; was a liberal democrat who were frustrated that truman's domestic policies were ineffective and were against his foreign anti-communist policies

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baby boomers

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The large group of people born in US from 1946-1964. During this period, about 76 million children born. US population rose 20%. Baby boom meant increased consumer demand and expanding economic growth 8: 1941-1960

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Jack Kerouac

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• 1922-69 • was a serious Roman Catholic, but also had extended interest in Buddhism • Wrote On the Road in 1957 which he described as two Catholic buddies searching for God • Also wrote Dharma Bums in 1958 which introduced a lot of people to Buddhism • Discussed in 3/26 lecture. Connected with the Beat Generation (postwar hipsters who prepared the way for hippies by writing spontaneous prose, doing drugs, practicing free love (including homosexuality) and renouncing obligations of home and the work place before the 60s. The media may have interpreted the term "beat" in negative terms ("beat down" or "beat up") but Kerouac insisted on a poor positive reading - "beatific." Kerouac was born in Lowell MA into a family of French-Canadian Catholics... came to Buddhism through Thoreau's Walden which inspired him to further explore Buddhism. He urged fellow Beats to "dig" the Buddha. Kerouac returned to Roman Catholicism at the end of his life, but Buddhism *Zen and Yogacara school) influenced many of his works. He wrote On the Road (1957) andDharma Bums (1958).

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On the Road

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1957, written by Jack Kerouac; the novel expressed the alienation and disillusionment of the Beat Generation of the 1950s; like other Beat Generation writers, Kerouac rejected middle-class conformity and materialism.

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Little Rock School crisis

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Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

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GI Bill of Rights

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Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veternas to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business.

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Jackie Robinson

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The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

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Korematsu v U.S.

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1944 Supreme Court case which upheld FDR's 1942 executive order for teh evacuation of all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast into internment camps which operated until 1945

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Montgomery bus boycott

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December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months.

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McCarthyism

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became a synonym for public charges of disloyalty without sufficient regard for evidence The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

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Harry Truman

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The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

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Truman Doctrine

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1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

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Teheran Conference

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the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. It was the first World War II conference among the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) in which Stalin was present

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San Francisco Conference

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1945-drafted the United Nations Charter and its origins lay in a 1942 "Declaration by the United Nations" issued by twenty‐six countries that had declared war against the Axis powers, and the 1943 Moscow Declaration by the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China calling for a new international organization to replace the League of Nations. Further planning occurred at the 1944 Dumbarton Oaks conference and a draft charter was prepared at the February 1945 Yalta conference. (50 nations came)

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NSC 68

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National Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was a 58-page top secret policy paper issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, written by Paul Nitze, contrasting Kennan's view of containment. during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. It was one of the most significant statements of American policy in the Cold War. NSC-68 largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years, and involved a decision to make militarized Containment against Communist expansion a high priority. The strategy outlined in NSC-68 arguably achieved ultimate victory with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent emergence of a "new world order" centered on American liberal-capitalist values alone. Truman officially signed NSC-68 on September 30, 1950. Spending on defense tripled.

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Youngstown Sheet and Tube v Sawyer

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during the Korean War, President Truman issued an executive order directing Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer to seize and operate most of the nation's steel mills. the Court found that there was no congressional statute that authorized the President to take possession of private property. The Court also held that the President's military power as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces did not extend to labor disputes.

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Douglas MacArthur

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(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

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Sputnik

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October, 1957 .First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

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beat generation

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50s.The Beat Generation is a term used to describe both a group of American writers who came to prominence in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired (later sometimes called "beatniks"). The members of the Beat Generation quickly developed a reputation as new bohemian hedonists, who celebrated non-conformity and spontaneous creativity.

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Eisenhower Doctrine

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1957 Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. The doctrine stated that the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. Furthermore, countries that took stances opposed to Communism would be given aid in various forms. Used in the Middle East.

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Servicemen's Readjustment Act

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1944 A government legislation designed to solve the problem of what the 15 million soldiers would do once they got back home. It allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war, and it created the Veterans Administration allowing them to take out loans.

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New Frontier

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The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. President John F. Kennedy's legislative program, which included proposals to provide medical care for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban areas,to aid education to bolster the national defense, to increase international aid, and to expand the space program.

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Federal Highway Act

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1956-largest public works project in the United States history; Eisenhower signed the law, which built over 40,000 miles of highways in the United States at a cost of $25 billion and created the interstate highway system; ostensibly to create routes for moving military supplies and for emergency evacuation in case of nuclear attack. The highway system made coast-to-coast driving a more common occurrence, and car-oriented vacations became a reality. - The growth of interstate highways allowed for a demographic shift as people vacationed, visited, and moved to areas in the south and southwest—the Sunbelt, from Florida through the deep South, all the way through Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

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Employment Act of 1946

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Towards the end of the war, Truman urged Congress to enact a series of progressive measures, including national health insurance, an increase in the minimum wage, and a bill to commit the U.S. government to maintaining full employment. After much debate, the watered-down version of the bill was enacted. It created the Council of Economic Advisers to counsel both the president and Congress on means of promoting national economic welfare

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Brown v Board of Education

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1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

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Fair Deal

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An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

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containment

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a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

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Yalta Conference

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February, 1945 - (the Big Three)Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.

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United Nations

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is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.

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Berlin Airlift

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An operation carried out by U.S. and British troops to provide supplies to the 2.5 million people in West Berlin now that Stalin had closed the supply routes. This kept the Western powers from being forced to abandon the city in Communist hands. For 15 months, food, fuel, and other supplies were continually delivered, and the Soviets opened their blockade in mid-1949.

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George Kennan

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an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.He was the US ambassador to Russia, notified Truman of Soviet ambitions to expand empire and overthrow other political forces; established concern for Soviet policy in Eastern Europe, Germany, and the Middle East He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

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Korean War

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World War II divided Korea into a Communist, northern half and an American-occupied southern half, divided at the 38th parallel. The Korean War (1950-1953) began when the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea. As Kim Il-sung's North Korean army, armed with Soviet tanks, quickly overran South Korea, the United States came to South Korea's aid. General Douglas MacArthur, who had been overseeing the post-WWII occupation of Japan, commanded the US forces which now began to hold off the North Koreans at Pusan, at the southernmost tip of Korea. Although Korea was not strategically essential to the United States, the political environment at this stage of the Cold War was such that policymakers did not want to appear "soft on Communism." Nominally, the US intervened as part of a "police action" run by a UN (United Nations) international peace- keeping force; in actuality, the UN was simply being manipulated by US and NATO anti-Communist interests. MacArthur crushed the North Korean army in a pincer movement and recaptured Seoul, the capital of South Korea. Instead of being satisfied with his rapid reconquest of South Korea, MacArthur crossed the 38TH Parallel and pursued the North Korean army all the way to the northernmost provinces of North Korea. Afraid that the US was interested in taking North Korea as a base for operations against Manchuria, the People's Republic of China secretly sent an army across the Yalu River. Truman fired MacArthur, and the fighting raged on for another two years. Only after Eisenhower, who was a war hero and was unafraid of Republican criticism (since he himself was a Republican), became President, could the US make substantial concessions to the Communists. In 1953 a peace treaty was signed at Panmunjom that ended the Korean War, returning Korea to a divided status essentially the same as before the war. Neither the war nor its outcome did much to lessen the era's Cold War tension.

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NATO

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries created in 1949.

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Taft-Hartley Act

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1947 - Senator Robert A. Taft co-authored the labor-Management Relations Act with new Jersey Congressman Fred Allan Hartley, Jr. The act amended the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and imposed certain restrictions of the money and power of labor unions, including a prohibition against mandatory closed shops. giving the president power to halt major strikes by seeking a court injunction and permitting states to forbid requirements in labor contracts that force workers to join a union It was seen as a means of demobilizing the labor movement by imposing limits on labor's ability to strike and by prohibiting radicals from their leadership. The law was promoted by large business lobbies including the National Association of Manufacturers. Arguably, the controversial act also helped President Harry Truman get reelected, given that the act galvanized labor unions into opposing Republicans.

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National Defense Education Act

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Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. To help ensure that highly trained individuals would be available to help America compete with the Soviet Union in scientific and technical fields, the NDEA included support for loans to college students, the improvement of science, mathematics, and foreign language instruction in elementary and secondary schools, graduate fellowships, foreign language and area studies, and vocational-technical training.

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Ralph Bunche

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This African American diplomat was Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations. He worked to bring peace to the Middle East in the 1940s.

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dynamic conservatism

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Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats; balancing economic conservatism with some activism.

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warsaw pact

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treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (In response to NATO)

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Miranda v Arizona

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This concept extended to a concern over police interrogation practices, which were considered by many to be barbaric and unjust. Coercive interrogation tactics were known in period slang as the "third degree". 1966,Ernesto Miranda was arrested after a crime victim identified him, but police officers questioning him did not inform him of his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, or of his Sixth Amendment right to the assistance of an attorney. While he confessed to the crime, his attorney later argued that his confession should have been excluded from trial. The Supreme Court agreed, deciding that the police had not taken proper steps to inform Miranda of his rights. This had a significant impact on law enforcement in the United States, by making what became known as the Miranda rights part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects were informed of their rights.

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Huey Newton

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co-founder and leader of the Black Panthers an African-American organization established in October 1966, to promote black power, civil rights, and self-defense.

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Jimmy Carter

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He was the officer in charge of the U.S. team assisting in the shutdown of the Chalk River Nuclear Reactor. During and after his presidency, he indicated that his experience at Chalk River shaped his views on nuclear power and nuclear weapons, including his decision not to pursue completion of the neutron bomb. Carter is the only U.S. president to have lived in housing subsidized for the poor. He was elected to the state Senate in 1961. 9The election involved fraudulent voting. Joe Hurst, the sheriff of Quitman County was involved in system abuses, including votes recorded from deceased persons, and tallies filled with people who supposedly voted in alphabetical order. Carter challenged the results; when fraud was confirmed, he won the election.) Carter was reelected in 1964, to serve a second two-year term. 39th president of the US, who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.

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Washington Outsiders

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a candidate who has not served in Congress or has connections to special interest groups or lobbyists who seek to influence public policy in Washington. The term is regularly used in politics to symbolize a candidate's desire to bring change to Washington.

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Bay of Pigs

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1960 An unsuccessful attempted by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. The invasion ended in disaster and strengthened the position of Castro's administration, who proceeded to openly proclaim their intention to adopt socialism and strengthen ties with the Soviet Union, leading to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The invasion was a major embarrassment for U.S. foreign policy, with Kennedy ordering a number of internal investigations. Across much of Latin America, it was celebrated as evidence of the fallibility of U.S. imperialism. (the main invasion landed at a beach named Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs)

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Economic Opportunity Act

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Lyndon B. Johnson on August 20, 1964. It was central to Johnson's Great Society campaign and its War on Poverty it consisted of several social programs to promote the health, education and general welfare of the poor. Remaining War on Poverty programs are managed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services's Office of Community Services and the U.S. Department of Labor.

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Malcolm X

answer

May 19, 1925 - February 21, 1965 Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time. disillusionment with Nation of Islam head Elijah Muhammad led him to leave the Nation in March 1964. After a period of travel in Africa and the Middle East, he returned to the United States, where he founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. In February 1965, less than a year after leaving the Nation of Islam, he was assassinated by three members of the group. "I did many things as a [Black] Muslim that I'm sorry for now. I was a zombie then ... pointed in a certain direction and told to march"—and becoming a Sunni Muslim, he disavowed racism and expressed willingness to work with civil rights leaders, he continued to emphasize Pan-Africanism, black self-determination, and self-defense.

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SALT I Treaty

answer

(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) resulted in a 5 year agreement in 1979 between the US and the USSR, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles. the United States chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which took place later that year.The US eventually withdrew from SALT II in 1986.

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Mayaguez Incident

answer

After the S. Viet gov't fell, an effort was made to rescue Americans at the embassy while N. Viet troops closed in. A few weeks later, the new commie Cambodia seized the Mayagüez, a US ship. Mad, Ford sent military to rescue. 41 troops died to save the 39 sailors. (Peace time military rescue operation conducted by US armed forces against Cambodia.) took place between the Khmer Rouge and the United States from May 12-15, 1975, was the last official battle of the Vietnam War. The merchant ship's crew, whose seizure at sea had prompted the U.S. attack, had been released in good health, unknown to the U.S. Marines or the U.S. command of the operation, before the Marines attacked.

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Gerald Ford

answer

The 38th president of the US and the first president to be solely elected by a vote from Congress. He entered the office in August of 1974 when Nixon resigned. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. The Vietnam War ended in 1975, in which Ford evacuated nearly 500,000 US and South Vietnamese from Vietnam.

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Helsinki Accords

answer

It was a political and human rights agreement to improve relations between the communists and the west and was the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during July and August 1, 1975. Thirty-five states, including the USA, Canada, and most European states except Albania and Andorra, signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. These , however, were not binding as they did not have treaty status.

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Reagonomics

answer

Ronald Reagan's economic beliefs that a captitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive.These policies are commonly associated with supply-side economics. "Trickle Down Effect." is how this was reffered to by political opponents. The four pillars of the economic policy were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation, and control the money supply in order to reduce inflation

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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(an echo of the 15th amendment.) federal law that increased government supervision of local election practices, suspended the use of literacy tests to prevent people (usually African Americans) from voting, and expanded government efforts to register voters. Considered a landmark in civil-rights legislation that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S.

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Rachel Carson

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was an American marine biologist and conservationist. Carson began her career as an aquatic biologist in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, and became a full-time nature writer in the 1950s. Late in the 1950s Carson turned her attention to conservation, especially environmental problems she believed were caused by synthetic pesticides. The result was Silent Spring (1962), which brought environmental concerns to an unprecedented share of the American people. Although Silent Spring was met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, it spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy, which led to a nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides, and it inspired a grassroots environmental movement that led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her books are credited with advancing the global environmental movement.

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War Powers Act

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is a federal law intended to check the President's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress. The resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution; this provides that the President can send U.S. armed forces into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces."

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Betty Friedan

answer

American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the second wave of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique," an account of housewives' lives in which they suboordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men; the bestseller was an inspiration for many women to join the women's rights movement and she in 1966 created a National Organization for Women.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

answer

leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. In a TV address on October 22, 1962, President John Kennedy (1917-63) notified Americans about the presence of the missiles, explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. Following this news, many people feared the world was on the brink of nuclear war. However, disaster was avoided when the U.S. agreed to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's (1894-1971) offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey.

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Stokely Carmichael

answer

a black civil rights activist in the 1960s who urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing "black power.", active in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. He rose to prominence first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced "Snick") and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party. Initially an integrationist, later became affiliated with black nationalist and Pan-Africanist movements

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Vietnamization

answer

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".

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George Wallace

answer

Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights.

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Roe v Wade

answer

US supreme court case that state that a woman's right to abortion is determined by her current trimester in pregnancy.

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War on Poverty

answer

President LBJ's program in the 1960s to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly.

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Warren Commission

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established by LBJ to investigate the assassination of JFK. Found that Oswald was a lone assassin but some questions were left unanswered.

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Hippies

answer

A subculture, originally a youth movement that began in the US. They advocated universal love and peace.

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Bakke v Board of Regents

answer

US court case in which Bakke was denied to University of California Medical School twice to people less qualified based on race. Case determined that affirmative action is legal as long as filling quotas is not used.

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Supply-side economics

answer

An economic philosophy that holds that sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

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Michael Harrington

answer

Author who wrote The Other America. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.

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Stagflation

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An economic situation in which inflation and economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a significant period of time. Occurred in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Barry Goldwater

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Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history.

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Ralph Nader

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A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.

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Equal Rights Amendment

answer

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender.

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John F. Kennedy

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35th president of the US. President during the Cold War, Bay of Pigs, and Cuban Missile Crisis. He passed the Civil Rights Act.

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

answer

A joint resolution of the US Congress in response to two alleged minor naval skirmishes on the coast of North Vietnam. It allowed the president to take all necessary measures to repel armed attacks or prevent further aggression.

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Ronald Reagan

answer

40th president of the US. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He developed the "trickle down effect" of government incentives. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

answer

US Baptist minister and civil rights leader. He opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations.

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Gideon v Wainwright

answer

US Supreme Court case that unanimously ruled that state courts are required to provide an attorney in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own.

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Great Society

answer

President LBJ's version of the Democratic reform, included Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

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Lee Harvey Oswald

answer

Accused of assassinating JFK, but he was never convicted.

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Camp David Accords

answer

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel.

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Affirmative Action

answer

policies that take race, ethnicity, physical disabilities, military career, sex, or social class into consideration in an attempt to promote equal opportunity or increase ethnic or other forms of diversity.

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Peace Corps

answer

volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of Communism by getting rid of poverty.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

answer

Extended voting rights and outlawed racial segregation in schools, workplaces, and facilities serving the general public.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

answer

36th president of the US, who wanted to stay out of Vietnam but sent soldiers because his goal was to stop the spread of Communism.

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Kent State

answer

A university where in the 1960s and 1970s was known for student activism in opposition to US involvement in Vietnam.

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SNCC

answer

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina in April of 1960. SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support SNCC's work in the South, allowing full-time SNCC workers to have a $10 a week salary. Many unpaid volunteers also worked with SNCC on projects in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, and Maryland. played a major role in the sit-ins and freedom rides, a leading role in the 1963 March on Washington, the Freedom Summer, and the MFDP. young people.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference

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Headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a coalition of churches and Christians organizations who met to discuss civil rights.

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OPEC

answer

Founded in 1960 at the Baghdad conference. Policy Statement' says there is a right of all countries to exercise sovereignty over their natural resources. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; international cartel that inflates price of oil by limiting supply; Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and UAE are prominent members

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Tet offensive

answer

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

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Bush v. Gore

answer

The united states supreme court decision in 2000 that ruled in favor of George W. Bush and ordered the state of Florida to stop ballot recounts; Decision led to an electoral victory for Bush.

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Black Panthers

answer

an African-American organization established to promote Black Power and self-defense through acts of social agitation. It was active in the United States from the mid-1960s into the 1970s.The Black Panther Party achieved national and international presence through their deep involvement in the local community. The Black Panther Party was an auxillary of the greater movement, often coined the Black Power Movement. The Black Power movement was one of the most significant movements (with regards to social, political, and cultural aspects). " The movement had provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity. started in Oakland, CA.

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